Fin Erosion in Farmed Fish

Fish Welfare

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 121-149

  Ellis, Tim ^a   Oidtmann, Birgit ^a   St Hilaire, Sophie ^a   Turnbull, James F ^b   North, Ben P ^b   Macintyre, Craig M ^b   Nikolaidis, John ^b   Hoyle, Imogen ^c   Kestin, Steve C ^c   Knowles, Toby G ^c  

^a CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Atlantic salmon; Farmed fish; Fin erosion; Multifactorial aetiology; Systemic infection

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889436257     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470697610.ch9     Document Type: Chapter

References (123)

1. Abbott, J.C. & Dill, L.M. (1985) Patterns of aggressive attack in juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42, 1702-6.
2. Adams, C., Huntingford, F., Turnbull, J.F., Arnott, S. & Bell, A. (2000) Size heterogeneity can reduce aggression and promote growth in Atlantic salmon parr. Aquaculture International, 8, 543-9.
3. Adams, S.M., Brown, A.M. & Goede, R.W. (1993) A quantitative health assessment index for rapid evaluation of fish condition in the field. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 122, 63-73.
4. Arndt, R.E., Routledge, M.D., Wagner, E.J. & Mellenthin, R.F. (2001) Influence of raceway substrate and design on fin erosion and hatchery performance of rainbow trout. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 63, 312-20.
5. Arndt, R.E., Routledge, M.D., Wagner, E.J. & Mellenthin, R.F. (2002) The use of AquaMats reg; to enhance growth and improve fin condition among raceway cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Research, 33, 359-67.
6. Arnold, G.P., Webb, P.W. & Holford, B.H. (1991) The role of the pectoral fins in stationholding of Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar L.). Journal of Experimental Biology, 156, 625-9.
7. Barnes, M.E., Sayler, W.A. & Cordes, R.J. (1996) Baffle usage in covered raceways. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 58, 286-8.
8. Barrows, F.T. & Lellis, W.A. (1999) The effect of dietary protein and lipid source on dorsal fin erosion in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 180, 167-75.
9. Barthel, B.L., Cooke, S.J., Suski, C.D. & Philipp, D.P. (2003) Effects of landing mesh type on injury and mortality in a freshwater recreational fishery. Fisheries Research, 63, 275-82.
10. Becerra, J., Montes, G.S., Bexiga, S.R.R & Junqueira, L.C.U. (1983) Structure of the tail fin in teleosts. Cell and Tissue Research, 230, 127-37.
11. Berejikian, B.A. & Tezak, E.P. (2005) Rearing in enriched hatchery tanks improves dorsal fin quality of juvenile steelhead. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 67, 289-93.
12. Bodammer, J.E. (2000) Some new observations on the cytopathology of fin erosion disease in winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 40, 51-65.
13. Bosakowski, T. & Wagner, E.J. (1994a) A survey of trout fin erosion, water quality, and rearing conditions at state fish hatcheries in Utah. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 25, 308-16.
14. Bosakowski, T. & Wagner, E.J. (1994b) Assessment of fin erosion by comparison of relative fin length in hatchery and wild trout in Utah. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 51, 636-41.
15. Bosakowski, T. & Wagner, E.J. (1995) Experimental use of cobble substrates in concrete raceways for improving fin condition of cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss). Aquaculture, 130, 159-65.
16. Boydstun, L.B. & Hopelain, J.S. (1977) Cage rearing of steelhead trout in a freshwater impoundment. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 39, 70-5.
17. Bruno, D.W. (1990) Miscellaneous External Abnormalities of Farmed Salmonids. DAFS Aquaculture Information Series, 11.
18. Bruno, D.W. & Poppe, T.T. (1996) A Colour Atlas of Salmonid Diseases. Academic Press, London.
19. Bucke, D., Feist, S.W., Norton, M.G. & Rolfe, M.S. (1983) A histopathological report of some epidermal anomalies of Dover sole, Solea solea L., and other flatfish species in coastal waters off south-east England. Journal of Fish Biology, 23, 565-78.
20. Bullock, A.M. (1988) Solar ultraviolet radiation: a potential environmental hazard in the cultivation of farmed finfish. In: J.F. Muir & R.J. Roberts (Eds) Recent Advances in Aquaculture, Vol. 3, pp. 139-226. Croom Helm, London.
21. Butler, J.R.A., Cunningham, P.D. & Starr, K. (2005) The prevalence of escaped farmed salmon, Salmo salar L., in the River Ewe, western Scotland, with notes on their ages, weights and spawning distribution. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 12, 149-59.
22. Carter, C.G., McCarthy, I.D. & Houlihan, D.F. (1994) Food consumption, feeding behaviour, and growth of triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72, 609-17.
23. Castell, J.D., Sinnhuber, R.O., Wales, J.H. & Lee, D.J. (1972) Essential fatty acids in the diet of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): growth, feed conversion and some gross deficiency symptoms. Journal of Nutrition, 102, 77-86.
24. Chandroo, K.P., Yue, S. & Moccia, R.D. (2004) An evaluation of current perspectives on consciousness and pain in fishes. Fish and Fisheries, 5, 281-95.
25. Chervova, L.S. (1997) Pain sensitivity and behaviour of fishes. Journal of Ichthyology, 37, 98-102.
26. Clayton, R.D., Stevenson, T.L. & Summerfelt, R.C. (1998) Fin erosion in intensively cultured walleyes and hybrid walleyes. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 60, 114-18.
27. Coble, D.W. (1971) Effects of fin clipping and other factors on survival and growth of small-mouth bass. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 100, 460-73.
28. Dawson, L.H.J. (1998) The physiological effects of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infections on returning post-smolt sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) in western Ireland, 1996. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 55, 193-200.
29. Drucker, E.G. & Lauder, G.V. (2003) Function of pectoral fins in rainbow trout: behavioural repertoire and hydrodynamic forces. Journal of Experimental Biology, 206, 813-26.
30. Drucker, E.G. & Lauder, G.V. (2005) Locomotor function of dorsal fin in rainbow trout:kinematic patterns and hydrodynamic forces. Journal of Experimental Biology, 208, 4479-94.
31. Dynes, J., Magnan, P., Bernatchez, L. & Rodríguez, M.A. (1999) Genetic and morphological variation between two forms of lacustrine brook charr. Journal of Fish Biology, 54, 955-72.
32. Ellis, T., North, B., Scott, A.P., Bromage, N.R., Porter, M. & Gadd, D. (2002) The relationships between stocking density and welfare in farmed rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Biology, 61, 493-531.
33. El-Matbouli, M., Hoffman, R.W. & Mandok, C. (1995) Light and electron microscopic observations of the route of the triactinomyxon-sporoplasm of Myxobolus cerebralis from epidermis into rainbow trout cartilage. Journal of Fish Biology, 46, 919-35.
34. FAWC (1996) Farm AnimalWelfare Council Report on theWelfare of Farmed Fish. MAFF, London.
35. Geraudie, J. & Singer, M. (1985) Necessity of an adequate nerve supply for regeneration of the amputated pectoral fin in the teleost Fundulus. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 234, 367-74.
36. Goede, R.W. & Barton, B.A. (1990) Organismic indices and an autopsy-based assessment as indicators of health and condition of fish. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 8, 93-108.
37. Goss, R.J. & Stagg, M.W. (1957) The regeneration of fins and fin rays in Fundulus heteroclitus. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 136, 487-508.
38. Harmache, A., LeBerre, M., Droineau, S., Giovannini, M. & Brémont, M. (2006) Bioluminescence imaging of live infected salmonids reveals that the fin bases are the major portal of entry for novirhabdovirus. Journal of Virology, 80, 3655-9.
39. Harvey, R. & Batty, R.S. (1998) Cutaneous taste buds in cod. Journal of Fish Biology, 53, 138-49.
40. Heimer, J.T., Frazier, W.M. & Griffith, J.S. (1985) Post-stocking performance of catchablesize hatchery rainbow trout with and without pectoral fins. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 5, 21-5.
41. Helfrich, L.A., Bark, R., Liston, C.R., Weigmann, D.L. & Mefford, B. (2004) Live transport of striped bass and rainbowtrout using a hidrostal pump. Journal of theWorld Aquaculture Society, 35, 268-73.
42. Holm, J.C. (1989) Mono- and duoculture of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 46, 697-704.
43. Huntingford, F.A., Adams, C., Braithwaite, V.A., Kadri, S., Pottinger, T.G., Sandøe, P. & Turnbull, J.F. (2006) Current issues in fish welfare. Journal of Fish Biology, 68, 332-72.
44. Iger, Y., Balm, P.H.M., Jenner, H.A. & Wendelaar Bonga, S.E. (1995) Cortisol induces stress-related changes in the skin of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 97, 188-98.
45. Imre, I., McLaughlin, R.L. & Noakes, D.L.G. (2002) Phenotypic plasticity in brook charr:changes induced by water flow. Journal of Fish Biology, 61, 1171-81.
46. Iversen, M., Finstad, B., McKinley, R.S., Eliassen, R.A., Carlsen, K.T. & Evjen, T. (2005) Stress response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts during commercial well boat transports, and effects on survival after transfer to sea. Aquaculture, 243, 373-82.
47. Jobling, M., Baardvik, B.M., Christiansen, J.S. & Jørgensen, E.H. (1993) The effects of prolonged exercise training on growth performance and production parameters in fish. Aquaculture International, 1, 95-111.
48. Johnsen, B.O. & Ugedal, O. (1988) Effects of different kinds of fin-clipping on over-winter survival and growth of fingerling brown trout, Salmo trutta L., stocked in small streams in Norway. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 19, 305-11.
49. Kestin, S.C. (1994) Pain and Stress in Fish. RSPCA, Horsham, West Sussex.
50. Kestin, S.C. & Warriss, P.D. (2001) Farmed Fish Quality. Fishing News Books, Blackwell, Oxford.
51. Ketola, H.G. (1983) Requirement for dietary lysine and arginine by fry of rainbow trout. Journal of Animal Science, 56, 101-7.
52. Kindschi, G.A. (1984) Notes on two feed types and methods for steelhead trout production. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 46, 44-7.
53. Kindschi, G.A. (1987) Method for quantifying degree of fin erosion. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 49, 314-15.
54. Kindschi, G.A. (1988) Effect of intermittent feeding on growth of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 19, 213-15.
55. Kindschi, G.A., Shaw, H.T. & Bruhn, D.S. (1991a) Effect of diet on performance, fin quality, and dorsal skin lesions in steelhead. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 1, 113-20.
56. Kindschi, G.A., Shaw, H.T. & Bruhn, D.S. (1991b) Effects of baffles and isolation on dorsal fin erosion in steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 22, 343-50.
57. Kindschi, G.A., Smith, C.E. & Koby, R.F. Jr (1991c) Performance of two strains of rainbow trout reared at four densities with supplemental oxygen. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 53, 203-9.
58. Klontz, G.W., Maskill, M.G. & Kaiser, H. (1991) Effects of reduced continuous versus intermittent feeding of steelhead. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 53, 229-35.
59. Kurokawa, T., Suzuki, T. & Funakoshi, S. (1993) Purification of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) fibronectin and its localization during re-epithelialization at a fin wound. Journal of Fish Biology, 43, 421-32.
60. Larmoyeux, J.D. & Piper, R.G. (1971) Apromising method of reducing eroded fin condition in hatchery trout. American Fishes and US Trout News, 16 (3), 8-9.
61. Latremouille, D.N. (2003) Fin erosion in aquaculture and natural environments. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 11, 315-35.
62. Lellis, W.A. & Barrows, F.T. (1997) The effect of diet on dorsal fin erosion in steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 156, 233-44.
63. Lellis, W.A. & Barrows, F.T. (2000) Effect of dietary ingredient substitution on dorsal fin erosion of steelhead. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 62, 135-8.
64. Lindesjöö, E. & Thulin, J. (1990) Fin erosion of perch Perca fluviatilis and ruffe Gymnocephalus cernua in a pulp mill effluent area. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 8, 119-26.
65. Lindesjöö, E. & Thulin, J. (1994) Histopathology of skin and gills of fish in pulp mill effluents. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 18, 81-93.
66. Lymbery, P. (1992) TheWelfare of Farmed Fish. Compassion inWorld Farming, Petersfield, Hampshire.
67. Lymbery, P. (2002) In Too Deep - the Welfare of Intensively Farmed Fish. Compassion in World Farming Trust Report, Petersfield, Hampshire.
68. MacLean, A., Metcalfe, N.B. & Mitchell, D. (2000) Alternative competitive strategies in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): evidence from fin damage. Aquaculture, 184, 291-302.
69. Marshall, N.B. (1965) The Life of Fishes. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.
70. Martinez, J.L., Casado, A. & Enriquez, R. (2004) Experimental infection of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in fins of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 59, 79-84.
71. McNeil, F.I. & Crossman, E.J. (1979) Fin clips in the evaluation of stocking programs for muskellunge, Esox masquinongy. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 108, 335-43.
72. Miller, S.A., Wagner, E.J. & Bosakowski, T. (1995) Performance and oxygen consumption of rainbow trout reared at two densities in raceways with oxygen supplementation. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 57, 206-12.
73. Minchew, C.D. & Yarbrough, J.D. (1977) The occurrence of fin rot in mullet (Mugil cephalus) associated with crude oil contamination of an estuarine pond ecosystem. Journal of Fish Biology, 10, 319-23.
74. Mollenhorst, H., Rodenburg, T.B., Bokkers, E.A.M., Koene, P. & de Boer, I.J.M. (2005) On-farm assessment of laying hen welfare: a comparison of one environmentbased and two animal-based methods. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 90, 277-91.
75. Moring, J.R. (1982) Fin erosion and culture-related injuries of Chinook salmon raised in floating net pens. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 44, 189-91.
76. Mork, J., Järvi, T. & Hansen, L.P. (1989) Lower prevalence of fin erosion in mature than in immature Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr. Aquaculture, 80, 223-9.
77. Moutou, K.A., McCarthy, I.D. & Houlihan, D.F. (1998) The effect of ration level and social rank on the development of fin damage in juvenile rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Biology, 52, 756-70.
78. North, B.P. (2004) Effects of Stocking Density on the Welfare of Farmed Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). PhD thesis, University of Stirling.
79. Nortvedt, R. & Holm, J.C. (1990) Duoculture of juvenile Atlantic salmon and Arctic charr. Norwegian Society for Aquaculture Research, pp. 62-8. Bergen, Norway.
80. Ogino, C., & Yang, G. (1980) Requirements of carp and rainbowtrout for dietary manganese and copper. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 46, 455-8.
81. Pelis, R.M. & McCormick, S.D. (2003) Fin development in stream- and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture, 220, 525-36.
82. Peters, G. (1990) Problems concerning animal protection laws in connection with mass culture of fishes. Dtsch tieräztl Wschr, 97, 157-60.
83. Pickering, A.D. & Pottinger, T.G. (1985) Cortisol can increase the susceptibility of brown trout, Salmo trutta L, to disease without reducing the white blood cell count. Journal of Fish Biology, 27, 611-19.
84. Poppe, T.T. (2000) Husbandry diseases in fish farming - an ethical challenge to the veterinary profession. Norsk Veterinaer Tidsskrift, 2, 91-6.
85. Pratt, T.C. & Fox, M.G. (2002) Effect of fin clipping on overwinter growth and survival of age-0 walleyes. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 22, 1290-4.
86. Rahkonen, R. (1994) Parasites of pike perch Stizostedion lucioperca (Linnaeus 1758) fry reared in two different types of natural food ponds in southern Finland. Aquaculture, 122, 279-93.
87. Reimchen, T.E. & Temple, N.F. (2004) Hydrodynamic and phylogenetic aspects of the adipose fin in fishes. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 82, 910-16.
88. Ricker, W.E. (1973) Linear regressions in fishery research. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 30, 409-34.
89. Rønsholdt, B. & Mclean, E. (1999) Quality characteristics of fresh rainbow trout as perceived by the Danish processing industry. Aquaculture International, 7, 117-27.
90. Rose, J.D. (2002) The neurobehavioral nature of fishes and the question of awareness and pain. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 10, 1-38.
91. Roubal, F.R. & Bullock, A.M. (1988) The mechanism ofwound repair in the skin of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., following hydrocortisone implantation. Journal of Fish Biology, 32, 545-55.
92. Sandison, B. (2000) The fish is off. BBC Wildlife, February 2000.
93. Santamaría, J.A., Marí-Beffa, M. & Becerra, J. (1992) Interactions of the lepidotrichial matrix components during tail fin regeneration in teleosts. Differentiation, 49, 143-50.
94. Schäperclaus, W. (1992) Fish Diseases. Vol. 1. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
95. Schneider, R. & Nicholson, B.L. (1980) Bacteria associated with fin rot disease in hatcheryreared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37, 1505-13.
96. Sedgwick, S.D. (1985) Trout Farming Handbook. Fishing News Books, Farnham.
97. Sharples, A.D. & Evans, C.W. (1996) Pathology of fin erosion in goldfish Carassius auratus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 24, 81-91.
98. Siikavuopio, S.I. & Jobling, M. (1995) The effects of stocking density on survival and growth of wild-caught Arctic char. Nordic Journal of Freshwater Research, 71, 419-23.
99. Smith, M. (2003) Studies on Fin Erosion in Hatchery Reared Dover Sole (Solea solea). Placement year project report, Aston University.
100. St-Hilaire, S., Ellis, T., Cooke, A., North, B.P., Turnbull, J.F., Knowles, T. & Kestin, S. (2006) Fin erosion on commercial rainbow trout farms in the UK. Veterinary Record, 159, 446-51.
101. Tassava, R.A. & Goss, R.J. (1966) Regeneration rate and amputation level in fish fins and lizard tails. Growth, 30, 9-21.
102. Tierney, K.B. & Farell, A.P. (2004) The relationships between fish health, metabolic rate, swimming performance and recovery in return-run sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Diseases, 27, 663-71.
103. Tret'yakov, A.V., Vysotskaya, R.U., Gruzdev, A., Shutstov, Y.A., Smirnov, Y.A. & Sidorov, V.S. (1988) Biochemical characteristics of erythrocytes of young Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with fin necrosis. Journal of Ichthyology, 28, 1042-5.
104. Turnbull, J.F, Richards, R.H. & Robertson, D.A. (1996) Gross, histological and scanning electron microscopic appearance of dorsal fin rot in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr. Journal of Fish Diseases, 19, 415-27.
105. Turnbull, J.F., Adams, C.E., Richards, R.H. & Robertson, D.A. (1998) Attack site and resultant damage during aggressive encounters in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr. Aquaculture, 159, 345-53.
106. Turnbull, J.F., Bell, A., Adams, C., Bron, J. & Huntingford, F. (2005) Stocking density and welfare of cage farmed Atlantic salmon: application of a multivariate analysis. Aquaculture, 243, 121-32.
107. Udomkusonsri, P. & Noga, E.J. (2005) The acute ulceration response (AUR): a potentially widespread and serious cause of skin infection in fish. Aquaculture, 246, 63-77.
108. Udomkusonsri, P., Noga, E.J. & Monbteriro-Riviere, N.A. (2004) Pathogenesis of acute ulceration response (AUR) in hybrid striped bass. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 61, 199-213.
109. Verma, Y. (2005) Effect of cadmium on fin regeneration in the freshwater fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 74, 837-44.
110. Wagner, E.J. & Bosakowski, T. (1994) Performance and behaviour of rainbow trout reared in covered raceways. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 56, 123-9.
111. Wagner, E.J., Ross, D.A., Routledge, D., Scheer, B. & Bosakowski, T. (1995) Performance and behavior of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) reared in covered raceways or demand fed. Aquaculture, 136, 131-40.
112. Wagner, E.J., Routledge, M.D. & Intelmann, S.S. (1996a) Assessment of demand feeder spacing on hatchery performance, fin condition, and size variation of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 27, 130-6.
113. Wagner, E.J., Intelmann, S.S. & Routledge, M.D. (1996b) The effects of fry rearing density on hatchery performance, fin condition, and agonistic behavior of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fry. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 27, 264-74.
114. Wagner, E.J., Routledge, M.D. & Intelmann, S.S. (1996c) Fin condition and health profiles of albino rainbow trout reared in concrete raceways with and without a cobble substrate. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 58, 38-42.
115. Wagner, E.J., Jeppsen, T., Arndt, R., Routledge, M.D. & Bradwisch, Q. (1997) Effects of rearing density upon cutthroat trout hematology, hatchery performance, fin erosion, and general health and condition. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 59, 173-87.
116. Wagner, E.J., Arndt, R., Routledge, M.D. & Bradwisch, Q. (1998) Hatchery performance and fin erosion of Bonneville cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki, at two temperatures. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 8, 1-12.
117. Wedemeyer, G.A. (1996) Physiology of Fish in Intensive Culture Systems. Chapman and Hall, London.
118. Weis, J.S. (1972) The effect of nerve growth factor on fin regeneration in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Growth, 36, 155-61.
119. Westernhagen, H., von Dethlefsen, V. & Rosenthal, H. (1980) Correlation between cadmium concentration in the water and tissue residue levels in dab, Limanda limanda L., and plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 60, 45-58.
120. Wiklund, T. & Bylund, G. (1996) Fin abnormalities of pikeperch in coastal areas off the Finnish south coast. Journal of Fish Biology, 48, 652-7.
121. Winfree, R.A., Kindschi, G.A. & Shaw, H.T. (1998) Elevated water temperature, crowding, and food deprivation accelerate fin erosion in juvenile steelhead. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 60, 192-9.
122. Winton, J.R. (2001) Fish health management. In: G.A. Wedemeyer (Ed.) Fish Hatchery Management (2nd edn). pp. 559-639. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
123. Woodward, B. (1984) Symptoms of severe riboflavin deficiency without ocular opacity in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aquaculture, 37, 275-81.