Advances in Gamma Ray, Electron Beam, and X-Ray Technologies for Food Irradiation

Food Irradiation Research and Technology

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 11-35

  Cleland, Marshall R ^a  

^a IBA RDI E Beam X Ray Solutions   (United States)

Author keywords

Distribution; Gamma rays; Ionizing energy; Physical properties; X rays

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889417429     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470277638.ch2     Document Type: Chapter

References (53)

1. Abramyan EA. 1988. Industrial Electron Accelerators and Applications. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Harper & Row. 302 p.
2. Abs M, Jongen Y, Poncelet E, Bol J. 2004.The IBA Rhodotron TT1000:A Very High Power EBeam Accelerator. Radiat Phys Chem 71(1-2):287-290.
3. AEB. 2005.Advanced Electron Beams.Web site,www.advancedelectronbeams.com, tel 978 658 8600, mail 10 Upton Drive,Wilmington, MA 01887, USA.
4. ASTM. 2002a. ISO/ASTM 51649:2002(E). Standard Practice for Dosimetry in an Electron Beam Facility for Radiation Processing at Energies Between 300 keV and 25 MeV. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 12.02,ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428.
5. ASTM. 2002b. ASTM E 2232-02. Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Mathematical Methods for Calculating Absorbed Dose in Radiation Processing Applications. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 12.02, ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428.
6. ASTM. 2003. ASTM E 2303-03. Standard Guide for Absorbed-Dose Mapping in Radiation Processing Facilities. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 12.02, ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428.
7. ASTM. 2004. Standards on Dosimetry for Radiation Processing, 2nd Edition, Sept 2004. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428. 350 p.
8. Auslender VL,Meshkov IN.1990.Powerful Single-Cavity RF Accelerators and Their Use in the Industrial Radiation Chemical Processing Lines. Radiat Phys Chem 35(4-6):627-631.
9. Berejka AJ, Avnery T, Carlson C. 2004. Modular Low-Voltage Electron Beams. Radiat Phys Chem 71(1-2):301-305.
10. BINP. 2005. Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics.Web site,www.inp.nsk.su, tel 383 3 39 47 60, mail Acad. Lavrentiev Prospect 11, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
11. CFR. 1964. Radiation and Radiation Sources Intended for Use in the Production, Processing, and Handling of Food. X-Radiation for Processing Food. Commissioner of Food and Drugs, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 21 CFR Part 121 Subpart G, Docket No. 64-13057. Fed Reg, Dec 19, 1964:18056.
12. CFR.1986. Irradiation in the Production, Processing and Handling of Food,Final Rule.Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, 21 CFR Part 179, Docket No. 81N-0004. Fed Reg 51(75):13376-13399.
13. CFR.2004. Irradiation in the Production, Processing and Handling of Food,Final Rule.Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, 21 CFR Part 179, Docket No. 2003F-0088. Fed Reg 69(246):76844-76847.
14. Cleland MR,Pageau GM.1987.Comparisons of X-ray and Gamma Ray Sources for Industrial Irradiation Processes. Nucl Inst Meth Phys Res B24/25:967-972.
15. Cleland, MR. 1992. High Power Electron Accelerators for Industrial Radiation Processing. Chapter 3, In: Eds.A. Singh and J. Silverman. Radiation Processing of Polymers. Munich, Carl Hanser Verlag. New York, Oxford University Press. 23-49.
16. Cleland M, Galloway R, Genin F, Lindholm M. 2002. The Use of Dose and Charge Distributions in Electron Beam Processing. Radiat Phys Chem 63(3-6):729-733.
17. Cleland MR, Parks LA, Cheng S. 2003a.Applications for Radiation Processing of Materials. Proceedings of IRaP 2002, 5th International Symposium on Ionizing Radiation and Polymers. Nucl Inst Meth Phys Res B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 208:66-73.
18. Cleland MR, Lisanti TR, Galloway RA. 2003b. Equations Relating Theoretical Electron Range Values to Incident Electron Energies for Water and Polystyrene. RDI-IBA TIS 1556. IBA E-Beam X-Ray Solutions, 151 Heartland Blvd, Edgewood, New York 11717.
19. Cleland MR, Parks LA. 2003c. Medium and High-Energy Electron Beam Radiation Processing Equipment for Commercial Applications. Proceedings of IRaP 2002, 5th International Symposium on Ionizing Radiation and Polymers.Nucl Inst Meth Phys Res B:Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 208:74-89.
20. Codex. 2003. Codex General Standard for Irradiated Foods (CODEX STAN 106-1983, Rev. 1-2003. 2 p.) and Recommended International Code of Practice for the Radiation Processing of Food (CAC/RCP 19-1979, Rev. 2-2003. 7 p.). Codex Alimentarius Commission,Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization,Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
21. Defrise D,Abs M, Genin F, Jongen Y. 1995.Technical Status of the First Industrial Unit of the 10 MeV, 100 kW Rhodotron. Radiat Phys Chem 46(4-6):473-476.
22. ESI. 2005. Energy Sciences Inc.Web site, www.ebeam.com, tel 978 694 9000, mail 42 Industrial Way,Wilmington, MA 01887, USA.
23. Galloway RA, Lisanti TR,Cleland MR.2004.A New 5 MeV-300 kW Dynamitron for Radiation Processing. Radiat Phys Chem 71(1-2): 551-553.
24. Gray * Star. 2005. web site, www.graystarinc.com, tel 973 398 3331, mail 200 Valley Road, Suite 103, Mt.Arlington, NJ 07856, U.S.A.
25. Hare GE. 1990. IMPELA Electron Accelerators for Industrial Radiation Processing. Radiat Phys Chem 35(4-6):619-626.
26. IAEA. 2002. Natural and Induced Radioactivity in Food. IAEA-TECDOC-1287, ISSN 1011-4289, International Atomic Energy Agency,Wagramer Strasse 5, PO Box 100, A-1400 Vienna,Austria. 136 p.
27. IBA 2005.Web site, www.iba-worldwide.com, tel 32 10 47 58 92, mail Chemin du Cyclotron 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
28. ICGFI. 1995.The Development of X-Ray Machines for Food Irradiation. Proceedings of a Consultant's Meeting, Oct 16-18, 1995. International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation (ICGFI), International Atomic Energy Agency,Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100,A-1400 Vienna,Austria. 17 p.
29. Iotron Industries Canada Inc. 2005.Web site,www.iotron.com,tel 604 945 8838, mail 1425 Kebet Way, Port Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada V3C 6L3.
30. Jarrett RD, Sr. 1982. Isotope (Gamma) Radiation Sources. Chapter 6, In: Eds, E.S. Josephson and M.S.Peterson. Preservation of Food by Ionizing Radiation,Vol. I. Boca Raton, Florida 33431: CRC Press. 137-163.
31. Kamino Y.1998.10 MeV 25 kW Industrial Electron Linac.Radiat Phys Chem 52(1-6):469-473.
32. Kotler J, Borsa J. 2003; MDS Nordion, assigned to MDS (Canada) Inc., Kanata, Canada. Product Irradiator for Optimizing Dose Uniformity in Products. Patent Descriptor, United States Patent No. US 6,504,898 B1. Date issued, January 7, 2003.
33. Liang X, Qian J, Zhai X,Wang D, Zhu X. 1993. Development and Application of Electron
34. Accelerators for Radiation Processing in China. Radiat Phys Chem 42(1-3):519-523. Linac Technologies S.A. 2005.Web site,www.linactechnologies.com, tel 33 1 69 35 24 00, mail 16 rue Nicolas Appert, 91400 Orsay, France.
35. McLaughlin WL, Boyd AW, Chadwick KH, McDonald JC, Miller A. 1989. Dosimetry for Radiation Processing. New York,NY:Taylor and Francis. 251 p.
36. MDS Nordion. 2005.Web site, www.mds.nordion.com, tel 613 592 2790, mail 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada.
37. Meissner J,Abs M, Cleland MR, Herer AS, Jongen Y,Kuntz F, Strasser A. 2000. X-Ray Treatment at 5 MeV and Above. Radiat Phys Chem 57(3-6):647-651.
38. Mevex Corporation. 2005. Web site, www.mevex.com, tel 613 831 2664, mail 108 Willowlea Road, P.O. Box 1778,West Carleton Industrial Park, Stittsville, Ontario, K2S 1B4, Canada.
39. Morisseau D, Malcolm F. 2004. SterStar System: Continuous Sterile Transfer by E-Beam. Radiat Phys Chem 71(1-2):555-558.
40. Nablo SV,Wood JC, Jr, Desrosiers MF, Nagy VY. 1998.A Fluidized Bed Process for Electron Sterilization of Powders. Radiat Phys Chem 52(1-6):479-485.
41. NIIEFA. 2005.The D.V. Efremov Scientific Research Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus. Web site, www.niiefa.spb.su, mail 3 Doroga na Metallostroy, Promzona "Metallostroy", St. Petersburg 196641, Russia.
42. Nissin Electric Co. 2005.Web site, www.nissin.co.jp, tel 81 75 864 8849, mail 47 Umezu-Takase-cho, Ukyo-ku,Kyoto 615-8686, Japan.
43. PURIDEC Irradiation Technologies. 2002.Web site,www.puridec.co.uk, tel 44 1494 77444, mail 6 Chiltern Court,Asheridge Road,CHESHAM,Buckinghamshire, England HP5 2PX.
44. RDI. 2005. Radiation Dynamics Inc.Web site,www.e-beam-rdi.com, tel 631 254 6800, mail 151 Heartland Boulevard, Edgewood, New York 11717, U.S.A. Salimov RA, Cherepkov VG, Golubenko JI, Krainov GS, Korabelnikov BM, Kuznetsov SA
45. Kuksanov NK, Malinin AB, Nemytov PI, Petrov SE, Prudnikov VV, Fadeev SN, Veis ME. 2000. D.C. High Power Electron Accelerators of ELV-Series: Status, Development, Applications. Radiat Phys Chem 57(3-6):661-665.
46. Scharf,Waldemar. 1986.Particle Accelerators and Their Uses,Part 1 Accelerator Design,Part 2 Applications of Accelerators, New York,NY: Harwood Academic Publishers. 1050 p.
47. Stichelbaut F, Bol J, Cleland MR, Gregoire O, Herer AS, Jongen Y, Mullier B, Rose G,Vander Donckt M. 2002.The Palletron: A High Dose Uniformity Pallet Irradiator with X-Rays. American Institute of Physics (AIP) Conference Proceedings 680:891-894.
48. Stichelbaut F, Bol J, Cleland MR, Gregoire O, Herer AS, Jongen Y, Mullier B. 2004. The Palletron:A High-Dose Uniformity Pallet Irradiator with X-Rays. Radiat Phys Chem 71(1-2):291-295.
49. Titan Scan Technologies. 2005.Web site,www.titanscan.com, tel 858 812 6500, mail 9020 Activity Road, Suite D, San Diego, CA 92126, U.S.A.
50. Uehara S,Taniguchi S, Kashiwagi M, Mizusawa K, Sakamoto I, Hoshi Y,Tomita K. 1993.A 5 MV 30 mA EB/X-Ray Processing System. Radiat Phys Chem 42(1-3):515-518.
51. Vivirad S.A. 2005.Web site,www.vivirad.com, tel 33 3 88 69 13 25, mail 23 Rue Principale, 67117 Handschuheim (Strasbourg), France.
52. Wasik Associates. 2005.Web site, www.wasik.com, tel 978-454-9787, mail 29 Diana Lane, Dracut, MA 01826, U.S.A.
53. WHO. 1981.Wholesomeness of Irradiated Food. Report of a Joint FAO/IAEA/WHO Expert Committee, World Health Organization, Technical Report Series 659, Geneva, Switzerland. 33 p.