Epidemiology and Economic Impact of Foot Ulcers

The Foot in Diabetes: Fourth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-16

  Lemaster, Joseph W ^a   Reiber, Gayle E ^b  

^a University of Missouri   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Anatomic location of foot ulcers; Diabetic foot ulcers and risk factors; Diabetic peripheral neuropathy assessment; Foot deformity and foot ulcer outcomes; Foot ulcer epidemiology and economic impact; Foot ulcers with neuropathy and ischaemia; Foot ulcer related conditions US countrywide estimate; Health care access and diabetes education; International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF); Smoking and foot ulcers

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889383520     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/0470029374.ch1     Document Type: Chapter

References (71)

1. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1414-1431.
2. Palumbo PJ, Melton LJ III. Peripheral vascular disease and diabetes. In: National Diabetes Data Group (US), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (United States), eds. Diabetes in America. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 1995:401-408.
3. Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. JAMA 2005;293:217-228.
4. Adler AI, Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, et al. Lower-extremity amputation in diabetes. The independent effects of peripheral vascular disease, sensory neuropathy, and foot ulcers. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1029-1035.
5. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. The 14-year incidence of lower-extremity amputations in a diabetic population. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes Care 1999;22:951-959.
6. Pecoraro RE, Reiber GE, Burgess EM. Pathways to diabetic limb amputation. Basis for prevention. Diabetes Care 1990;13:513-521.
7. Apelqvist J, Bakker K, van Houtum WH, et al. International Consensus on the Diabetic Foot. Maastricht, the Netherlands: International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot; 1999.
8. Schaper NC. Diabetic foot ulcer classification system for research purposes: a progress report on criteria for including patients in research studies. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2004;20:S90-S95.
9. Wagner FW Jr. The dysvascular foot: a system for diagnosis and treatment. Foot Ankle 1981;2:64-122.
10. Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Harkless LB. Classification of diabetic foot wounds. J Foot Ankle Surg 1996;35:528-531.
11. Treece K, Macfarlane R, Pound N, et al. Validation of a new system of foot ulcer classification in diabetes mellitus. Nottingham, UK: Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, City Hospital;2005.
12. Macfarlane RM, Jeffcoate WJ. Factors contributing to the presentation of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabet Med 1997;14:867-870.
13. Margolis DJ, Kantor J, Santanna J, et al. Risk factors for delayed healing of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers: a pooled analysis. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:1531-1535.
14. Wong I. Measuring the incidence of lower limb ulceration in the Chinese population in Hong Kong. J Wound Care 2002;11:377-379.
15. Andersson E, Hansson C, Swanbeck G. Leg and foot ulcer prevalence and investigation of the peripheral arterial and venous circulation in a randomised elderly population. An epidemiological survey and clinical investigation. Acta Derm Venereol 1993;73:57-61.
16. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. The prevalence and incidence of lower extremity amputation in a diabetic population. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:610-616.
17. Tseng CH. Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic foot problems in Taiwan: a cross-sectional survey of non-type 1 diabetic patients from a nationally representative sample. Diabetes Care 2003;26: 3351.
18. Gulam-Abbas Z, Lutale JK, Morbach S, et al. Clinical outcome of diabetes patients hospitalized with foot ulcers, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Diabet Med 2002;19:575-579.
19. Yalamanchi H, Yalamanchi S. Profile of diabetic foot infections in a semiurban area of a developing country. Diabetologia 1997;40:A468.
20. Akanji AO, Adetuyidi A. The pattern of presentation of foot lesions in Nigerian diabetic patients. West Afr J Med 1990;9:1-5.
21. Benotmane A, Mohammedi F, Ayad F, et al. Diabetic foot lesions: etiologic and prognostic factors. Diabetes Metab 2000;26:113-117.
22. Rith-Najarian SJ, Stolusky T, Gohdes DM. Identifying diabetic patients at high risk for lowerextremity amputation in a primary health care setting. A prospective evaluation of simple screening criteria. Diabetes Care 1992;15:1386-1389.
23. Walters DP, Gatling W, Mullee MA, et al. The distribution and severity of diabetic foot disease: a community study with comparison to a non-diabetic group. Diabet Med 1992;9:354-358.
24. Kumar S, Ashe HA, Parnell LN, et al. The prevalence of foot ulceration and its correlates in type 2 diabetic patients: a population-based study. Diabet Med 1994;11:480-484.
25. Abbott CA, Vileikyte L, Williamson S, et al. Multicenter study of the incidence of and predictive risk factors for diabetic neuropathic foot ulceration. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1071-1075.
26. Ramsey SD, Newton K, Blough D, et al. Incidence, outcomes, and cost of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22:382-387.
27. Abbott CA, Carrington AL, Ashe H, et al. The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort. Diabet Med 2002;19:377-384.
28. Muller IS, de Grauw WJ, van Gerwen WH, et al. Foot ulceration and lower limb amputation in type 2 diabetic patients in Dutch primary health care. Diabetes Care 2002;25:570-574.
29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. History of foot ulcer among persons with diabetes - United States, 2000-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003;52:1098-1102.
30. Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Stensel V, et al. A prospective study of risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer. The Seattle Diabetic Foot Study. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1036-1042.
31. Holewski JJ, Moss KM, Stess RM, et al. Prevalence of foot pathology and lower extremity complications in a diabetic outpatient clinic. J Rehabil Res Dev 1989;26:35-44.
32. Wikblad K, Smide B, Bergstrom A, et al. Outcome of clinical foot examination in relation to selfperceived health and glycaemic control in a group of urban Tanzanian diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1997;37:185-192.
33. Nielsen JV. Peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, foot ulcers and amputations among Saudi Arabian patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1998;41:63-69.
34. Vijay V, Narasimham DV, Seena R, et al. Clinical profile of diabetic foot infections in south India - a retrospective study. Diabet Med 2000;17:215-218.
35. Pham H, Armstrong DG, Harvey C, et al. Screening techniques to identify people at high risk for diabetic foot ulceration: a prospective multicenter trial. Diabetes Care 2000;23:606-611.
36. Monabeka HG, Nsakala-Kibangou N. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of the diabetic foot at the Central University Hospital of Brazzaville. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2001;94:246-248.
37. Kastenbauer T, Sauseng S, Sokol G, et al. A prospective study of predictors for foot ulceration in type 2 diabetes. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2001;91:343-350.
38. Gulliford MC, Mahabir D. Diabetic foot disease and foot care in a Caribbean community. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002;56:35-40.
39. Carrington AL, Shaw JE, van Schie CH, et al. Can motor nerve conduction velocity predict foot problems in diabetic subjects over a 6-year outcome period? Diabetes Care 2002;25:2010-2015.
40. Nyamu PN, Otieno CF, Amayo EO, et al. Risk factors and prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. East Afr Med J 2003;80:36-43.
41. Stein H, Yaacobi E, Steinberg R. The diabetic foot: update on a common clinical syndrome. Orthopedics 2003;26:1127-1130.
42. Malgrange D, Richard JL, Leymarie F, et al. Screening diabetic patients at risk for foot ulceration. A multi-centre hospital-based study in France. Diabetes Metab 2003;29:261-268.
43. Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Wunderlich RP, et al. Predictive value of foot pressure assessment as part of a population-based diabetes disease management program. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1069-1073.
44. Lavery LA, Armstrong DG,Wunderlich RP, et al. Diabetic foot syndrome: evaluating the prevalence and incidence of foot pathology in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites from a diabetes disease management cohort. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1435-1438.
45. Deerochanawong C, Home PD, Alberti KG. A survey of lower limb amputation in diabetic patients. Diabet Med 1992;9:942-946.
46. Apelqvist J, Larsson J, Agardh CD. Long-term prognosis for diabetic patients with foot ulcers. J Intern Med 1993;233:485-491.
47. Reiber GE, Lipsky BA, Gibbons GW. The burden of diabetic foot ulcers. Am J Surg 1998;176:5S-10S.
48. HCUP Databases. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health care Research and Quality; June 2005. Available from: www.hcupus.ahrq.gov/nisoverview.jsp. (updated 2005 Jun 20; cited 2005 Aug 14).
49. Litzelman DK, Slemenda CW, Langefeld CD, et al. Reduction of lower extremity clinical abnormalities in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:36-41.
50. McNeely MJ, Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, et al. The independent contributions of diabetic neuropathy and vasculopathy in foot ulceration. How great are the risks? Diabetes Care 1995;18:216-219.
51. Morbach S, Lutale JK, Viswanathan V, et al. Regional differences in risk factors and clinical presentation of diabetic foot lesions. Diabet Med 2004;21:91-95.
52. Bauman JH, Girling JP, Brand PW. Plantar pressures and trophic ulceration: an evaluation of footwear. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1963;45B:652-673.
53. Mueller MJ, Diamond JE, Delitto A, et al. Insensitivity, limited joint mobility, and plantar ulcers in patients with diabetes mellitus. Phys Ther 1989;69:453-459.
54. Zimny S, Schatz H, Pfohl M. The role of limited joint mobility in diabetic patients with an at-risk foot. Diabetes Care 2004;27:942-946.
55. Robertson DD, Mueller MJ, Smith KE, et al. Structural changes in the forefoot of individuals with diabetes and a prior plantar ulcer. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84A:1395-1404.
56. Mueller MJ, Hastings M, Commean PK, et al. Forefoot structural predictors of plantar pressures during walking in people with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy. J Biomech 2003;36:1009-1017.
57. van Schie CH, Vermigli C, Carrington AL, et al. Muscle weakness and foot deformities in diabetes: relationship to neuropathy and foot ulceration in Caucasian diabetic men. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1668-1673.
58. Veves A, Murray HJ, Young MJ, et al. The risk of foot ulceration in diabetic patients with high foot pressure: a prospective study. Diabetologia 1992;35:660-663.
59. Armstrong DG, Peters EJ, Athanasiou KA, et al. Is there a critical level of plantar foot pressure to identify patients at risk for neuropathic foot ulceration? J Foot Ankle Surg 1998;37:303-307.
60. Maluf KS, Mueller MJ. Novel Award 2002. Comparison of physical activity and cumulative plantar tissue stress among subjects with and without diabetes mellitus and a history of recurrent plantar ulcers. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2003;18:567-575.
61. Ledoux WR, Cowley MS, Ahroni JH, et al. No relationship between plantar pressure and diabetic foot ulcer incidence after adjustment for ulcer location. Diabetes 2005;54:A17.
62. Maluf KS, Morley RE Jr, Richter EJ, et al. Monitoring in-shoe plantar pressures, temperature, and humidity: reliability and validity of measures from a portable device. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:1119-1127.
63. Oyibo SO, Jude EB, Tarawneh I, et al. The effects of ulcer size and site, patient's age, sex and type and duration of diabetes on the outcome of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabet Med 2001;18:133-138.
64. Margolis DJ, Allen-Taylor L, Hoffstad O, et al. Diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers: the association of wound size, wound duration, and wound grade on healing. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1835-1839.
65. Sheehan P, Jones P, Caselli A, et al. Percent change in wound area of diabetic foot ulcers over a 4-week period is a robust predictor of complete healing in a 12-week prospective trial. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1879-1882.
66. Pecoraro RE, Ahroni JH, Boyko EJ, et al. Chronology and determinants of tissue repair in diabetic lower-extremity ulcers. Diabetes 1991;40:1305-1313.
67. Mantey I, Foster AV, Spencer S, et al. Why do foot ulcers recur in diabetic patients? Diabet Med 1999;16:245-249.
68. Connor H, Mahdi OZ. Repetitive ulceration in neuropathic patients. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2004;20:S23-S28.
69. Apelqvist J, Ragnarson-Tennvall G, Persson U, et al. Diabetic foot ulcers in a multidisciplinary setting. An economic analysis of primary healing and healing with amputation. J Intern Med 1994;235:463-471.
70. Center for Medicare Services. Diagnostic Related Groups Inpatient Billing Data; 2005. Available from: www.cms.hhs.gov/statistics/medpar/DRG500_02_i.pdf. (updated 2003 Jun; cited 2005 Aug 14).
71. Medstat. Diagnostic Related Groups Billing Data 2002. Ann Arbor, MI: Medstat; 2005.