Analytical Pyrolysis and Soft-Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Biophysico-Chemical Processes Involving Natural Nonliving Organic Matter in Environmental Systems

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 539-588

  Leinweber, P ^a   Jandl, G ^a   Eckhardt, K U ^a   Schulten, H R ^a   Schlichting, A ^b   Hofmann, D ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK   (Germany)

^b Steinbeis Transferzentrum Soil Biotechnology ^*  (Germany)

^c FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Analytical pyrolysis and soft ionization mass spectrometric techniques; Analytical pyrolysis and soft ionization mass spectrometry; Natural nonliving organic matter composition and dynamics

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889339415     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470494950.ch14     Document Type: Chapter

References (156)

1. Amblès, A., Colina-Tejada, A., Jambu, P., Lemee, L., and Parlanti, E. (1998). Experimental leaching of podzol soil lipids. Nature and biological origin of water soluble components. Agrochimica 42, 158-171.
2. Amelung, W., Zech, W., Zhang, X., Follett, R. F., Tiessen, H., Knox, E., and Flach, K.-W. (1998). Carbon, nitrogen and sulfur pools in particle-size fractions as influenced by climate. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62, 172-181.
3. Amelung, W., Zhang, X., Flach, K.-W., and Zech, W. (1999). Amino sugars in native grassland soils along a climosequence in North America. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 63, 86-92.
4. Amelung, W., Martius, C., Bandeira, A. G., Garcia, M. V. B., and Zech, W. (2002). Lignin characteristics and density fractions of termite nests in an Amazonian rain forest-indicators of termite feeding guilds? Soil Biol. Biochem. 34, 367-372.
5. André, M., Le Caer, J. P., Greco, C., Planchon, S., El Nemer, W., Boucheix, C., Rubinstein, E., Chamot-Rooke, J., and Le Naour, F. (2006). Proteomic analysis of the tetraspanin web using LC-ESI-MS/MS and MALDI-FTICR-MS. Proteomics 6, 1437-1449.
6. Baglieri, A., Ioppolo, A., Negre, M., and Gennari, M. (2007). A method for isolating soil organic matter after the extraction of humic and fulvic acids. Org. Geochem. 38, 140-150.
7. Bahr, U., and Schulten, H.-R. (1983). Pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry of cell wall components and bacterial cell walls. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 5, 27-37.
8. Beckey, H. D. (1969). Field desorption mass spectrometry, a technique for the study of thermally unstable substances of low volatility. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. 2, 500-503.
9. Beckey, H. D., Heindrichs, A., and Winkler, H. U. (1970). New field desorption techniques. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys 3, A9-A 11.
10. Berwick, L., Greenwood, P., Kagi, R., and Croue, J. P. (2007). Thermal release of nitrogen organics from natural organic matter using micro scale sealed vessel pyrolysis. Org. Geochem. 38, 1073-1090.
11. Beyer, L., Sorge, C., Blume, H.-P., and Schulten, H.-R. (1995). Soil organic matter composition and transformation in gelic histosols of coastal continental Antarctica. Soil Biol Biochem. 27, 1279-1288.
12. Blume, H.-P, and Leinweber, P. (2004). Plaggen soils: Landscape history, properties, and classification. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 167, 319-327.
13. Bruinsma, M., Kowalchuk, G. A., and van Veen, J. A. (2003). Effects of genetically modified plants on microbial communities and processes in soil. Biol. Fertil. Soils 37, 329-337.
14. Brusetti, L., Francia, P., Bertolini, C., Pagliuca, A., Borin, S., Sorlini, C., Abruzzese, A., Sacchi, G., Viti, C., Giovannetti, L., Giuntini, E., Bazzicalupo, M., and Daffonchio, D. (2004). Bacterial communities associated with the rhizosphere of transgenic Bt 176 maize (Zea mays) and its non transgenic counterpart. Plant Soil 266, 11-21.
15. Bull, I. D., Van Bergen, P. F., Poulton, P. R., and Evershed, R. P. (1998). Organic geochemical studies of soils from the Rothamsted Classical Experiments-II, Soils from the Hoosfield Spring Barley Experiment treated with different quantities of manure. Org. Geochem. 28, 11-26.
16. Burdon, J. (2001). Are the traditional concepts of the structures of humic substances realistic? Soil Sci. 166, 752-769.
17. 15N-CPMAS nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and biological stability of soil organic nitrogen in whole soil and particle-size fraction. Org. Geochem. 34, 1635-1650.
18. Ericsson, I., and Lattimer, R. P. (1989). Pyrolysis nomenclature. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 14, 219-221.
19. Fan, T. W. M., Lane, A. N., Shenker, M., Bartley, J. P., Crowley, D., and Higashi, R. M. (2001). Comprehensive chemical profiling of gramineous plant root exudates using high-resolu-tion NMR and MS. Phytochemistry 57, 209-221.
20. Fard, A. M., Turner, A. G., and Willett, G. D. (2003). High-resolution electrospray-ionization Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of Macadamia nut oil. Aust. J. Chem. 56, 499-508.
21. Fievre, A., Solouki, T., Marshall, A., and Cooper, W. T. (1997). High-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of humic and fulvic acids using laser desorption and electrospray ionization. Energy Fuels 11, 554-560.
22. Fischer, H., Meyer, A., Fischer, K., and Kuzyakov, Y. (2007). Carbohydrate and amino acid composition of dissolved organic matter leached from soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 39, 2926-2935.
23. Franke, M., Jandl, G., and Leinweber, P. (2006). Characterization of organic compounds in aerobic biological treated municipal solid waste and re-circulated leachates. Biodegradation 17, 473-485.
24. Franke, M., Jandl, G., and Leinweber, P. (2007). Analytical pyrolysis of re-circulated leachates: Towards an improved municipal waste treatment. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 79, 16-23.
25. Frimmel, F. H., Abbt-Braun, G., Heumann, K. G., Hock, B., Lüdemann, H.-D., and Spiteller, M. (2002). Refractory Organic Substances in the Environment, Wiley-VCH, Heidelberg.
26. Fu, J., Klein, G. C., Smith, D. F., Kim, S., Rodgers, R. P., Hendrickson, C. L., and Marshall, A. G. (2006a). Comprehensive compositional analysis of hydro treated and untreated nitrogen-concentrated fractions from syncrude oil by electron ionization, field desorption ionization, and electrospray ionization ultrahigh-resolution FT-ICR mass spectrometry. Energy Fuels 20, 1235-1241.
27. Fu, J., Kim, S., Rodgers, R. P., Hendrickson, C. L., Marshall, A. G., and Qian, K. (2006b). Nonpolar compositional analysis of vacuum gas oil distillation fractions by electron ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Energy Fuels 20, 661-666.
28. Galletti, G. C., and Bocchini, P. (1995). Pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of lignocellulose. Rapid Comm. Mass Spectrom. 9, 815-826.
29. 1 3C Cp/MAS NMR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Aus. J. Soil Res. 32, 285-309.
30. González-Pérez, J. A., Arbelo, C. D., González-Vila, F. J., Rodriguez, A. R., Almendros, G., Armas, C. M., and Polvillo, O. (2007). Molecular features of organic matter in diagnostic horizons from andosols as seen by analytical pyrolysis. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 80, 369-382.
31. Gransee, A., and Wittenmayer, L. (2000). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of water-soluble root exudates in relation to plant species and development. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 163, 381-385.
32. Griep-Raming, J., and Linden, H. B. (2005). Fully automated liquid injection field desorption/ionization (LIFDI) mass spectrometry for high throughput screening of compounds with various polarity. 38. Annual DGMS Conference, Rostock, Germany.
33. Gross, J. H., Nieth, N., Linden, H. B., Blumbach, U., Richter, F. J., Tauchert, M. E., Tompers, R., and Hofmann, P. (2006). Liquid injection field desorption/ionization of reactive transition metal complexes. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 386, 52-58.
34. Guggenberger, G., Zech, W., and Schulten, H.-R. (1994). Formation and mobilization pathways of dissolved organic matter: Evidence from chemical structural studies of organic matter fractions in acid forest floor solutions. Org. Geochem. 21, 51-66.
35. Guo, X., Fokkens, R. H., Peeters, H. J. W., Nibbering, N. M. M., and de Koster, C. G. (1999). Multiple cationization of polyethylene glycols in field desorption mass spectrometry: A new approach to extend the mass scale on sector mass spectrometers. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 13, 2223-2226.
36. Hatcher, P. G., Dria, K. J., Kim, S., and Frazier, S. W. (2001). Modern analytical studies of humic substances. Soil Sci. 166, 770-794.
37. Hempfling, R., Simmleit, N., and Schulten, H.-R. (1991). Characterization and chemodynam-ics of plant constituents during maturation, senescence and humus genesis in spruce ecosystems. Biogeochemistry 13, 27-60.
38. Heuer, H., Kroppenstedt, R. M., Lottmann, J., and Smalla, K. (2002). Effects of T4-lysozyme release from transgenic potato roots on bacterial rhizosphere communities are negligible relative to natural factors. Appl. Environ. Microb. 68, 1325-1335.
39. Hofstadler, S. A., Wahl, J. H., Bruce, J. E., and Smith, R. D. (1993). On-line capillary electrophoresis with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 6983-6984.
40. Hu, Q., Noll, R. J., Li, H., Makarov, A., Hardman, M., and Cooks, R. G. (2005). The Orbitrap: A new mass spectrometer. J. Mass Spectrom. 40, 430-443.
41. Jandl, G., Schulten, H.-R., and Leinweber, P. (2002). Quantification of long-chain fatty acids in dissolved organic matter and soils. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 165, 133-139.
42. Jandl, G., Leinweber, P., Schulten, H.-R., and Eusterhues, K. (2004). The concentrations of fatty acids in organo-mineral particle-size fractions of a Chernozem. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 55, 459-469.
43. Jandl, G., Leinweber, P., Schulten, H.-R., and Ekschmitt, K. (2005). Contribution of primary organic matter to the fatty acid pool in agricultural soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 37, 1033-1041.
44. Jandl, G., Leinweber, P., and Schulten, H.-R. (2007). Origin and fate of soil lipids in a Phaeo-zem under rye and maize monoculture in Central Germany. Biol. Fertil. Soils 43, 321-332.
45. Jardé, E., Gruau, G., Mansuy-Huault, L., Peu, P., and Martinez, J. (2007). Using sterols to detect pig slurry contribution to soil organic matter. Water Air Soil Pollut. 178, 169-178.
46. Jokic, A., Schulten, H.-R., Cutler, J. N., Schnitzer, M., and Huang, P. M. (2004a). A significant abiotic pathway for the formation of unknown nitrogen in nature. Geophys. Res. Let. 31, L05502.
47. Jokic, A., Cutler, J. N., Anderson, D. W., and Walley, F. (2004b). Detection of heterocyclic N compounds in whole soils using N-XANES spectroscopy. Can. J. Soil Sci. 84, 291-293.
48. Jones, D. L., Hodge, A., and Kuzyakov, Y. (2004). Plant and mycorrhizal regulation of rhizode-position. New Phytologist 163, 459-480.
49. Kahle, P., Beuch, S., Boelke, B., Leinweber, P., and Schulten, H.-R. (2001). Cropping of Mis-canthus in Central Europe: Biomass accumulation and influence on soil organic matter and nutrient cycling. Eur. J. Agron. 15, 171-184.
50. Kaiser, K., Eusterhues, K., Rumpel, C., Guggenberger, G., and Kögel-Knabner, I. (2002). Stabilisation of organic matter in the subsoil of sandy, acidic forest soils. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 165, 451-459.
51. Kalbitz, K., Geyer, W., and Geyer, S. (1999). Spectroscopic properties of dissolved humic substances-a reflection of land use history in a fen area. Biogeochemistry 47, 219-238.
52. Kalbitz, K., Solinger, S., Park, J.-H., Michalzik, B., and Matzner, E. (2000). Controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in soils: A review. Soil Sci. 165, 277-304.
53. Kalbitz, K., Schwesig, D., Schmerwitz, J., Kaiser, K., Haumeier, L., Glaser, B., Ellerbrock, R., and Leinweber, P. (2003). Changes in properties of soil-derived dissolved organic matter induced by biodegradation. Soil Biol. Biochem. 35, 1129-1142.
54. Kane-Maguire, L. A. P., Kanitz, R., and Sheil, M. M. (1995). Comparison of electrospray mass spectrometry with other soft ionization techniques for the characterization of cationic α-hydrocarbon organometallic complexes. J. Organomet. Chem. 486, 243-248.
55. Kawahigashi, M., Kaiser, K., Kalbitz, K., Rodionov, A., and Guggenberger, G. (2004). Dissolved organic matter in small streams along a gradient from discontinuous to continuous permafrost. Glob. Change Biol. 10, 1576-1586.
56. 15N NMR spectroscopy. J. Environ. Qual. 29, 715-723.
57. Kögel-Knabner, I. (2000). Analytical approaches for characterizing soil organic matter. Org. Geochem. 31, 609-625.
58. Kögel-Knabner, I., Guggenberger, G., Kleber, M., Kandeler, E., Kalbitz, K., Scheu, S., Eusterhues, K., and Leinweber, P. (2008). Organo-mineral associations in temperate soils: Integrating biology, mineralogy and organic matter chemistry. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 171, 61-82.
59. 13C NMR spectroscopy. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 167, 45-53.
60. Kujawinski, E. B., Hatcher, P. G., and Freitas, M. A. (2002). High-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of humic and fulvic acids: Improvements and comparisons. Anal. Chem. 74, 413-419.
61. Kuzyakov, Y., and Siniakina, S. V. (2001). Siphon method of separating root-derived organic compounds from root respiration in non-sterile soil. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 164, 511-517.
62. Kuzyakov, Y., Leinweber, P., Sapronov, D., and Eckhardt, K.-U. (2003). Quantitative assessment of root exudates in non-sterile soil by analytical pyrolysis. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 166, 719-723.
63. Landgraf, D., Leinweber, P., and Makeschin, F. (2006). Cold and hot water extractable organic matter as indicators of litter decomposition in forest soils. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 169, 76-82.
64. Lehmann, W. D., and Schulten, H.-R. (1976). Physikalische Methoden in der Chemie: Mas-senspektrometrie II. Chemische Ionisations-, Feldionisations-und Felddesorptions-Massenspektrometrie. Chemie in unserer Zeit 10, 163-174.
65. Leinweber, P. (1995). Organische Substanzen in Partikelgröβenfraktionen: Zusammenset-zung, Dynamik und Einfluβ auf Bodeneigenschaften. In Vechtaer Studien zur Angewandten Geographie und Regionalwissenschaft, Band 15, Vechtaer Druckerei und Verlag, Vechta, p. 148.
66. Leinweber, P., and Schulten, H.-R. (1998). Advances in analytical pyrolysis of soil organic matter. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 47, 165-189.
67. Leinweber, P., and Schulten, H.-R. (2000). Nonhydrolyzable forms of soil organic nitrogen: Extractability and composition. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 163, 433-439.
68. Leinweber, P., Schulten, H.-R., and Körschens, M. (1994). Seasonal variations of soil organic matter in a long-term agricultural experiment. Plant Soil 160, 225-235.
69. Leinweber, P., Schulten, H.-R., and Körschens, M. (1995). Hot water extracted organic matter: Chemical composition and temporal variations in a long-term field experiment. Biol. Fertil. Soils 20, 17-23.
70. Leinweber, P., Jordan, E., and Schulten, H.-R. (1996). Molecular characterization of soil organic matter in pleistocene moraines from the Bolivian Andes. Geoderma 72, 133-148.
71. Leinweber, P., Schulten, H.-R., and Jancke, H. (1999). New evidence for the molecular composition of soil organic matter in Vertisols. Soil Sci. 164, 857-870.
72. Leinweber, P., Schulten, H.-R., Kalbitz, K., Meissner, R., and Jancke, H. (2001). Fulvic acid composition in degraded fenlands. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 164, 371-379.
73. Leinweber, P., Kruse, J., Walley, F. L., Gillespie, A., Blyth, R. I. R., and Regier, T. (2007). N K-edge XANES-An overview of reference compounds used to identify "unknown" organic nitrogen in environmental samples. J. Synchrotron Rad. 14, 500-511.
74. Leinweber, P., Eckhardt, K.-U., Fischer, H., and Kuzyakov, Y. (2008a). A new rapid micromethod for the molecular-chemical characterization of rhizodeposits by soft-ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Comm. Mass Spectom. 22, 1230-1234.
75. Leinweber, P., Jandl, G., Baum, C., Eckhardt, K.-U., and Kandeler, E. (2008b). Stability and composition of soil organic matter control respiration and soil enzyme activities. Soil Biol. Biochem. 40, 1496-1505.
76. Leinweber, P., Walley, F. L., Kruse, J., Jandl, G., Eckhardt, K.-U., Blyth, R., and Regier, T. (2009). Cultivation affects soil organic nitrogen: Pyrolysis-mass spectrometry and N K-edge XANES evidence. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73, 82-92.
77. Linden, H. B. (2001). Sensitivity improvement by 2-3 orders of magnitude and significantly raised sample throughput, even under inert conditions, by In-Source Liquid Injection FD. Proceedings of the 49th Annual Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, Chicago, MPA 024.
78. Linden, H. B. (2002). Quick soft analysis of sensitive samples under inert conditions by insource liquid injection FD. In Proceedings of the 50th Annual Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, Orlando 2002, MPL 373.
79. Linden, H. B. (2004). Liquid injection field desorption ionization: A new tool for soft ionization of samples including air sensitive catalysts and non-polar hydrocarbons. Eur. Mass Spectrom. 10, 459-468.
80. Llewelyn, J. M., Landing, W. M., Marshall, A. G., and Cooper, W. T. (2002). Electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of dissolved organic phosphorus species in a treatment wetland after selective isolation and concentration. Anal. Chem. 74, 600-606.
81. Marschner, B., Brodowski, S., Dreves, A., Gleixner, G., Grootes, P. M., Hamer, U., Heim, A., Jandl, G., Ji, R., Kaiser, K., Kalbitz, K., Kramer, C., Leinweber, P., Rethemeyer, J., Schmidt, M. W. I., Schwark, L., and Wiesenberg, G. L. B. (2008). How relevant is recalcitrance for the stabilization of organic matter in soils? J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 171, 91-110.
82. Marshall, A. G., Hendrickson, C. L., and Jackson, G. S. (1998). Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: A primer. Mass Spectrum Rev. 17, 1-35.
83. Marshall, A. G. (2000). Milestones in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry technique development. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 200, 331-356.
84. Marshall, A. G., and Rodgers, R. P. (2004). Petroleomics:The next grand challenge for chemical analysis. Acc. Chem. Res. 37, 53-59.
85. Marshall, A. G. (2007). Petroleomics: Chemistry of the underworld. 8. European FTMS conference, Moscow, Russia.
86. Martens, D. A., and Loeffelmann, K. L. (2003). Soil amino acid composition quantified by acid hydrolysis and anion chromotography-pulsed amperometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 6521-6529.
87. Martens, D. A., Jaynes, D. B., Colvin, T. S., Kaspar, T. C., and Karlen, D. L. (2006). Soil organic nitrogen enrichment following soybean in an Iowa corn-soybean rotation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70, 382-392.
88. Martius, C. (1992). Food provisioon storing by xylophagous termites in Amazonia (Isoptera: Nasutitermitidae). Entomol. Gener. 17, 269-276.
89. Meissner, R., and Leinweber, P. (2004). PROWATER: Prevention of diffuse water pollution with phosphorus from degraded and re-wetted peat soils-Final Report of an European Research Project. ed. UFZ Halle-Leipzig.
90. Melnitchouck, A., Leinweber, P., Eckhardt, K.-U., and Beese, R. (2005). Qualitative differences between day-and nighttime rhizodeposition in maize (Zea mays L.) as investigated by pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry. Soil Biol. Biochem. 37, 155-162.
91. Melnitchouck, A., Leinweber, P., Broer, I., and Eckhardt, K.-U. (2006). Pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry of rhizodeposits-A new approach in the risk assessment of genetically modified plants. Environ. Biosafety Res. 5, 37-46.
92. Mikutta, R., Kleber, M., Torn, M., and Jahn, R. (2006). Stabilization of soil organic matter: Association with minerals or chemical recalcitrance. Biogeochemistry 77, 25-56.
93. Monreal, C. M., Schnitzer, M., Schulten, H.-R., Campbell, C. A., and Anderson, D. W. (1995). Soil organic structures in macro-and microaggregates of a cultivated Brown Chernozem. Soil Biol. Biochem. 27, 845-853.
94. Monreal, C. M., Schulten, H.-R., and Kodama, H. (1997). Age, turnover and molecular diversity of soil organic matter in aggregates of a Gleysol. Can. J. Soil Sci. 77, 379-388.
95. Murray, K. E., and Schulten, H.-R. (1981). Field desorption mass spectrometry of lipids. I. The application of field desorption mass spectrometry to the investigation of natural waxes. Chem. Phys. Lipids. 29, 11-21.
96. Nierop, K. G. J., Naafs, D. F. W., and Verstraten, J. M. (2003). Occurrence and distribution of ester-bound lipids in Dutch coastal dune soils along a pH gradient. Org. Geochem. 34, 719-729.
97. Pedras, M. S. C., Jha, M., and Ahiahonu, P. W. K. (2003). The synthesis and biosynthesis of phytoalexins produced by cruciferous plants. Curr. Org. Chem. 7, 1635-1647.
98. Qian, K., Rodgers, R. P., Hendrickson, C. L., Emmett, M. R., and Marshall, A. G. (2001). Reading chemical fine print: Resolution and identification of 3000 nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds from a single electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrum of heavy petroleum crude oil. Energy Fuels 15, 492-498.
99. Qian, K., Green, L. A., Olmstead, W. N., Schaub, T. M., Hendrickson, C. L., Rodgers, R. P., and Marshall, A. G. (2004). Petroleum characterization by field desorption mass spectrometry: A comparison of magnetic sector, time-of-flight and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance. In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, Nashville.
100. Quénéa, K., Derenne, S., González-Vila, F. J., González-Pérez, J. A., Mariotti, A., Largeau, C. (2006a). Double-shot pyrolysis of the non-hydrolysable organic fraction isolated from a sandy forest soils (Landes de Gascogne, South-West France)-Comparison with classical Curie-point pyrolysis. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 76, 271-279.
101. Quénéa, K., Largeau, C., Derenne, S., Spaccini, R., Bardoux, G., and Mariotti, A. (2006b). Molecular and isotopic study of lipids in particle size fractions of a sandy cultivated soil (Cestas cultivation sequence, southwest France): Sources, degradation, and comparison with Cestas forest soil. Org. Geochem. 37, 20-44.
102. Reeves, J. B., and Francis, B. A. (1997). Pyrolysis-gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry for the analysis of forages and by-products. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 40-41, 243-265.
103. Rodgers, R. P., Schaub, T. M., and Marshall, A. G. (2005). Petroleomics: MS returns to its roots. Anal. Chem. A-Pages 77, 20A-27A.
104. Rumpel, C., Seraphin, A., Goebel, M.-O., Wiesenberg, G., González-Vila, F. J., Bachmann, J., Schwark, L., Michaelis, W., Mariotti, A., and Kögel-Knabner, I. (2004a). Alkyl C in B and C horizons of an acid forest soil. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 167, 685-692.
105. Rumpel, C., Eusterhues, K., and Kögel-Knabner, I. (2004b). Location and chemical composition of stabilized organic carbon in topsoil and subsoil horizons of two acid forest soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 36, 177-190.
106. Saiz-Jimenez, C. (1994). Analytical pyrolysis of humic substances: Pitfalls, limitations, and possible solutions. Environ. Sci. Tech. 28, 1773-1780.
107. Saiz-Jimenez, C., Ortega-Calvo, J. J., and Hermosin, B. (1994). Conventional pyrolysis: A biased technique for providing structural informations on humic substances? Naturwis-senschaften 81, 28-29.
108. Schaub, T. M., Linden, H. B., Hendrickson, C. L., and Marshall, A. G. (2004). Continuous flow sample introduction for field desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 18, 1641-1644.
109. Schaub, T. M., Rodgers, R. P., Marshall, A. G., Qian, K., Green, L. A., and Olmstead, W. N. (2005). Speciation of aromatic compounds in petroleum refinery streams by continuous flow field desorption ionization FTICR mass spectrometry. Energy Fuels 19, 1566-1573.
110. Schlichting, A., and Leinweber, P. (2009). New evidence for the molecular-chemical diversity of potato plant rhizodeposits obtained by pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectrometry. Phytochem. Anal. 20, 1-13.
111. Schmidt, L., Warnstorff, K., Dörfel, H., Leinweber, P., Lange, H., and Merbach, W. (2000). The influence of fertilization and rotation on soil organic matter and plant yields in the long-term Eternal Rye trial in Halle (Saale), Germany. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 163, 639-648.
112. Schmidt, M. W. I., and Kögel-Knabner, I. (2002). Organic matter in particle-size fractions from A and B horizons of a Haplic Alisol. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 53, 383-391.
113. Schmitt-Kopplin, P. (2007). Analysis of the unresolved organic fraction in aerosols with ultra-high resolution ICR-FT/MS. 8. In European FTMS Conference, Moscow, Russia.
114. Schnitzer, M., and Schulten, H.-R. (1992). The analysis of soil organic matter by pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56, 1811-1817.
115. Schnitzer, M., and Schulten, H.-R. (1995). The analysis of organic matter in soil extracts and whole soils by pyrolysis-mass spectrometry [Review]. Advan. Agron. 55, 167-217.
116. Schnitzer, M., McArthur, D. F. E., Schulten, H.-R., Kozak, L. M., and Huang, P. M. (2005). Long-term cultivation effects on the quantity and quality of organic matter in selected Canadian prairie soils. Geoderma 130, 141-156.
117. Schrader, S., and Klein, H.-W. (2004). Liquid chromatography/Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LC-FTICR MS): An early overview. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 379, 1013-1024.
118. Schulten, H.-R. (1987). Pyrolysis and soft ionization mass spectrometry of aquatic/terrestrial humic substances and soils. J. Appl. Anal. Pyrolysis 12, 149-186.
119. Schulten, H.-R. (1996). Direct pyrolysis-mass spectrometry of soils: A novel tool in agriculture, ecology, forestry, and soil science. In Mass Spectrometry of Soils, Boutton, T. W., and Yamasaki, S., eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 373-436.
120. Schulten, H.-R. (2002). New approaches to the molecular structure and properties of soil organic matter: Humic-, xenobiotic-, biological-, and mineral-bonds. In Soil Mineral-Organic Matter-Microorganism Interactions and Ecosystem Health. Developments in Soil Science, Vol. 28A, Violante, A., Huang, P. M., Bollag, J.-M., and Gianfreda, L., eds., Elsevier B. V., Amsterdam, pp. 351-381.
121. Schulten, H.-R., and Görtz, W. (1978). Curie-point pyrolysis and field ionization mass spectrometry of polysaccharides. Anal. Chem. 50, 428-433.
122. Schulten, H.-R., and Leinweber, P. (1996). Characterization of humic and soil particles by analytical pyrolysis and computer modeling. J. Appl. Anal. Pyrolysis 38, 1-53.
123. Schulten, H.-R., and Schnitzer, M. (1998). The chemistry of soil organic nitrogen: A review. Biol. Fertil. Soils 26, 1-15.
124. Schulten, H.-R., and Leinweber, P. (1999). Thermal stability and composition of mineral-bound organic matter in density fractions of soil. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 50, 237-248.
125. Schulten, H.-R., and Leinweber, P. (2000). New insights into organic-mineral particles: Composition, properties and models of molecular structure. Biol. Fertil. Soils 30, 399-432.
126. Schulten, H.-R., and Schnitzer, M. (1991). Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of long-chain aliphatics from two soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55, 1603-1611.
127. Schulten, H.-R., and Schnitzer, M. (1992). A contribution to solving the puzzle of the chemical structure of humic substances: Pyrolysis-soft ionization mass spectrometry. Sci. Total Environ. 117/118, 27-39.
128. Schulten, H.-R., and Schnitzer, M. (1993). Temperature-resolved in-source pyrolysis-soft ionization mass spectrometry of soil humic acids. Org. Geochem. 20, 17-25.
129. Schulten, H.-R., Simmleit, N., and Rump, H. H. (1986). Soft ionization mass spectrometry of epicuticular waxes isolated from coniferous needles. Chem. Phys. Lipids 41, 209-224.
130. Schulten, H.-R., Plage, B., and Schnitzer, M. (1991). A chemical structure for humic substances. Naturwissenschaften 78, 311-312.
131. Schulten, H.-R., Sorge, C., and Schnitzer, M. (1995a) Structural studies on soil nitrogen by Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with nitrogen-selective detection. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 20, 174-184.
132. Schulten, H.-R., Monreal, C. M., and Schnitzer, M. (1995b). Effects of long-term cultivation on the chemical structure of soil organic matter. Naturwissenschaften 82, 42-44.
133. Schulten, H.-R., Leinweber, P., and Schnitzer, M. (1998). Analytical pyrolysis and computer modelling of humic and soil particles. In IUPAC Environmental Analytical and Physical Chemistry Series, Vol. 4: Environmental Particles: Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles, Huang, P. M., Senesi, N., and Buffle, J., eds., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, Chapter 8, pp. 281-324.
134. Schulten, H.-R., Leinweber, P., and Jandl, G. (2002). Analytical pyrolysis of humic substances and dissolved organic matter in water. In Refractory Organic Substances in the Environment, Frimmel, F. H., Abbt-Braun, G., Heumann, K. G., Hock, B., Lüdemann, H.-D., and Spiteller, M., eds., Wiley-VCH, Heidelberg, Section 2.8, pp. 163-187.
135. Sessitsch, A., Gyamfi, S., Tscherko, D., Gerzabek, M. H., and Kandeler, E. (2004). Activity of microorganisms in the rhizosphere of herbicide treated and untreated transgenic glufosinate-tolerant and wildtype oilseed rape grown in containment. Plant Soil 266, 105-116.
136. Sihlbom, C., Davidsson, P., Emmett, M. R., Marshall, A. G., and Nilsson, C. L. (2004). Glyco-proteomics of cerebrospinal fluid in neurodegenerative disease. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 234, 145-152.
137. Six, J., Conant, R. T., Paul, E. A., and Paustian, K. (2002). Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: Implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant Soil 241, 155-176.
138. Sjöberg, G., Knicker, H., Nilsson, S. I., and Berggren, D. (2004). Impact of long-term N fertilization on the structural composition of spruce litter and mor humus. Soil Biol. Biochem. 36, 609-618.
139. Sleutel, S., Abdul Kader, M., Leinweber, P., D'Haene, K., and De Neve, S. (2007). Effect of tillage management on the composition of soil organic matter in different soil fractions as examined by Py-FIMS. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 71, 1620-1628.
140. Sleutel, S., Leinweber, P., Begum, S. A., Vandenbruwane, J., Abdul Kader, M., and De Neve, S. (2008). Composition of organic matter in sandy relict and cultivated heathlands as examined by pyrolysis-field ionization MS. Biogeochemistry 89, 253-271.
141. Smernik, R. J., and Baldock, J. A. (2006). Does solid-state 15N NMR detect all soil organic nitrogen? Biogeochemistry 75, 507-528.
142. Solouki, T., Emmett, M. R., Guan, S., and Marshall, A. G. (1997). Detection, number, and sequence location of sulfur-containing amino acids and disulfide bridges in peptides by ultrahigh-resolution MALDI FTICR mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 69, 1163-1168.
143. Somei, M., and Yamada, F. (2003). Simple indole alkaloids and those with nonarranged monoterpenoid unit. Nat. Prod. Rep. 20, 171-211.
144. Sorge, C., Schnitzer, M., and Schulten, H.-R. (1993). In-source pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry and Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of amino acids in humic substances and soils. Biol. Fertil. Soils 16, 100-110.
145. Stenson, A. C., Landing, W. M., Marshall, A. G., and Cooper, W. T. (2002). Ionization and fragmentation of humic substances in electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 74, 4397-4409.
146. Stenson, A. C., Marshall, A. G., and Cooper, W.T. (2003). Exact masses and chemical formulas of individual Suwannee River fulvic acids from ultrahigh resolution electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectra. Anal. Chem. 75, 1275-1284.
147. Stevenson, F. J. (1994). Humus Chemistry, Genesis, Composition, Reactions, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
148. Stevenson, F. J., and Cole, M. A. (1999). Cycles of Soil. Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Micronutrients, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
149. Taban, I. M., Altelaar, A. F. M., van der Burgt, Y. E. M., McDonnell, L. A., Heeren, R. M. A., Fuchser, J., and Baykut, G. (2007). Imaging of peptides in the rat brain using MALDI-FTICR mass spectrometry. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 18, 145-151.
150. Vairavamurthy, A., and Wang, S. (2002). Organic nitrogen in geomacromolecules: Insights on speciation and transformation with K-edge XANES spectroscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 3050-3056.
151. van Bergen, P. F., Bull, I. D., Poulton, P. R., and Evershed, R. P. (1997). Organic geochemical studies of soils from the Rothamsted Classical Experiments-I. Total lipid extracts, solvent insoluble residues and humic acids from Broadbalk Wilderness. Org. Geochem. 26, 117-135.
152. Wiedow, D., Baum, C., and Leinweber, P. (2007). Inoculation with Trichoderma saturnisporum accelerates wheat straw decomposition on soil. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 53, 1-12.
153. Wiesenberg, G. L. B., Schwarzbauer, J., Schmidt, M. W. I., and Schwark, L. (2004). Source and turnover of organic matter in agricultural soils derived from n-alkane/n-carboxylic acid compositions and C-isotope signatures. Org. Geochem. 35, 1371-1393.
154. Wilcken, H., Sorge, C., and Schulten, H.-R. (1997). Molecular composition and chemometric differentiation and classification of soil organic matter in Podzol B-horizons. Geoderma 76, 193-219.
155. Witt, M., and Fuchser, J. (2007). Crude oil analysis by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry using different ionization techniques. 8. In European FTMS Conference, Moscow, Russia.
156. Zang, X., and Hatcher, P. G. (2002). A Py-GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy study of organic nitrogen in Mangrove Lake sediments. Org. Geochem. 33, 201-211.