Surfactant Metabolites

Organic Pollutants in the Water Cycle: Properties, Occurrence, Analysis and Environmental Relevance of Polar Compounds

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 211-250

  Knepper, Thomas P ^a   Eichhorn, Peter ^b  

^a FRESENIUS UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

Aerobic biodegradation of surfactants; Alkylbenzene sulfonates; Alkylphenol ethoxylates; Organic pollutants; Risk assessment; Surfactant metabolites; Surfactants and metabolites in drinking waters; Surfactants and metabolites in subsoil underground passage; Surfactants and metabolites in surface waters; Surfactants and metabolites in wastewater treatment plants; Water cycle

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889268595     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/352760877X.ch9     Document Type: Chapter

References (172)

1. H. L. Webster and J. Halliday, Analyst 84 (1959) 552.
2. W. K. Fischer and K. Winkler, Vom Wasser 47 (1976) 81.
3. Anonymous. German Detergent Act, Verordnung über die Abbaubarkeit von Detergentien in Wasch-und Reinigungsmitteln. BGBl I, 12.12.1962: 698-701.
4. W. T. Sullivan and R. D. Swisher, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 (1968) 194.
5. T. P. Knepper and J. L. Berna, In: Analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment. T. P. Knepper, D. Barceló, P. de Voogt (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam 2003.
6. EEC, Council Directive of 22 November 1973 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to detergents. 73/405/EEC, Official Journal of the European Communities, No. L 347/53.
7. EEC, Council Directive of 31 March 1982 amending Directive 73/405/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to methods of testing the biodegradability of nonionic surfactants (82/242/EEC). Official Journal of the European Communities, No. L 109/1.
8. EEC, Council Directive of 31 March 1982 amending Directive 73/405/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to methods of testing the biodegradability of anionic surfactants (82/243/EEC), Official Journal of the European Communities, No. L 109/18.
9. Verordnung über die Abbaubarkeit anionischer und nichtionischer grenzflächenaktiver Stoffe in Wasch-und Reinigungsmitteln vom 30.01.1977, BGBl. 1, 244.
10. DIN German Standard Method for the Examination of Water, Wastewater and Sludge; General Measures of Effects and Substances (Group H). (A) Determination of Methylene Blue Active Substances (H23-1), (B) Determination of Bismuth Active Substances (H23-2), (C) Determination of the Disulfine Blue Active Substances (H20), VCH Weinheim, Germany, 1992.
11. Anionic surfactants as MBAS, Standards Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, 512B, 1985.
12. Nederlandse Vereniging van Zeepfabrikanten NVZ, Environmental data review of soap, Bongerts, Kuyer and Huiswaard, consulting engineers, Delft, The Netherlands, 1994.
13. L. H. M. Vollebregt and J. Westra, Environmental effects of surfactants, Onderzoeks-en Adviescentrum Chemie Arbeid Milieu, University of Amsterdam, 1998.
14. OECD, Guidelines for testing of chemicals. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, 1993.
15. R. D. Swisher, Surfactants and Biodegradation. Marcel Dekker (1987), New York, NY, USA.
16. L. Cavalli, G. Cassani, M. Lazzarin, C. Maraschin, G. Nucci and L. Valtorta, Tenside Surf. Deterg. 33 (1996) 393.
17. A. Di Corcia, F. Casassa, C.Crescenzi, A. Marcomini and R. Samperi, Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999) 4112.
18. A. Marcomini, G. Pojana, C. Carrer, L. Cavalli, G. Cassani and M. Lazzarin, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19 (2000) 555.
19. A. Di Corcia, C. Crescenzi, A. Marcomini and R. Samperi, Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 (1998) 711.
20. A. Moreno, J. Ferrer, J. Bravo, J.L. Berna and L. Cavalli, Tenside Surf. Det. 35 (1998) 375.
21. A. Remde and R. Debus, Chemosphere 32 (1996) 1563.
22. C. A. Staples, J. B. Williams, R. L. Blessing and P. T. Varineau, Chemosphere 38 (1999) 2029.
23. C. Crescenzi, A. DiCorcia, A. Marcomini and R. Samperi, Environ. Sci. Technol. 31 (1997) 2679.
24. M. Huber, U. Meyer and P. Rys, Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (2000) 1737.
25. P. Schöberl, W. Guhl, N. Scholz and K. Taeger, Tenside Surf. Det. 35 (1998) 279.
26. G. M. Boeije, D. R. Schowanek and P. A. Vanrolleghem, Water Res. 34 (2000) 1479.
27. U. Baumann, M. Benz, E. Pletscher, K. Breuker and R. Zenobi, Tenside Surf. Det. 36 (1999) 288.
28. P. Kölbener, U. Baumann, T. Leisinger and A. M. Cook, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14 (1995) 571.
29. J. Mampel, T. Hitzler, A. Ritter and A. M. Cook, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 (1998) 1960.
30. T. P. Knepper, P. Eichhorn, L. S. Bonnington, In: Analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment. T. P. Knepper, D. Barceló, P. de Voogt (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam 2003, p. 525.
31. J. Blasco, M. Hampel, I. Morreno-Garrido, In: Analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment. T. P. Knepper, D. Barceló, P. de Voogt (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam 2003, p. 827.
32. N. Olea, M. F. Fernandez, A. Rivas, F. Olea-Serranoctants, In: Analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment. T. P. Knepper, D. Barceló, P. de Voogt (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam 2003, p. 887.
33. P. de Voogt, P. Eichhorn, T. P. Knepper, In: Analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment. T. P. Knepper, D. Barceló, P. de Voogt (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam 2003, p. 913.
34. P. Schöberl, Tenside Surf. Det. 26 (1989) 86.
35. R. L. Huddleston and R. C. Allred, Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 4 (1963) 24.
36. W. J. Payne and V. E. Feisal, Appl. Microbiol. 11 (1963) 339.
37. E. A. Setzkorn, R. L. Huddleston and R. C. Allred, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 41 (1964) 826.
38. R. D. Swisher, J. Water Poll. Control Fed. 35 (1963) 877.
39. R. D. Swisher, J. Water Poll. Control Fed. 35 (1963) 1557.
40. G. Baggi, D. Catelani, A. Colombi, E. Galli and V. Treccani, Ann. Microbiol Enzymol. 24 (1974) 317.
41. C. R. Eggert, R. G. Kaley and W. E. Gledhill (1979) Proc. of the Workshop: Microbial Degradation of Pollutants in Marine Environments, Bourquin A. W., Pritchard P. H. (Eds.) U.S. EPA Reprot No. 600/9-79-012 451.
42. D. Hrsak and A. Begonja, J. Appl. Microbiol. 85 (1998) 448.
43. W. Dong, S. Radajewski, P. Eichhorn, K. Denger, T. P. Knepper, J. C. Murrell and A. M. Cook, J. Appl. Microbiol. 96 (2004) 630.
44. S. Schulz, W. Dong, U. Groth and A. M. Cook, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2000) 1905.
45. C. Kanz, M. Nölke, H.-P. Fleischmann, E. Kohler, W. Giger, Anal. Chem. 70 (1998) 913.
46. A. Di Corcia, F. Casassa, C. Crescenzi, A. Marcomini and R. Samperi, Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999) 4112.
47. D. Schleheck, W. Dong, K. Denger, E. Heinzle and A. M. Cook, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2000) 1911.
48. P. Eichhorn and T. P. Knepper, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21 (2002) 1.
49. P. Kölbener, A. Ritter, F. Corradini, U. Baumann and A. M. Cook, Tenside Surf. Det. 33 (1996) 149.
50. S. Eaton, K. Bartlett and M. Pourfarzam, Biochem. J. 320 (1996) 345.
51. R. J. A. Wanders, R. Vreken, M. E. J. de Boer, F. A. Wijburg, A. H. van Gennip and L. Ijlst, J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 22 (1999) 442.
52. P. Schölberl, K. J. Bock and L. Huber, Tenside Surf. Det. 25 (1988) 86.
53. M. J. Scott and M. N. Jones, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1508 (2000) 235.
54. A. M. Bruce, J. D. Swanwick and R.A. Owensworth, J. Proc. Inst. Sew. Purif. Pt. 5 (1966) 661.
55. J. Steber, P. Gode and W. Guhl, Soap Cosmet. Chem. Spec. 64 (1988) 44.
56. O. R. T. Thomas and G. F. White, Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 11 (1989) 318.
57. N. S. Battersby, L. Kravetz, J. P. Salanitro, Proc. 5th CESIO World Surfactant Congress, Firenze, May 2000, pp. 1397-1407.
58. W. Fischer and P. Gericke, Water Res. 9 (1975) 1137.
59. M. L. Cano, J. P. Salanitro, K. A. Evans, A. Sherren and L. Kravetz, 92nd AOCS Annual Meeting and Expo, Minneapolis, May 13, 2001.
60. J. Steber and P. Weirich, Tenside Surf. Det. 2 (1989) 406.
61. S. S. Talmage, Environmental and human safety of major surfactants: alcohol ethoxylates and alkylphenol ethoxylates. A report to the Soap and Detergent Association; Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
62. B. Thiele, K. Günther and M. Schwuger, Chem. Rev. 97 (1997) 3247.
63. A. Di Corcia, A. Costantino, C. Crescenzi, E. Marinoni and R. Samperi, Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 (1998) 2401.
64. W. H Ding, Y. Fujita, R. Aeschimann and M. Reinhard, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 354 (1996) 48.
65. W. H. Ding and C. T. Chen, J. Chromatogr. A 824 (1998) 79.
66. W. Giger and P. H. Brunner, Science 225 (1984) 623.
67. J. Ejlertsson, M. Nilsson, H. Kylin, A. Bergman, L. Karlson, M. Öquist and B. Svensson, Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999) 301.
68. N. Jonkers, T. P. Knepper and P. de Voogt, Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001) 335.
69. M. Stalmans, E. Matthijs, E. Weeg and S. Morris, SÖFW Journal 13 (1993) 10.
70. P. Eichhorn and T. P. Knepper, J. Mass Spectrom. 35 (2000), 468.
71. J. Steber, W. Guhl, N. Stelter and F. R. Schröder, Tenside Surf. Det. 32 (1995) 515.
72. M. T. Garcia, L. Ribosa, E. Campos and J. Sanchez Leal, Chemosphere 35 (1997) 545.
73. T. Madsen, G. Petersen, C. Seiero and J. Torslov, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 73 (1996) 929.
74. P. Eichhorn and T.P. Knepper, J. Chromatogr. A 854 (1999) 221.
75. D. B. Knaebel, T. W. Federle and J. R. Vestal, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9 (1990) 981.
76. L. Kravetz, J. P. Salanitro, P. B. Dorn and K. F. Guin, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 68 (1991) 610.
77. T. Balson and M. S. B. Felix, in D. R. Karsa and M. R. Porter (Eds.), Biodegradability of surfactants, Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow, United Kingdom, 1995, p. 204.
78. A. Marcomini and G. Pojana, Analusis 25 (1997) 35.
79. C. Brunner, U. Baumann, E. Pletscher and M. Eugster, Tenside Surf. Det. 37 (2000) 276.
80. P. Eichhorn and T. P. Knepper, J. Mass Spectrom. 36 (2001) 677.
81. P. Eichhorn, M. Petrović, D. Barceló and T. P. Knepper, Vom Wasser 95 (2000) 245.
82. A. Di Corcia and R. Samperi, Environ. Sci. Technol. 28 (1994) 850.
83. A. Di Corcia, L. Capuani, F. Casassa, A. Marcomini and R. Samperi, Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999) 4119.
84. A. M. Soto, H. Justicia, J. W. Wray and C. Sonnenschein, Environ. Health Perspect. 102 (1991) 380.
85. R. Renner, Environ. Sci. Technol. 31 (1997) 316 A.
86. M. Ahel and W. Giger, Am. Chem. Soc. Nat. Meeting Extended Abst. 38 (1998) 276.
87. P. De Voogt, O. Kwast, R. Hendriks and C. C. A. Jonkers, Analusis 28 (2000) 776.
88. A. C. Belfroid, P. de Voogt, E. G. van der Velde, G. B. J. Rijs, G. J. Schafer and A. D. Vethaak, in A. D. Vethaak, B. van der Burg, A. Brouwer (Eds) Endocrinedisrupting compounds: wildlife and human health risks, RIZK, The Hague, 2000, pp 31-37.
89. L. B. Barber, G. K. Brown and S. D. Zaugg, ACS Symposium Serie 747 (2000) 97.
90. M. Fujita, M. Ike, K. Mori, H. Kaku, Y. Sakaguchi, M. Asano, H. Maki and T. Nishihara, Water Sci. Technol. 42/7-8(2000) 23.
91. A. Di Corcia, R. Cavallo, C. Crescenzi and M. Nazzari, Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (2000) 3914.
92. M. L. Trehy, W. E. Gledhill, J. P. Mieure, J. A. Adamove, A. M. Nielsen, H. O. Perkins and W. S. Eckhoff, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15 (1996) 233.
93. M. Ahel and W. Giger, Anal. Chem. 57 (1985) 1577.
94. C. G. Naylor, J. P. Mieure, W. J. Adams, J. A. Weeks, F. J. Castaldi, L. D. Ogle and R. R. Romano, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 69 (1992) 695.
95. D. T. Bennie, C. A. Sullivan, H. B. Lee, T. E. Peart and R. J. Maguire, Sci. Total Environ. 193 (1997) 263.
96. M. A. Blackburn, S. J. Kirby and M. J. Waldock, Mar. Poll. Bull. 38 (1999) 109.
97. P. L. Ferguson, C. R. Iden and B. J. Brownawell, Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001) 2428.
98. A. Tabata, S. Kashiwa, Y. Ohnishi, H. Ishikawa, N. Miyamoto, M. Itoh, and Y. Magara, Water Sci. Technol. 43/2 (2001) 109.
99. N. Jonkers, P. Serné and P. de Voogt (2001) Report to RIZA, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
100. Hessisches Landesamt fuer Umwelt und Geologie, Wiesbaden, Germany, unpublished results 2000 and 2001.
101. E. M. Thurman, T. Willoughby, L. B. Barber and K. A. Thorn, Anal. Chem. 59 (1987) 1798.
102. R. J. Larson, T. W. Federle, R. J. Shimp and R. M. Ventullo, Tenside Surf. Det. 26 (1989) 116.
103. J. A. Field, J. A. Leenheer, K. A. Thorn, L. B. Barber, C. Rostad, D. L. Macalady and S. R. Daniel, J. Contam. Hydrol. 9 (1992) 55.
104. J. A. Field, L. B. Barber, E. M. Thurman, B. L. Moore, D. L. Lawrence and D. A. Peake, Environ. Sci. Technol. 26 (1992) 1140.
105. C. J. Krueger, L. B. Barber, D. W. Metge and J. A. Field, Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 (1998) 1134.
106. C. Crescenzi, A. di Corcia, E. Marchiori, R. Samperi and A. Marcomini, Water Res. 30 (1996) 722.
107. D. C. McAvoy, C. E. White, B. L. Moore and R. A. Rapaport, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 (1994) 213.
108. P. Eichhorn, T. P. Knepper, F. Ventura and A. Diaz, Water Res. 36 (2002) 2179.
109. R. A. Rudel, S. J. Melly, P. W. Geno, G. Sun and J. G. Brody, Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 (1998) 861.
110. C. G. Naylor, B. E. Huntsman, J. G. Solch, C. A. Staples and J. B. Williams, Proceedings 5th World Surfactant Congress, Firenze, 2000.
111. U. Zoller, Water Res., 28 (1994) 1625.
112. U. Zoller, E. Ashash, G. Ayali, S. Shafir and B. Azmon, Environ. Intern. 16 (1990) 301.
113. U. Zoller, J. Environ. Sci. Health A27 (1992) 1521.
114. Y. Fujita, W.-H. Ding and M. Reinhard, Water Environ. Res. 68 (1996) 867.
115. C. Schaffner, M. Ahel and W. Giger, Water Sci. Technol. 19 (1987) 1195.
116. M. Ahel, C. Schaffner and W. Giger, Water Res. 30 (1996) 37.
117. M. Ahel, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 47 (1991) 586.
118. A. D. Levine, E. L. Libelo, G. Bugna, T. Shelley, H. Mayfield and T. B. Stauffer, Sci. Total Environ. 208 (1997) 195.
119. C. A. Moody and J. A. Field, Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999) 2800.
120. RIWA (2000) Organic micropollutants in Rhine and Meuse-Monitoring with HPLC/UV-fingerprint, Amsterdam.
121. RIWA (2000) Inventory and toxicological evaluation of organic micropollutants-Revision 1999, Amsterdam.
122. R. T. Ghijsen and W. Hoogenboezem (2000) Endocrine disrupting compounds in the Rhine and Meuse basin: occurrence in surface, process and drinking water, RIWA, Amsterdam.
123. P. de Voogt, R. Hendriks and O. Kwast (2002), In: D. Vethaak et al., Estrogens and xeno-estrogens in the aquatic environment of The Netherlands. RIZA/RIKZ report 2002.001, Lelystad/The Hague, ISBN 9036 954 010.
124. N. Jonkers, R. W. P. M. Laane and P. de Voogt, Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (2003) 321.
125. L. S. Sheldon, R. A. Hites, Environ. Sci. Technol. 13 (1979) 574.
126. L. B. Clark, R. T. Rosen, T. G. Hartman, J. B. Louis, I. H. Suffet, R. L. Lippincott and J. D. Rosen, Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 47 (1992) 167.
127. A. Guardiola, F. Ventura, L. Matia, J. Caixach and J. Rivera, J. Chromatogr. 562 (1991) 481.
128. F. Ventura, A. Figueras, J. Caixach, I. Espalder, J. Romero, A. Guardiola and J. Rivera, Water Res. 22 (1988) 1211
129. F. Ventura, J. Caixach, A. Figueras, I. Espalder, D. Fraisse and J. Rivera, Water Res. 23 (1989) 1191.
130. M. Petrovic, A. Diaz, F. Ventura and D. Barceló, Anal. Chem. 73 (2001) 5886.
131. P. Eichhorn In: Analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment. T. P. Knepper, D. Barceló, P. de Voogt (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam 2003, p. 695.
132. HERA (2001) Human and Environmental Risk Assessment, CEFIC, Brussels: http://www.heraproject.com/ExecutiveS ummaryPrint.cfm?ID=22
133. R. D. Swisher, W. E. Gledhill, R. A. Kimerle and T. A. Taulli, Proceedings Surfactant Congress, Vol. 7, 1976.
134. A. Moreno and J. Ferrer, Tenside Surf. Det. 28 (1991) 129.
135. P. Kölbener, U. Baumann, T. Leisinger and A. M. Cook, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14 (1995) 561.
136. E. J. Routledge and J. P. Sumpter, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15 (1996) 241.
137. J. M. Navas, E. González-Mazo, A. Wenzel, A. Gómez-Parra and H. Segner, Mar. Poll. Bull. 38 (1999) 880.
138. M. R. Servos, R. J. Maguire, D. T. Bennie, H. B. Lee, P. M. Cureton, N. Davidson, R. Sutcliffe and D. F. K. Rawn (2000) Supporting document for nonylphenol and its ethoxylates. National Water Research Institute 00-029, Environment Canada, Burlington, p. 1-217.
139. S. Lussier, D. Champlin, J. LiVolsi, S. Poucer, R. Pruell and G. Thursby (1996), in [138].
140. JRC (2002), 4-Nonylphenol (branched) and nonylphenol: summary risk assessment report. Special publication I.02.69, Joint Research Centre-EC, Ispra, available at: http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/enterpr ise/chemicals/markrestr/studies/nonylp henol.pdf
141. M. Petrovic and D. Barceló, In: Analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment. T. P. Knepper, D. Barceló, P. de Voogt (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam 2003, p. 655.
142. H.-Q. Li, F. Jiku and H. Fr. Schroeder, J. Chromatogr. A 889 (2000) 155.
143. P. Spengler, W. Körner and J. W. Metzger, Vom Wasser 93 (1999) 141.
144. T. C. Feijtel, J. Struijs and E. Matthijs, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18 (1999) 2645.
145. T. C. Feijtel, E. Matthijs, A. Rottiers, G. B. J. Rijs, A. Kiewiet and A. de Nijs, Chemosphere 30 (1995) 1053.
146. J. Riu, P. Eichhorn, J. A. Guerrero. T. P. Knepper and D. Barceló, J. Chromatogr. A 889 (2000) 221.
147. M. Castillo, M. C. Alonso, J. Riu, M. Reinke, G. Klöter, H. Dizer, B. Fisher, P. D. Hansen and D. Barceló, Anal. Chim. Acta 426 (2001) 265.
148. J. Waters and T. C. J. Feijtel, Chemosphere 30 (1995) 1939.
149. M. S. Holt, K. K. Fox, M. Burford, M. Daniel and H. Bickland, Sci. Total Environ. 210/211 (1998) 255.
150. D. C. McAvoy, S. D. Dyer, N. J. Fendinger, W. S. Eckhoff, D. L. Lawrence and W. M. Begely, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 (1998) 1705.
151. D. C. McAvoy, W. S. Eckhoff and R. A. Rapaport, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12 (1993) 977.
152. N. Paxéus, Water Res. 30 (1996) 1115.
153. B. N. Jacobsen and T. Guildal, Water Sci. Technol. 42/7-8 (2000) 315.
154. A. Cohen, K. Klint, S. Bowadt, P. Persson and J. A. Jönsson, J. Chromatogr. A 927 (2001) 103.
155. T. Tanghe, G. Devriese and W. Verstraete, J. Environ. Qual. 28 (1999) 702.
156. T. P. Rodgers-Gray, S. Jobling, S. Morris, C. Kelly, S. Kirby, A. Janbakhsh, J. E. Harries, M. J. Waldock, J. P. Sumpter and C. R. Tyler, Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (2000) 1521.
157. C. M. Lye, C. L. J. Frid, M. E. Gill, D. W. Cooper and D. M. Jones, Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999) 1009.
158. M. Ahel, W. Giger and M. Koch, Water Res. 28 (1994) 1131.
159. M. Ahel, W. Giger, E. Molnar and S. Ibric, Croat. Chem. Acta 73 (2000) 209.
160. M. Ahel, W. Giger, E. Molnar, S. Ibrić, C. Ruprecht and C. Schaffner, Division of Environmental Chemistry Preprints of Extended Abstract 38 (1998) 267.
161. M. Ahel, E. Molnar, S. Ibric and W. Giger, Water Sci. Technol. 42/7-8 (2000) 15.
162. D. Barceló, J. Dachs and S. Alcock (Eds.) BIOSET: Biosensors for Evaluation of the Performance of Wastewater Treatment Works, Final report, 2000.
163. M. Petrovic and D. Barceló, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 368 (2000) 676.
164. M. Castillo, E. Martinez, A. Ginebreda, L. Tirapu and D. Barceló, Analyst 125 (2000) 1733.
165. C. Planas, J. M. Guadayol, M. Doguet, A. Escalas, J. Rivera and J. Caixach, Water Res. 36 (2002) 982.
166. C. Crescenzi, A. Di Corcia and R. Samperi, Anal. Chem. 67 (1995) 1797.
167. S. A. Snyder, T. L. Keith, D. A. Verbrugge, E. M. Snyder, T. S. Gross, K. Kannan and J. P. Giesy, Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999) 2814.
168. R. C. Hale, C. L. Smith, P. O. de Fur, E. Harvey, E. O. Bush, M. J. La Guardia and G. G. Vadas, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19 (2000) 946.
169. J. A. Field and R. L. Reed, Environ. Sci. Technol. 30 (1996) 3544.
170. J. R. Todorov, A. A. Elskus, D. Schlenk, P. L. Ferguson, B. J. Brownawell and A. E. McElroy, Marine Environ. Res. (2002) 54, 691.
171. H. B. Lee and T. E. Peart, Anal. Chem. 67 (1995) 1976.
172. T. Isobe, H. Nishiyama, A. Nakashima and H. Takada, Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001) 1041.