The age of heroes in historiography: The example of Prince Eugene of Savoy

Austrian History Yearbook

Volumn 44, Issue , 2013, Pages 211-233

  Šimetin Šegvić, Filip ^a   Brancrossed D Signolica, Tomislav ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB   (Croatia)

^b Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences   (Croatia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889068816     PISSN: 00672378     EISSN: 15585255     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237813000131     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Concurrently with Austrian historiography, elements of the myth of Prince Eugene have appeared in Croatian, Bosnian, and other national historiographies, albeit with completely different assumptions.
2. See: Claudio Magris, Il mito asburgico nella letteratura austriaca moderna (Torino, 1963).
3. Ernst Hanisch, "Wien: Heldenplatz," in Deutsche Erinnerungsorte, ed. tienne François et al., 105-121 (Munich, 2003), 112.
4. Die Enthüllung des Eugen-Denkmals," Wiener Zeitung-Wiener Abendpost, 18 October 1865, 953;
5. Die Enthüllungsfeier des Prinz Eugen-Denkmals in Wien am 18. October," Illustrierte Zeitung, 4 November 1865, 318.
6. Elisabeth Groegger, "Historische Dramen als immaterielle Denkmäler in ÷ffentlichen [Theater]raum," in Die Besetzung des ÷ffentlichen Raumes: politische Plätze, Denkmäler und Strassennamen im europäischen Vergleich, ed. Rudolf Jaworski and Peter Stachel, 293-309 (Berlin, 2007), 299.
7. Prinz Eugen," Neue Freie Presse, 18 October 1865, 1-2.
8. Prinz Eugen und sein Zeitalter," Neue Freie Presse, 18 October 1865, 2.
9. Das Eugen-Denkmal," Wiener Zeitung-Wiener Abendpost, 19 October 1865, 959.
10. Die Enthüllungsfeier des Prinz Eugen-Denkmals in Wien am 18. October," Illustrierte Zeitung, 4 November 1865, 318.
11. Prinz Eugen und sein Wien," Die Presse, 18 October 1865, 1-2.
12. Werner Telesko, Kulturraum Österreich: die Identität der Regionen in der bildenden Kunst des 19. Jahrhunderts (Vienna/Cologne/Weimar, 2008), 149.
13. Ernst Hanisch, "Wien: Heldenplatz," 112-14.
14. Elisabeth Groegger, "Historische Dramen als immaterielle Denkmäler in ÷ffentlichen [Theater]raum," 298. A similar message was "hidden" in the 1866 placing of Fernkorn's monument of Ban Josip Jelai in the main square of Zagreb, pointing north.
15. In a wholly different time from the Heldenzeitalter, the image of Josip Jelai was similarly exploited in his Croatian surroundings, for good or ill, as a symbol of Austrian might and Croatia's part in the strengthening of this notion.
16. His reputation as a general and statesman served the purpose of solidifying the special relationship between the ruling dynasty and the Croatian people.
17. Similarly to the Viennese fête, but in a much more modest fashion, a "Prinz-Eugen-Feier" was held in 1902 in Vezirac near Petrovaradin, where a monument of the cross was dedicated to Eugene's military victory of 1716.
18. The monument, made by the architect Hermann Bollé, was opened with a ceremonial morning mass and speeches listened by 25,000 people, as reported by the Pester Lloyd and Agramer Zeitung.
19. The statue of Ban Jelai had been proclaimed as a monument of the "black-yellow general"-it was removed in 1947 and returned in 1990. Since then, it has been facing south.
20. For more on this subject, see Drago Roksandi, "Ban Josip Jelai (1801-1859.):
21. mitovi u promjenama i trajanjima [Banus Josip Jelai (1801-1859): the duration and transformation of myths]," in Zbornik Mirjane Gross [Mirjana Gross-Festschrift], ed. Ivo Goldstein, Nikša Stani, and Mario Strecha, 105-17 (Zagreb, 1999);
22. Prinz-Eugen-Feier," Agramer Zeitung, 5 August 1902, 5;
23. Enthüllung des Prinz-Eugen-Kreuzes in Petrowardein," Agramer Zeitung, 7 August 1902, 4;
24. Ein Prinz-Eugen-Denkmal in jvidék," Pester Lloyd, 6 August 1902, 5.
25. See also: Ivan Krašnjak, "Kri× princa Eugena Savojskog na Vezircu kod Petrovaradina [The cross of Prince Eugene of Savoy on Vezirac at Petrovaradin]," Rad Muzeja Vojvodine [Journal of the Museum of Vojvodina] (2010): 271-79.
26. Begeisterte Kundgebungen in Wien," Neue Freie Presse, 26 July 1914, 4.
27. William M. Johnston, Der sterreichische Mensch: Kulturgeschichte der Eigenart Österreichs (Vienna/Cologne/Graz, 2009), 69.
28. David S. Luft, Hugo von Hofmannsthal and the Austrian Idea: Selected Essays and Addresses, 1906-1927 (West Lafayette, IN, 2011), 70.
29. Friedrich Heer, Der Kampf um die ÷sterreichische Identität (Vienna/Cologne/Weimar, 2001), 103.
30. See more in: Jonathan Spangler, The Society of Princes: The Lorraine-Guise and the Conservation of Power and Wealth in Seventeenth-Century France (Farnham, 2009), mostly 24-31.
31. His many letters and his war journal testify to this fact.
32. See, Max Braubach, Prinz Eugen von Savoyen: Eine Biographie (Munich, 1965).
33. Istvßn Deßk, Beyond Nationalism: A Social and Political History of the Habsburg Officer Corps, 1848-1918 (Oxford, 1990), 39.
34. Heinrich von Srbik, Von Prinz Eugen bis Franz Joseph (Salzburg, 1949), 14.
35. Eugene Davidson, The Unmaking of Adolf Hitler (Columbia, 2004), 316.
36. Robert A. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526-1918 (Berkeley/Los Angeles, 1980), 67.
37. Wolfgang Oppenheimer, Prinz Eugen von Savoyen (Vienna, 2010).
38. George Bruce Malleson, Prince Eugene of Savoy (Cambridge, 2010), 251.
39. Albrecht Classen and Lukas Richter, Lied und Liederbuch in der Frühen Neuzeit (Münster, 2010), 126.
40. Guidonius Ferrarius, De rebus gestis Eugenii Principis a Sabaudiae (Roma, 1747).
41. Charles Joseph Ligne, Mémoires du prince Eugène de Savoie (Weimar, 1809).
42. These were written by historians Friedrich J. Heller, Joseph von Hormayr, Johann Heinrich Hennes, and Franz Georg Friedrich von Kausler, among whom the work of the Austrian military historian and Generalstaboffizier Friedrich Jakob Heller (1789-1866) can be highlighted, who
43. when working in the Kriegsarchiv, collected an ample body of Eugene's correspondence based on similar publications in England and Germany.
44. On the other hand, Kausler's book, which proclaimed the use of new, never before used sources, is nothing more than a semidependable reconstruction of Eugene's military campaigns and battles.
45. When Kausler leaves the narrow confines of military-political relations, he relies on the biographies familiar to him at the time, not bringing up any new aspects while doing this.
46. Alfred von Arneth, Prinz Eugen von Savoyen.
47. Nach den handschriftlichen Quellen der kaiserlichen Archive, Bd. I-III (Vienna, 1858).
48. Max Braubach, "Prinz Eugen von Savoyen: ein Vortrag zu seinen 200. Todestag," Historische Zeitschrift 154, no. 1 (1936): 17-31, at 18.
49. Die Enthüllungsfeier des Prinz Eugen-Denkmals in Wien am 18. October," Illustrierte Zeitung, 4 November 1865, 318.
50. Alfred von Arneth," Neue Freie Presse, 31 July 1897, 5;
51. Alphons Lhothsky, "Geschichtsforschung und Geschichtsschreibung in Österreich," Historische Zeitschrift 189 (1959): 379-448.
52. G.P. Gooch, History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1913), 425-27.
53. Alfred von Arneth, Prinz Eugen von Savoyen.
54. Nach den handschriftlichen Quellen der kaiserlichen Archive, Bd. III (Vienna, 1858), 504.
55. Alfred Ritter von Arneth and Franz Keym, Prinz Eugen von Savoyen (Freiburg, 1899).
56. See: Th[eodor] Tupetz, "Feldzüge des Prinzen Eugen von Savoyen.
57. Nach den Feldakten und andern authentischen Quellen herausgegeben von der Abtheilung für Kriegsgeschichte des k. k. Kriegsarchiv," Historische Zeitschrift 47, no. 3 (1882): 551-554, at 553.
58. Wilhelm Zimmermann, Prinz Eugen, der edle Ritter und seine Zeit (Stuttgart, 1838), 449, 549.
59. Luise Mühlbach, Prince Eugene and His Times: An Historical Novel (New York, 1869).
60. Heinrich Moritz von Richter, Prinz Eugen von Savoyen.
61. Zwei Vorträge gehalten in Wiener Militär-casino (Vienna, 1872).
62. Albert Ilg, Prinz Eugen als Kunstfreund (Vienna, 1889), 43.
63. An article by Friedrich Engel-Jßnosi (1893-1978) about the prince's relationship with culture is perhaps the most significant such article in this period of Austrian historiography.
64. This study, although it is rather general in tone, served as a basis for further research into baroque culture and art.
65. See: Friedrich Engel-Jßnosi, "Die Anfänge des Prinzen Eugen," Historische Blätter 1, no. 3 (1921-22): 440-47.
66. Vjekoslav Klai, Poviest Austro-Ugarske Monarkije za puke, gradjanske i više djevojake uione [The History of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy for elementary, secondary and higher women's classrooms] (Zagreb, 1875), 56, 61.
67. Balenovi, Povjestnica hrvatskoga naroda [A History of the Croatian People] (Zagreb, 1870), 295.
68. Ferdo Šiši, Hrvatska povijest.
69. Drugi dio: od godine 1526. do godine 1790 [Croatian History.
70. Part Two: From 1526 to 1790] (Zagreb, 1908), 125.
71. The Croatian historian Josip Matasovi (1892-1962), an expert in cultural history of the eighteenth century, put forward this argument.
72. He saw Eugene as an exponent of the dynasty's political, cultural, and economic power that reflected on Croatia in a negative light.
73. He wrote on Eugene's campaign in Sarajevo in a similar fashion.
74. In spite of some faintly visible elements of Matasovi's ideological orientation, it is ironic that in antagonizing the Habsburgs he paved the way for a historical interpretation of Bosnian history that would only later become relatively conventional-a more positive evaluation of the Ottoman government in Bosnia.
75. Josip Matasovi, "Princ Evgenij Savojski u Sarajevu 1697 [Prince Eugene Savoy in Sarajevo 1697],"
76. Narodna starina [Popular Antiquities] 6, no. 14 (1927): 96-106.
77. Domenico Carutti, Il cavaliere di Savoja e la giovent del principe Eugenio (Firenze, 1886).
78. Francesco Ambrosi, Il passaggio del Principe Eugenio di Savoia per le Alpi trentine (Trento, 1883);
79. Angelo Berenzi, Eugenio di Savoia in Lombardia (Brescia, 1884);
80. Adriano Jones, "La venuta in Italia del Principe Eugenio di Savoia nel 1690,"
81. Archivio storico italiano 7, no. 20 (1933): 77-95;
82. Vittorio Adami, "Eugenio di Savoia Governatore di Milano, 1706-1716," Nuova Rivista storica 9 (1925): 541-556.
83. Aloys Schulte, "Die Jugend Prinz Eugens," Mitteilungen des Instituts für ÷sterreichische Geschichtsforschung 13 (1892): 470-520, at 517.
84. Heinrich von Sybel, Prinz Eugen von Savoyen: Drei Vorlesungen gehalten zu München im März 1861 (Munich, 1861), 1.
85. Heinrich von Sybel, Prinz Eugen von Savoyen (Brünn/Vienna, 1861), 7, 9, 118, 125.
86. Otto Brusatti and Isabella Sommer, Josef Strauss, 1827-1870: Delirien und Sphärenklänge (Vienna, 2003), 198.
87. Elisabeth Groegger, "Historische Dramen als immaterielle Denkmäler in ÷ffentlichen [Theater]raum," in Die Besetzung des ÷ffentlichen Raumes: politische Plätze, Denkmäler und Strassennamen im europäischen Vergleich, ed. Rudolf Jaworski and Peter Stachel, 293-309 (Berlin, 2007), at 298-302.
88. Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (Cambridge, 1981), 120.
89. Christian von Zimmermann, Biographische Anthropologie: Menschenbilder in lebensgeschichtlicher Darstellung (1830-1940) (Berlin, 2006), 495.
90. Johnston, Der sterreichische Mensch, 67.
91. von Zimmermann, Biographische Anthropologie, 496.
92. Walter von Molo, Eugenio von Savoy: Heimlicher Kaiser des Reichs (Berlin, 1936); Czibulka, Prinz Eugen: ein Lebensbild (Munich, 1936).
93. Alfons von Czibulka, Prinz Eugen: ein Lebensbild (Munich, 1936), 75; 236.
94. Eberhard Ritter, Politik und Kriegführung: Ihre Beherrschung durch Prinz Eugen, 1704 (Berlin, 1934).
95. Ein Tag vaterländischer Erinnerung,'" Wiener Zeitung, 29 April 1933, 9.
96. Burgtheater. æPrinz Eugen von Savoyen' von Hanns Samann," Neue Freie Presse, 11 June 1933,1-3, at 2.
97. Also: "Österreichischer Heimatschu im Burgtheater.
98. Prinz Eugen von Savoyen," Das Kleine Blatt, 11 June 1933, 15.
99. Oswald Redlich, "Prinz Eugen," Katalog der Prinz Eugen-Austellung Wien-Belvedere Mai-Oktober 1933 (Vienna, 1933), 7-11.
100. Wilhelm John, "Vom Feldherrn Eugen und seinem Heer," Katalog der Prinz Eugen-Austellung Wien-Belvedere Mai-Oktober 1933 (Vienna, 1933), 13-18.
101. Prinz Eugen," Wiener Zeitung, 19 April 1936 (Sonntagsbeilage), 2-3.
102. Vor zwei Jahrhunderten starb Prinz Eugen?," Neues Wiener Journal, 19 April 1936, 5.
103. Prinz Eugen, der edle Ritter?zu seinem 200. Todestag am 21. April," Das Kleine Blatt, 19 April 1936, 15.
104. Die Prinz Eugen-Parade," Wiener Zeitung, 20 April 1936, 1-2;
105. Die Frühjahrsparade" Neue Freie Presse, 20 April 1936, 2.
106. Am Grabmal des Prinzen Eugen von Savoyen," Wiener Zeitung, 21 April 1936, 5.
107. Militärmissionen ehren Österreichs Helden," Neues Wiener Journal, 21 April 1936, 4;
108. Prinz-Eugen-Feier in Berlin," Neue Freie Presse, 21 April 1936, 2.
109. Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck, "Wer war Prinz Eugen" in Prinz Eugen und das barocke Österreich, ed. Karl Gutkas, 9-24 (Salzburg, 1985), at 9.
110. Viktor Bibl, Prinz Eugen: Ein Heldenleben (Leipzig/Vienna, 1941), 7.
111. Gergely Romsics, The Memory of the Habsburg Empire in German, Austrian, and Hungarian Right-Wing Historiography and Political Thinking, 1918-1941 (Boulder, CO, 2010), 147.
112. Slavko Pavii, Hrvatska vojna i ratna poviest i prvi svjetski rat [Croatian Military and War History and the First World War] (Zagreb, 1943), 146-49.
113. Interestingly, parallel with these thoughts, Filip Lukas (1871-1958), a Croatian geographer and president of the Matica hrvatska (1928-1945)
114. blamed the policy of Austria and the migration of the Catholic population, which was authorized by Prince Eugene on returning from his Bosnian campaign of 1697.
115. Lukas seeks to emphasize that the Croatian and Christian element in Bosnia was thus weakened and left its place to be filled by others.
116. As thorough demographical research has still not been made, the data varies.
117. While Lukas in 1942 writes of "40,000 Catholic natives," younger Bosnian historians such as Mustafa Imamovi mention larger figures.
118. Imamovi claims that 70,000 Catholics retreated with Eugene's army from Bosnia but does not specify whether they are the native population.
119. Some newer histories of Bosnia do not mention the exodus of the Christian population of the time, possibly attempting to diminish the Christian tradition of early Bosnia.
120. Noel Malcolm writes of thousands of Catholics who were led by Eugene, but he clearly states the possibility that this population intended to return with some future army.
121. See for more: Filip Lukas, "Bosna i Hercegovina u geopolitikom pogledu [Bosnia-Herzegovina in a geopolitical context]," in Poviest hrvatskih zemalja Bosne i Hercegovine I [The History of Croatian Lands in Bosnia-Herzegovina I] (Sarajevo, 1942), 46;
122. Noel Malcolm, Povijest Bosne-Kratki pregled [A History of Bosnia] (Zagreb, 1995), 115-16;
123. Fadil Ademovi, Princ Palikua u Sarajevu [The Arsonist Prince in Sarajevo] (Sarajevo, 1997);
124. Mustafa Imamovi, Historija bošnjaka [A History of the Bosniaks] (Sarajevo, 1998), 149.
125. Fritz Fellner, "Heinrich von Srbik (1878-1951)," in Paths of Continuity: Central European Historiography from the 1930s to the 1950s, ed. Hartmut Lehmann and James Van Horn Melton, 171-86 (Cambridge, 2003), 172-73.
126. Srbik, Von Prinz Eugen, 23.
127. Heinrich von Srbik, Österreich in der deutschen Geschichte (Munich, 1938), 40-44.
128. Hellmuth R÷ssler, Der Soldat des Reiches, Prinz Eugen (Berlin, 1942), 259.
129. Walter Elze, Der Prinz Eugen, sien Weg, sein Werk und Englands Verrat (Berlin, 1940).
130. Robert Hohlbaum, Prinz Eugen (Stuttgart, 1939); Mirko Jelusich, Der Traum vom Reich.
131. Ein Prinz Eugen Roman (Berlin, 1941).
132. On Frischauer: Ursula Prutsch and Klaus Zeyringer, Die Welten des Paul Frischauer (Vienna/Cologne/Weimar, 1997);
133. for his novel on Prince Eugene, esp. 87-110.
134. Karl von M÷ller, Der Savoyer: Ein Prinz-Eugen-Roman (Munich, 1943); Helmut R÷ssler, Prinz Eugen: der Soldat des Reiches (Berlin, 1944).
135. Paul R. Sweet, "Prince Eugene of Savoy and Central Europe," The American Historical Review 57, no. 1 (1951): 47-62, at 48.
136. Helmut Oehler, Prinz Eugen in Volkslied und Flugschrift (Gieen, 1941).
137. From the review: Theodor Schieder, "Prinz Eugen in Volkslied und Flugschrift," Historische Zeitschrift 167, no. 1 (1943): 167-69.
138. Sweet, "Prince Eugene of Savoy and Central Europe," 47-62, at 47.
139. From the review: John P. Spielmann, "Prinz Eugen von Savoyen: Eine Biographie, by Max Braubach," The American Historical Review 72, no. 1 (1966): 224.
140. Prinz-Eugen-Staatsakt im Belvedere," Arbeiter Zeitung, 19 October 1963, 1.
141. Da hat Prinz Eugen als Mäzen gefehlt!" Arbeiter Zeitung, 19 October 1963, 8.
142. Janko von Musulin, Prinz Eugen von Savoy (Vienna/Munich, 1963), 12.
143. Compare: Janko Musulin, Prinz Eugen von Savoy (Vienna/Munich, 1963), 75
144. Carl J. Burckhardt, "Der æhonnête homme.' Das Elitenproblem im 17.
145. Jahrhundert," in Gesammelte Werke: Betrachtungen zur Geschichte und Literatur, Band 1, 164-182 (Bern/Munich/Vienna, 1971), compare 169, 180.
146. Nicholas Henderson, Prince Eugene of Savoy (New York, 1964);
147. Derek McKay, Prince Eugene of Savoy (New York, 1977).
148. Gottfried Mraz, Prinz Eugen.
149. Ein Leben in Bildern und Dokumenten (Munich, 1985);
150. Peter Broucek, Erich Hillbrand, and Fritz Vesely, Prinz Eugen: Feldzüge und Heerwesen (Vienna, 1986);
151. Johannes Kunisch, ed., Prinz Eugen von Savoyen und seine Zeit (Freiburg/Würzburg, 1986).
152. Foreword in the exhibition catalogue, Prinz Eugen und das barocke Österreich, ed. Karl Gutkas (Vienna, 1986), XXVII.
153. See: www.statistik.at/web-de/(last visited 10 September 2012).
154. Karl Vocelka, Geschichte Österreiches: Kultur-Gesellschaft-Politik (Graz/Vienna/Cologne, 2000).
155. Michael Hochedlinger, "The Habsburg Monarchy: From æMilitary-Fiscal State' to æMilitarization,'" in The Fiscal-Military State in Eighteenth-Century Europe, ed. Christopher Storrs, 55-94 (Farnham, 2009), 72.
156. For example, the biographies: Vít Vlnas, Princ Ev×en Savojský: ×ivot a slßva barokního vßlení ka [Prince Eugene of Savoy: The Life and Glory of a Baroque Warrior] (Prague, 2001).
157. See: http://www.tzo-bilje.hr/dan-dvorca-eugena-savojskog-2 (last visited 10 September 2012).
158. Eugen Savojski: matematiar i vojni genij, princ koji je razbio Turke [Eugene of Savoy, the Mathematician and Military Genius, the Prince who demolished the Turks]," Veernji list [Evening Post], 19 April 2010, online version: www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/matematicar-vojni-genij-princ-koji-je-razbio- turke-clanak-126634 (last visited 14 September 2012).
159. Jasna Horvat, Bizarij [Bizzarium] (Zagreb, 2009), passim; especially 253-71.