Wolves, white-tailed deer, and beaver: Implications of seasonal prey switching for woodland caribou declines

Ecography

Volumn 36, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 1276-1290

  Latham, A David M ^a,b   Latham, M Cecilia ^a,b   Knopff, Kyle H ^c,d   Hebblewhite, Mark ^c,d   Boutin, Stan ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b LANDCARE RESEARCH   (New Zealand)

^c GOLDER ASSOCIATES LTD   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; APPARENT COMPETITION; BITUMEN; DEER; DIET; FEMALE; GLOBAL WARMING; LANDSCAPE; MAMMAL; MORTALITY; PREDATOR; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION; PREY SELECTION; RESOURCE SELECTION; SEASONAL VARIATION; SUMMER; WINTER; WOODLAND;

ALBERTA; CANADA;

CANIDAE; CANIS FAMILIARIS; CANIS LUPUS; CASTOR CANADENSIS; CERVIDAE; MAMMALIA; ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS; RANGIFER TARANDUS; RANGIFER TARANDUS CARIBOU;

EID: 84888859109     PISSN: 09067590     EISSN: 16000587     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00035.x     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Alberta Environmental Protection 1998. Northern moose management program progress report. Report for Alberta Environmental Protection, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
2. Alberta Environmental Protection 2003. Moose survey in WMU 511 February 11-17, 2003. - Report for Alberta Environmental Protection, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
3. Anderson C. R. and Lindzey F. G. 2003. Estimating cougar predation rates from GPS location clusters. J. Wildl. Manage. 67: 307-316.
4. Basille M. et al. 2012. Ecologically based definition of seasons clarifies predator-prey interactions. Ecography. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.07367.x
5. Bergerud A. T. 1974. Decline of caribou in North America following settlement. J. Wildl. Manage. 38: 757-770.
6. Bergerud A. T. 1985. Antipredator strategies of caribou: dispersion along shorelines. Can. J. Zool. 63: 1324-1329.
7. Bergerud A. T. et al. 1984. Antipredator tactics of calving caribou: dispersion in mountains. Can. J. Zool. 62: 1566-1575.
8. Boisjoly D. et al. 2010. Coyote habitat selection and management implications for the Gaspésie caribou. J. Wildl. Manage. 74: 3-11.
9. Boutin S. et al. 2012. Why are caribou declining in the oil sands? Front. Ecol. Environ. 10: 65-67.
10. Boyce M. S. et al. 2002. Evaluating resource selection functions. Ecol. Model. 157: 281-300.
11. Boyce M. S. et al. 2003. Scale and heterogeneity in habitat selection by elk in Yellowstone National Park. Ecoscience 10: 421-431.
12. Bubenik A. B. 1998. Evolution, taxonomy and morphophysiology. - In: Franzmann A. W. and Schwartz C. C. (eds), Ecology and management of the North American moose. A Wildlife Management Institute Book, pp. 77-123.
13. Burnham K. P. and Anderson D. R. 2002. Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. - Springer.
14. Chaneton E. J. and Bonsall M. B. 2000. Enemy-mediated apparent competition: empirical patterns and the evidence. Oikos 88: 380-394.
15. Côte S. D. et al. 2004. Ecological impacts of deer overabundance. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 35: 113-147.
16. Cumming H. G. 1992. Woodland caribou: facts for forest managers. For. Chron. 68: 481-491.
17. Dawe K. L. 2011. Factors driving range expansion of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, in the boreal forest of northern Alberta, Canada. PhD thesis, Dept of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
18. DeCesare N. J. et al. 2010. Endangered, apparently: the role of apparent competition in endangered species conservation. Anim. Conserv. 13: 353-362.
19. Dussault C. et al. 2001. Influence of satellite geometry and differential correction on GPS location accuracy. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 29: 171-179.
20. ESRI 2008. ArcGIS: release 9.3 edition [computer program]. Environmental Systems Research Inst. (ESRI), Redlands, California.
21. Festa-Bianchet M. et al. 2011. Conservation of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in Canada: an uncertain future. Can. J. Zool. 89: 419-434.
22. Fieberg J. et al. 2010. Correlation and studies of habitat selection: problem, red herring or opportunity. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 365: 2233-2244.
23. Forester J. D. et al. 2009. Accounting for animal movement in estimation of resource selection functions: sampling and data analysis. Ecology 90: 3554-3565.
24. Fuller T. K. 1989. Population dynamics of wolves in north-central Minnesota. Wildl. Monogr. 105: 1-41.
25. Fuller T. K. and Keith L. B. 1980. Wolf population dynamics and prey relationships in northeastern Alberta. J. Wildl. Manage. 44: 583-602.
26. Gleeson S. K. and Wilson D. S. 1986. Equilibrium diet: optimal foraging and prey coexistence. Oikos 46: 139-144.
27. Gustine D. D. et al. 2006. Calf survival of woodland caribou in a multi-predator ecosystem. Wildl. Monogr. 165: 1-32.
28. Harrell F. E. Jr 2001. Regression modelling strategies: with applications to linear models, logistic regression, and survival analysis. - Springer.
29. Hebblewhite M. and Merrill E. 2008. Modelling wildlife - human relationships for social species with mixed-effects resource selection models. J. Appl. Ecol. 45: 834-844.
30. Hebblewhite M. et al. 2007. Are all global positioning system collars created equal? Correcting habitat-induced bias using three brands in the central Canadian Rockies. J. Wildl. Manage. 71: 2026-2033.
31. Holt R. D. 1977. Predation, apparent competition, and the struc ture of prey communities. Theor. Popul. Biol. 12: 197-229.
32. Holt R. D. 1984. Spatial heterogeneity, indirect interactions, and the coexistence of prey species. Am. Nat. 124: 377-406.
33. Holt R. D. and Kotler B. P. 1987. Short-term apparent competition. Am. Nat. 130: 412-430.
34. Holt R. D. et al. 1994. Simple rules for interspecific dominance in systems with exploitative and apparent competition. Am. Nat. 144: 741-771.
35. Hosmer D. W. and Lemeshow S. 2000. Applied logistic regression. - Wiley.
36. James A. R. C. and Stuart-Smith A. K. 2000. Distribution of caribou and wolves in relation to linear corridors. J. Wildl. Manage. 64: 154-159.
37. James A. R. C. et al. 2004. Spatial separation of caribou from moose and its relation to predation by wolves. J. Wildl. Manage. 68: 799-809.
38. Johnson C. J. et al. 2006. Resource selection functions based on use-availability data: theoretical motivation and evaluation methods. J. Wildl. Manage. 70: 347-357.
39. Johnson D. H. 1980. The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference. Ecology 61: 65-71.
40. Keith L. B. 1983. Population dynamics of wolves. - In: Carbyn L. N. (ed.), Wolves in Canada and Alaska: their status, biology, and management. Report Series no. 45, Canadian Wildlife Service, pp. 66-77.
41. Kennedy A. J. and Carbyn L. N. 1981. Identification of wolf prey using hair and feather remains with special reference to western Canadian national parks. Canadian Wildlife Service, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
42. Knopff K. H. 2010. Cougar predation in a multi-prey system in west-central Alberta. PhD thesis, Dept of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
43. Knopff K. H. et al. 2010. Cougar kill rate and composition in a multiprey system. J. Wildl. Manage. 74: 1435-1447.
44. Kojola I. et al. 2004. Predation on European wild forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) by wolves (Canis lupus) in Finland. J. Zool. 263: 229-235.
45. Lancia R. A. and Hodgdon H. E. 1984. Beavers. - In: Macdonald D. (ed.), The encyclopedia of mammals. Equinox, pp. 606-609.
46. Latham A. D. M. 2009. Wolf ecology and caribou-primary prey- wolf spatial relationships in low productivity peatland complexes in northeastern Alberta. PhD thesis, Dept of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
47. Latham A. D. M. et al. 2011a. Invading white-tailed deer change wolf-caribou dynamics in northeastern Alberta. J. Wildl. Manage. 75: 204-212.
48. Latham A. D. M. et al. 2011b. Movement responses by wolves to industrial linear features and their effect on woodland caribou in northeastern Alberta. Ecol. Appl. 21: 2854-2865.
49. Latham A. D. M. et al. 2011c. Habitat selection and spatial relationships of black bears (Ursus americanus) with woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in northeastern Alberta. Can. J. Zool. 89: 267-277.
50. Leblond M. et al. 2011. Assessing the influence of resource covariates at multiple spatial scales: an application to forest-dwelling caribou faced with intensive human activity. Landscape Ecol. 26: 1433-1446.
51. Lehmkuhl J. F. et al. 1994. Elk pellet-group decomposition and detectability in coastal forests of Washington. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 664-669.
52. Lesmerises F. et al. 2012. Wolf habitat selection is shaped by human activities in a highly managed boreal forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 276: 125-131.
53. Manly B. F. J. et al. 2002. Resource selection by animals: statistical design and analysis for field studies. - Kluwer.
54. Martell K. A. et al. 2006. Riparian disturbance due to beavers (Castor canadensis) in Alberta's boreal mixedwood forests: implications for forest management. Ecoscience 13: 164-171.
55. McCutchen N. A. 2007. Factors affecting caribou survival in northern Alberta: the role of wolves, moose, and linear features. PhD thesis, Dept of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
56. McLoughlin P. D. et al. 2003. Declines in populations of woodland caribou. J. Wildl. Manage. 67: 755-761.
57. McLoughlin P. D. et al. 2005. Relating predation mortality to broad-scale habitat selection. J. Anim. Ecol. 74: 701-707.
58. McPhee H. M. et al. 2012. Time-to-kill: measuring attack rates in a heterogeneous landscape with multiple prey types. Oikos 121: 711-720.
59. Mech L. D. 1966. The wolves of Isle Royale, U.S. National Park Service Fauna Series no. 7, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
60. Mech L. D. and Boitani L. 2003. Wolf social ecology. - In: Mech L. D. and Boitani L. (eds), Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation. Univ. of Chicago Press, pp. 1-34.
61. Messier F. 1994. Ungulate population models with predation: a case study with the North American moose. Ecology 75: 478-488.
62. Messier F. and Crête M. 1985. Moose-wolf dynamics and the natural regulation of moose populations. Oecologia 65: 503-512.
63. Metz M. C. et al. 2012. Seasonal patterns of predation for gray wolves in the multi-prey system of Yellowstone National Park. J. Anim. Ecol. 81: 553-563.
64. Mitchell M. S. and Hebblewhite M. 2012. Carnivore habitat ecology: integrating theory and application for conservation. - In: Powell R. A. and Boitani L. (eds), Carnivore ecology and conservation: a handbook of techniques. Oxford Univ. Press, pp. 218-255.
65. Müller C. B. and Godfray H. C. J. 1997. Apparent competition between two aphid species. J. Anim. Ecol. 66: 57-64.
66. Murdoch W. W. 1969. Switching in general predators: experiments on predator specificity and stability of prey populations. Ecol. Monogr. 39: 335-354.
67. Murtaugh P. A. 2007. Simplicity and complexity in ecological data analysis. Ecology 88: 56-62.
68. Northrup J. M. et al. 2012. Vehicle traffic shapes grizzly bear behaviour on a multiple-use landscape. J. Anim. Ecol. 49: 1159-1167.
69. Osko T. J. et al. 2004. Moose habitat preferences in response to changing availability. J. Wildl. Manage. 68: 576-584.
70. Pinard V. et al. 2012. Calving rate, calf survival rate, and habitat selection of forest-dwelling caribou in a highly managed landscape. J. Wildl. Manage. 76: 189-199.
71. Reed J. E. et al. 2004. Differentiating Mexican gray wolf and coyote scats using DNA analysis. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 32: 685-692.
72. Renecker L. A. and Hudson R. J. 1993. Morphology, bioenergetics and resource use: patterns and processes. - In: Stelfox J. B. (ed.), Hoofed mammals of Alberta. Lone Pine Publishing, pp. 141-163.
73. Roemer G. W. et al. 2002. Golden eagles, feral pigs, and insular carnivores: how exotic species turn native predators into prey. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99: 791-796.
74. Roughgarden J. and Feldman M. 1975. Species packing and predation pressure. Ecology 56: 459-492.
75. Sand H. et al. 2008. Summer kill rates and predation pattern in a wolf-moose system: can we rely on winter estimates? Oecologia 156: 53-64.
76. Schmidt K. A. 2004. Incidental predation, enemy-free space and the coexistence of incidental prey. Oikos 106: 335-343.
77. Schmitt R. J. 1987. Indirect interactions between prey: apparent competition, predator aggregation, and habitat segregation. Ecology 68: 1887-1897.
78. Schneider R. R. 2002. Alternative futures: Alberta's boreal forest at the crossroads. The Federation of Alberta Naturalists and The Alberta Centre for Boreal Research.
79. Schneider R. R. et al. 2010. Triage for conserving populations of threatened species: the case of woodland caribou in Alberta. Biol. Conserv. 143: 1603-1611.
80. Schramm T. 2005. Woodland cree traditional environmental knowledge of critical ungulate habitat in the caribou moun tains. PhD thesis, Dept of Renewable Resources, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
81. Seip D. R. 1992. Factors limiting woodland caribou populations and their interrelationships with wolves and moose in southeastern British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 70: 1494-1503.
82. Serrouya R. et al. 2011. Developing a population target for an overabundant ungulate for ecosystem restoration. J. Appl. Ecol. 48: 935-942.
83. Sokal R. R. and Rohlf F. J. 1995. Biometry. W. H. Freeman.
84. Stuart-Smith A. K. et al. 1997. Woodland caribou relative to landscape patterns in northeastern Alberta. J. Wildl. Manage. 61: 622-633.
85. Tracz B. V. et al. 2010. Annual and monthly range fidelity of female boreal woodland caribou in response to petroleum development. Rangifer 30: 31-44.
86. Trites A. W. and Joy R. 2005. Dietary analysis from fecal samples: how many scats are enough? J. Mammal. 86: 704-712.
87. Vander Wal E. et al. 2011. Spatial and temporal factors influencing sightability of elk. J. Wildl. Manage. 75: 1521-1526.
88. Vitt D. H. 1994. An overview of factors that influence the development of Canadian peatlands. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 169: 7-20.
89. Vors L. S. and Boyce M. S. 2009. Global declines of caribou and reindeer. Global Change Biol. 15: 2626-2633.
90. Wasser S. K. et al. 2011. The influences of wolf predation, habitat loss, and human activity on caribou and moose in the Alberta oil sands. Front. Ecol. Environ. 9: 546-551.
91. Weaver J. L. 1993. Refining the equation for interpreting prey occurrence in gray wolf scats. J. Wildl. Manage. 57: 534-538.
92. Webb N. F. 2009. Density, demography, and functional response of a harvested wolf population in west-central Alberta, Canada. PhD thesis, Dept of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
93. Webb N. F. et al. 2008. Statistical methods for identifying wolf kill sites using global positioning system locations. J. Wildl. Manage. 72: 798-807.
94. Whittington J. et al. 2011. Caribou encounters with wolves increase near roads and trails: a time-to-event approach. J. Appl. Ecol. 48: 1535-1542.
95. Wittmer H. U. et al. 2005. The role of predation in the decline and extirpation of woodland caribou. Oecologia 144: 257-267.
96. Wittmer H. U. et al. 2013. Conservation strategies for species affected by apparent competition. Conserv. Biol. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12005
97. Zar J. H. 1996. Biostatistical analysis, 3rd ed. - Prentice-Hall.