Sustainable Geography

Sustainable Geography

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-393

  Brunet, Roger ^a   Dumolard, Pierre ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84888676005     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118557846     Document Type: Book

References (224)

1. BRUNET Roger, "Rapport sur la géographie française ", L'Espace Géographique, vol. 3, pp. 196-214, 1982.
2. See Part 2, Chapter 6 in this book.
3. Les Campagnes toulousaines, Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences humaines, Toulouse, 1965.
4. Les phénomènes de discontinuité en géographie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Mémoires et Documents, Paris, 1967.
5. "Quartiers ruraux du Midi toulousain", Toulouse: Revue géographique des Pyrénées et du Sud-Ouest, 1969.
6. "Sozialstruktur und Region im Agrargeographie", Muenchen Studien zur Sozialgeographie und Wirtschaftsgeographie, 1968
7. Zum Standort der Sozialgeographie (f. W. Hartke). "La notion de quartier rural". Bulletin de l'Association de Géographes français, 1968.
8. "Organisation de l'espace et cartographie de modèles, l'exemple du Massif Central". L'Espace géographique, 1972.
9. "Pour une théorie de la géographie régionale" in La Pensée géographique française (Mélanges A. MEYNIER), 1972.
10. "Structure et dynamisme de l'espace français". L'Espace Géographique, 1973.
11. "Spatial systems and structures. A model and a case study". Geoforum, vol. 6, 1975.
12. "La 'New Geography' en France". In Human geography in France and Britain (R. CLARKE & P. PINCHEMEL eds.), SSRC-IBG, London 1975.
13. "Systèmes et approche systémique en géographie". Bulletin de l'Association de Géographes Français, 1979.
14. Atlas et géographie de Champagne, Pays de Meuse, Basse-Bourgogne, Flammarion, Paris, 1981.
15. "La composition des modèles dans l'analyse spatiale". L'Espace géographique, vol. 4, 1980 (in this book Part 3, Chapter 14).
16. Atlas des zones franches et des paradis fiscaux, Fayard-RECLUS, Paris, 1986.
17. "Les zones franches dans la division internationale du travail". Enna, Colloquio Il Processo Regionale, 1985 (hereafter Part 2, Chapter 9, "Sustainable Geography"). "Paradis fiscaux et lieux francs", International Assoc. of Young Lawyers, Madeira, 1992.
18. La vérité sur l'emploi en France, Larousse, Paris, 1987.
19. Le redéploiement industriel, Ministère de l'Industrie et RECLUS, Paris, 1986.
20. Les villes "Européennes", DATAR-RECLUS-La Documentation française, Paris, 1989. Republished in English, Catalan, Spanish, and French by Ajuntament de Barcelona in 1991.
21. Several reports and papers, i.e. "L'Enjeu du transport", L'Espace Géographique, vol. 3, 1993.
22. For example "Redéploiements de la géographie", Cahiers Géographiques de Québec, 1988.
23. "L'Aveuglante unité de la géographie", L'Espace Géographique, 1989.
24. "La géographie, science des territoires et des réseaux", Cahiers de Géographie de Québec, 1996.
25. "Géographie du Goulag". L'Espace Géographique, 1981.
26. "Le système oriental et son espace, schéma d'analyse de système", Géopoint, Avignon, 1984.
27. "Soviet Geographers", Soviet Geography, 1990.
28. Le Territoire dans les turbulences, RECLUS, Montpellier, 1990.
29. Two Decades of L'Espace Géographique, an anthology. RECLUS, Montpellier, 1993.
30. La Carte, mode d'emploi, Fayard-RECLUS, Paris, 1987.
31. Les Mots de la Géographie, dictionnaire critique, La Documentation française-RECLUS, Paris, 1992 (with R. FERRAS and H. THERY).
32. La Russie, Dictionnaire Géographique, La Documentation française-RECLUS, Paris, 2001.
33. Champs et contrechamps, Belin, Paris, 1997.
34. Territoires de France et d'Europe, Belin, Paris, 1997.
35. Le Déchiffrement du Monde, Belin, Paris, 2001.
36. "Centrales nucléaires dans le Monde", Mappemonde, vol. 60, 2000.
37. "Hauts lieux et mauvais lieux du Kazakhstan", L'Espace Géographique, vol. 1, 2001.
38. Le Diamant, un monde en revolution, Belin, Paris, 2003.
39. Free access online at http://tresordesregions.mgm.fr.
40. "Les lignes de force de l'Europe", Mappemonde, vol. 65, 2002.
41. "Transnational urban systems in Europe: towards a new modernity. In I. BEKEMANS & E. MIRA, Civitas Europa. Cities, Urban Systems and Cultural Regions Between Diversity and Convergence, P. LANG, Brussels, 2000.
42. "Des villes comme Lleida. Place et perspectives des villes moyennes en Europe", in C. BELLET and J. LLOP Ciudades intermedias. Urbanización y Sistemilidad, El Milenio, Lleida, 2000.
43. "La Corse, région d'Europe", Mappemonde, vol. 76, 2004.
44. "Des modèles en géographie? Sens d'une recherche", Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Liège, vol. 39, 2000.
45. "La géographie sur la place: emplois et modes d'emploi", Revue Belge de Géographie, vol. 2, 2003.
46. "Raisons et saisons de géographe", Geo-Carrefour, vol. 1 2003, Le Développement des territoires: lois, formes, aménagement, Région Nord-Pas-de-Calais, coll. les Rencontres du nouveau siècle, and La Tour d'Aigues, Ed. de l'Aube, Lille, 2004.
47. "Produzione di territorio: attori e leggi nel mondo reale". In G. DEMATTEIS Le Frontere delle Geografia, UTET, Torino, 2009.
48. See hereafter Part 3, Chapter 17 (Tours) and Part 4, Chapter 19 (Globalization).
49. BRUNET R.,"Spatial systems and structures. A model and a case study", Geoforum, pp. 95-104, 1975, 6. This issue is also available online: http://geoforum.com
50. MORIN E., La Méthode. La Nature de la Nature, Paris, Le Seuil, 1977;
51. English translation, Method. The Nature of Nature, New York, Peter Lang, 1992.
52. In the early 19th century, northern France was more educated than southern France, whereas the mid-20th century exhibited the opposite: in the lack of employment at the time of the "Industrial Revolution", southern France has sought salvation in their studies. In the first half of the 20th century, high demographic fertilities were registered in the western rural areas of France; today they are in the most urbanized areas.
53. The word is loaded with of all kinds of lived experiences: the law of most hardly (might makes right ...), the law of the jungle (literally), the iron law, the law of the series, the law of large numbers have some historic thickness even if they have their mythical manners.
54. The aphorism of Raymond Barre, a prominent economist who was Prime Minister of France.
55. That is why I personally waived the words gravity and gravitation in this domain, and prefer rather to speak of attraction in urban networks; nothing turns or falls!
56. Likewise many economists attached to production issues and having a tendency to underestimate the provision (transport, storage) or who sought to minimize transportation costs. Marx was the least likely to be sensitive to spatial dimensions.
57. The works of C. Grasland and his team showed very many structures and barriers, "multicriteria discontinuities" not always known or obvious, in the organization of relations on a European scale.
58. See among others C. GRASLAND and G. HAMEZ, "Vers la construction d'un indicateur de cohésion territoriale Européen?", L'Espace géographique, 2005-2, pp. 97-116, with maps.
59. FREMONT A., La région, espace vécu, 3rd Edition, Flammarion, Coll. Champs, 2009.
60. Translation of the French Proverb: "a beau mentir qui vient de loin".
61. A considerable theme that should be mentioned here: the differences are diminishing on territory at regional level, but are dangerously growing locally, especially in the city. With immediate information and zero distances.
62. BACHELARD G., La Dialectique de la durée. Paris: Boivin, 1936.
63. LEFEBVRE H., Logique formelle et logique dialectique. Paris: Ed. Sociales, 1947.
64. BACHELARD G., op.cit.
65. BACHELARD G., Le nouvel esprit scientifique. Paris: PUF, 1941.
66. From coalescent piedmont glaciers; P. Birot alludes to the autocatalyst phenomena (Les Méthodes de la morphologie, Paris: PUF, 1951).
67. C.E.P. Brooks. Climate Through the Ages. London, 1950.
68. BIROT P. and DRESCH J., "Pédiments et glacis dans l'Ouest des États-Unis", Annales de Géographie, 411, September 1966.
69. BIROT P., Les méthodes de la morphologie, Paris: PUF, 1951.
70. COQUE R., La Tunisie présaharienne, étude géomorphologique, Paris: A. Colin, 1962.
71. TRICART J., Principes et méthodes de la géomorphologie, Paris: Masson, 1965.
72. COQUE R., op. cit.
73. LLIBOUTRY L., Traité de Glaciologie, Paris: Masson, 1964.
74. Even with an ideal hypothesis of a perfectly stable climate during a Davisien cycle (which is, in reality, absurd), the processes would change by the simple effect of the progressive reduction of the relief. The quantity of rainfall received and the activity of frost would have to decrease with altitude.
75. TRICART J., op. cit., p. 450.
76. LEOPOLD L.B., WOLMAN M.G. and MILLER J.P., Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology, London: Freeman, 1964.
77. EWING M. and DONN W.L., "A Theory of Ice Ages", Science, vol. 123, 1956 and vol. 127, 1958.
78. This section consists of extracts from BRUNET R., Les Phénomènes de discontinuité en géographie. Paris: CNRS, Mémoires et Documents, 7, 1957; text written in 1965.
79. GEORGE P., Sociologie et géographie, Paris: PUF, 1965.
80. This section consists of extracts from BRUNET R.,"Discontinuity in geography: origins and research problems" (with Jean-Christophe François and Claude Grasland), L'Espace géographique, no. 4-1997.
81. From coalescent piedmont glaciers; P. Birot alludes to the autocatalyst phenomena (Les Méthodes de la morphologie, Paris: PUF, 1951).
82. This section consists of extracts from BRUNET R., "Un exemple de la récession des glaciers pyrénéens". Pirineos, Zaragoza, no. 39-42, p. 261-284, 1956.
83. This section is from the Conclusion of BRUNET R., "Problèmes d'érosion fluviale dans le Lauragais et le Terrefort toulousain", Bulletin de l'Association de Géographes Français, 229-300, Nov.-Dec. 1952.
84. This section is from BRUNET R., "L'érosion accélérée dans le Terrefort toulousain et lauragais", Revue de Géomorphologie dynamique, 3-4, March-April 1957.
85. PIVETEAU J.-L., Temps du territoire, Geneva, Zoé,1995.
86. RACINE J.-B., La ville entre Dieu et les homes, Geneva, Presses bibliques universitaires and Paris, Anthropos-Economica, 1994.
87. Name of the President of the Republic's palace, Paris.
88. Op. cit., p. 185-206, in two articles already featured in Geographica Helvetica (1978) and L'Espace géographique (1993).
89. Op. cit., p. 185-206, in two articles already featured in Geographica Helvetica (1978) and L'Espace géographique (1993).
90. This chapter consists of revised extracts from "Aliénation" and "Antimonde" in BRUNET R., FERRAS R. and THERY H., Les Mots de la Géographie, dictionnaire critique, Paris: La Documentation française-RECLUS, 1992.
91. FREMONT A., La région, espace vécu, 3rd Edition, Flammarion, Coll. Champs, 2009.
92. DE CUSTINE A., La Russie en 1939, Paris, Librairie d'Amyot, 1843;
93. English translation Letters from Russia, Penguin Classics, 1991.
94. Translated into English under the title The Indiscreet Toys, 1749.
95. "School textbooks in history and geography frequently present the USSR in a light that L'Humanité [the French communist newspaper] would not dare use any longer".
96. BESANÇON A. (1980). Présent soviétique et passé russe. Paris: le Livre de Poche, p. 10. Furthermore, textbooks and geographers generally persist in calling the Eastern system a "socialist" one.
97. Primarily A. AMALRIK, Journal d'un provocateur. Paris: Le Seuil, 1980, 382 p.
98. V. BUKOVSKY, Et le vent reprend ses tours. Paris: R. Laffont, 1978, 405 p.
99. SHIFRIN A. (1980). The First Guidebook to Prisons and Concentration Camps of the Soviet Union. Uhlingen-Seewis, Switzerland.
100. SOLZHENITSYN A. (1974). L'Archipel du Goulag. Paris: Le Seuil, vol. II, p. 15;
101. see also LEFORT C. (1976). Un homme en trop. Paris: Le Seuil, p. 91; etc.
102. SOLZHENITSYN A. L'Archipel du Goulag. Paris: Le Seuil, vol. II, p. 107.
103. Now a common term for convict (an extension of the abbreviation z/k, zakliuchenny).
104. In particular by SHALAMOV V. (1980). Kolyma. Paris: Maspéro;
105. GUINZBOURG E. (1967). Le Vertige. Paris: Le Seuil, and Le Ciel de la Kolyma. Id., 1980;
106. AMALRIK A., op. cit. note 3.
107. Followed by foreign refugees, notably Spanish war veterans.
108. KUZNETSOV E. (1974). Journal d'un Condamné à Mort. Paris: Gallimard, p. 175.
109. KOMAROV B. (1981). Le Rouge et le vert. Paris: Le Seuil, pp. 79-81.
110. See the inventory drawn up by Solzhenitsyn, op. cit., II, p. 442.
111. SOLZHENITSYN A. op. cit. I, p. 362.
112. France may have 45,000 convicts (less than one per thousand inhabitants).
113. Stricto sensu camps have been called colonies (reformatory labor colonies) since Khrushchev's 1961 reform (ITK, or Ispravitelno Trudovaia Koloniya). They are divided into four categories: "ordinary", "intensified", "strict" and "special". On law versus reality
114. see AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL (1980). Les Prisonniers d'opinion en URSS. Paris: Mazarine.
115. A very interesting observation is that the Chinese condemn the USSR for keeping 400,000 KGB agents and "several hundreds of thousands" of militiamen, with "more than one million" convicts in the camps (URSS: la dégénérescence. Paris: Ed. du Centenaire, 1978, pp. 58 & 63.
116. This is the modest name for security and police organizations in the USSR.
117. Some of the convicts are in prison (about one-tenth). However, "productive work" has also been performed there since 1975 (BUKOVSKI V., op. cit., p. 36).
118. A lesser number of convicts are found in special psychiatric "hospitals" (83 are known). Finally, there may be work camps for alcoholics (BUKOVSKY V. op. cit. p. 311), but A. Shifrin only mentions one.
119. The general map inset in Shifrin's guidebook looks inaccurate and in any case does not correspond to the inventory in the text. It shows more camps in the Asian north.
120. An idea forcefully expressed by V. BUKOVSKY (op. cit., p. 131) under the name of petrifaction and which permeates the works of A. Zinoviev. The phenomenon has been studied by CARRÈRE D'ENCAUSSE H. (1980). Le Pouvoir confisqué. Paris: Flammarion, p. 172 sq.
121. Which I cannot show here in their entirety. Figures 10.4 to 10.6 are three examples that have been chosen on the basis of data quality, and in three places that are far away from each other.
122. See A. Amalrik's description of bich, op. cit. p. 201 sq: perhaps one million, who are driven back from town to town.
123. Soldiers doing their military service are sent in large numbers to sites in Siberia: some of them remain there after being discharged, perhaps in the hope of being subsequently allowed to work in town.
124. The BAM is the main Gulag site today, even though zeks are not the only ones to work there. Between 1951 and 1961, Chinese "volunteers" also came, who had gone back home after the split - only to find themselves confined to labor camps in Manchuria.
125. SOLHENITZYN A., op. cit., I, p. 346.
126. Preferential treatment camps for specialists, at work on projects of high scientific value, possibly for the army. Described by A. SOLZHENITSYN in his novel Le Premier Cercle. Paris: R. Laffont, 1968.
127. On the other hand, E. GUINZBOURG notes Kolyma's "seventh circle" (op. cit. I, p. 169). About this symbolism, see G. NIVAT, "Les différents circles soljénitsyniens". Le Débat, 1981, n° 9, pp. 106-115.
128. But not that it is part of an enclosing mode of production and that, if the term is understood in its broader sense ("superstructures included", to use the classical but improper terminology), it then includes spatial organization, which has been mentioned above.
129. A certain amount of duplication is unavoidable for camps with multiple functions. A. Shifrin's Guidebook mentions about 2,000 units, including prisons.
130. Given the lack of information on numerous camps and prisons, the total estimate is closer to V. Bukovski's "pessimistic" hypotheses (2.5 million zeks) than to unofficial estimates (1.5).
131. USSR CENTRAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS (1980). L'URSS en chiffres pour 1979. Moscow: Statistika (in French), cf. p. 168.
132. SPIRIDINOV B.S. et al. (1977). Forestry Economics and Organisation. Krasnoiarsk (in Russian), cf. p. 28-44.
133. Shifrin mentions two sharashki, one in Leningrad (research for the navy), the other in Vilnius (electronic security systems, in particular for camps and prisons).
134. There were more when Khrushchev, who was interested in "chemistry", turned a large number of convicts into "chemists" who were set free before their term but remained under supervision and were employed in production. The term has become synonymous with "taking cover" (AMALRIK A., op. cit., p. 195 & passim).
135. See GUINZBOURG E., op. cit.
136. However, they make up only part of that category. Many "free" women are involved, notably in urban road maintenance, along with persons who have lost their social positions or who have lost their regular jobs.
137. Solzhenitsyn has insisted on the positive side of the economic function of the Gulag (cf. L'Archipel..., II, p. 433), which nevertheless does not prevent enormous waste. So has V. BUKOVSKY (op. cit., p. 298);
138. AMALRIK (op. cit. p. 257) tends to believe that it is inefficient. L. PLIUSHCH (postface for B. KOMAROV's book, op. cit. p. 212) thinks that the advances of the "scientific and technical revolution" lessen the "need for the Gulag".
139. SOLZHENITSYN, op. cit., II, p. 376-399, has made an "ethnographic survey", which is one of the first serious pieces of work in science of the Eastern system, before the more elaborate work by A. Zinoviev.
140. According to the length, seriousness, and political nature of the sentence; "common law" and "political" zeks usually despise one another (see E. Guinzbourg's attitude, as he himself describes it, op. cit.), with exceptions (e.g. A. Amalrik). Yet the number of authentic "political" zeks may be smaller nowadays, at least according to Kuznetsov. Conversely, many zeks are detained because of their beliefs (see A. Shifrin).
141. There are many testimonies regarding this. Besides Solzhenitsyn's, the major ones are Amalrik's, Bukovski's and Shalamov's (op. cit.). Research by "radical" geographers on "social justice" and ghettos should include the Gulag and its inequalities. The huge world of refugee camps in the Third World would be a good topic as well.
142. LEFORT C., op. cit., note 5
143. Numerous testimonies exist. See VLADIMOV G. (1978). Le fidèle Rouslan. Paris: Le Seuil, 175 p. The children's prison, on boulevard Proletarski, Odessa, is located between the Dynamo stadium and the KGB dog-training school... (A. Shifrin, p. 87 & 91): a triple symbol, both edifying and educative.
144. Cf. A. Zinoviev's numerous books and his reflexions on the growth of what he calls the "laws of society", i.e. of the jungle, in "uncivilized" systems.
145. SHALAMOV V., op. cit., p. 33.
146. SOLZHENITSYN A., II, p. 325.
147. SOLZHENITSYN A., II, p. 298.
148. SOLZHENITSYN A., II, p. 422.
149. See also MAXIMOV V. (1977). Adieu de nulle part. Paris: Gallimard, 423 p., especially p. 293-294.
150. AMALRIK A., op. cit., p. 180-184.
151. BRUNET R. et al., "Quartiers ruraux du Midi toulousain", Revue géogr. Pyrénées Sud- Ouest, 1, pp. 5-100, 1969
152. BRUNET R., "Organisation de l'espace et cartographie de modèles: les villes du Massif Central", L'espace géographique, 1, pp. 43-48, 1972. BRUNET R., "Structure et dynamisme de l'espace français: schéma d'un système". L'Espace géographique, 4, pp. 249-254, 1973. BRUNET R., "Modèles et schémas spatiaux: la médina de Tunis", L'Espace géographique, 1, pp. 44, 1975.
153. BRUNET R., "La Champagne et les champs. Nouveaux espaces pour l'analyse régionale". Travaux de L'Institut de Géographie de Reims, pp. 41-42, p. 83, 1980.
154. Obviously, provided that the key to interpret them is known, i.e. all that is subjective in the representation is known or can be deciphered, (the author's explicit or implicit, conscious or unconscious, presuppositions: his strategies and ideologies). On the concept of models and their implications see BADIOU A. (1969), Le concept de modèle. Paris: Maspéro.
155. Among others CHORLEY R.J., HAGGETT P., Models in geography. London: Methuen, 1967
156. HAGGETT P., CLIFF A.D., FREY A., Locational Models. London: Edward Arnold, 1977.
157. GRAFMEYER Y., JOSEPH I., (eds) L'Ecole de Chicago. Naissance de l'écologie urbaine. Paris: Champ Urbain, 1979.
158. Among which the famous "seven-league boots" model, i.e. a succession of 28 km long stages dating from the time of coaches, from which small towns have originated, as remains very visible along the old "national" roads radiating from the center of Paris - or Potters Bar 18 miles north of London.
159. HAGGETT et al., p. 74
160. CHISHOLM M., Rural settlement and land-use, 1962
161. CHORLEY and HAGGETT, op. cit., pp. 625-632
162. ABLER R., ADAMS J.S., GOULD P., Spatial Organization. London: Prentice-Hall, 1972.
163. A break in the area of attraction of a city, either side of a river or a frontier, or a curve in agricultural, cultural, or climatic boundaries, etc., near a water/land interface e.g
164. ABLER et al., op. cit., p. 399 after NYSTUEN.
165. The intention here is not to justify a cynical ideology according to which success is true, or to uphold any other value judgment: the assumption is, simply, that a "wrong" system cannot reproduce itself. This is true not only of scientific experiments, but also of social reproduction.
166. And no doubt one of only two which can be used in human geography together with adjusted mathematical models.
167. Its composition has benefited from the useful discussions of the reflexion group of the House of Geography.
168. Similar analyses of physical milieus can be undertaken efficiently, when the questions are regarding spaces and maps, but the sciences that deal with this (geomorphology, climatology, biology) have their own researchers; we are only talking here about geography.
169. Model came into English from French in the 16th century (translator's note).
170. See section on Russia and its neighbors, p. 331, Volume 10 of Géographie Universelle, Belin-Reclus.
171. Basic references: Bunge W., Theoretical Geography, Lund, Lund Studies in Geography, 1962
172. HAGGETT P., Locational Analysis in Human Geography, E. Arnold, London, 1965
173. CHORLEY R.J., HAGGETT P., Models in Geography, Methuen, London, 1967
174. Harvey D., Explanation in Geography, E. Arnold, London, 1969
175. ABLER R., ADAMS J., GOULD P., Spatial Organization, Prentice-Hall, London, 1971
176. P. HAGGETT, Geography: A Modern Synthesis, Harper & Row, London, 1972
177. J.-B. RACINE: with H. French, "La Nécessité d'un dialogue" in Quantitative and Qualitative Geography, University of Ottawa, 1971
178. H. REYMOND in L'analyse qualitative en géographie, Paris: PUF, 1973.
179. C. KESTELOOT: The Use of Models in Belgian Geography.
180. See A. BERQUE, Etre humains sur la terre, principes d'éthique de l'écoumène, Paris: Gallimard, 1996 and Écoumène: introduction à l'étude des milieux humains, Paris: Belin, 2000.
181. The frequently used term "graphic model" seems rather infelicitous. Grapho means "I write", and writing implies a text. There is also confusion with "graph", commonly used to refer to a diagram.
182. A useful experience in this regard with specialists from the French Ministry of Industry on an "applied" research project (Le Redéploiement industriel, Montpellier: Reclus, 1986).
183. Approximate English translation: "The carpenter of old knowledge Makes circles and squares Tenaciously to demonstrate How the soul should perceive The indubitable and profound laws That are the rule and clarity of the world"
184. This chapter is an adapted translation of BRUNET R., "Modèles de Méditerranées", L'Espace géographique, n°3, p.200, 1995.
185. The metropolis with an estuary base extends its attractions and relays randomly, whereas beyond the Landes, the Pyrenean foothills guides another urban system, which is longitudinal and enriched by a local subsystem, such as the Riviera.
186. Based on Géographie Universelle, vol. 10, p. 455, slightly modified and completed. In the strategic sites, Stepnogorsk was a big center for the manufacture of biological weapons, and Kurchatov for undertaking nuclear trials, Priozersk for the listening and guiding of missiles; the two other sites to the north-east were dedicated to the storage of missiles (Dzhangiztobe) and nuclear trials (Mount Degelen)
187. See "Hauts lieux et mauvais lieux du Kazakhstan", L'Espace Géographique, vol. 1, 2001).
188. This chapter is based on a lecture given in March 2002 at Conférences Gutenberg, organized in Strasbourg by Les Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace. Another version in French can be found at http://www.mgm.fr/PUB/Mappemonde/M202/Brunet.pdf.
189. This space between PLM and the Megalopolis is also that of painful reconversion and high immigration. It is there that the political extreme right gained its highest results in France; the symmetry also exists near Bavaria and Austria.
190. The surface of the rings is proportional to the surface area of the states; the abbreviations of the country names use FIPS codes. Europe still has a series of tax havens and "free" places facilitating exchanges - both sieves and shelters.
191. The added values produce a big arc from England to Northern Italy, subjacent to the large backbone or European Megalopolis ("Blue Banana"). Paris is separated from it by spaces of weak demographic and economic density (Picardy and Champagne regions) that for a long time served as glacis for protection of the French capital against the threats from the east. Eurostat data transmitted by C. Vandermotten.
192. This is an adapted version of the article first published in Civitas Europa. Cities, Urban Systems and Cultural Regions between Diversity and Convergence, L. BEKEMANS & E. MIRA (eds)., College of Europe & Generalitat Valenciana. Proceedings of the International Conference "European Societies between Diversity and Convergence (part III), April 1997, PIE Peter Lang, Brussels, 2000.
193. Some examples can be found in journals such as Eureg., see B. Millan, "Europe 2000". Territorial Aspects of European Integration, vol. 1, 1994.
194. Missing Networks: a European Challenge, Brussels, Round Table of European Industrialists (Agnelli Report, 1990).
195. Eduard Mira reminded us of a tradition of the Quattrocento when he wrote "during the 15th century Valencia and Flanders exemplified a complex, multicultural and fluid idea of Europe, confronted with a territorial, self-centered one".
196. This chapter is a reproduction of what I tried to express in the introduction to the latest book of the series, written in 1996.
197. This chapter is a revised version of the first section of: "Produzione di territorio: attori e leggi nel mondo reale", in Le frontiere della geografia. AAVV, UTET Università, Turin, 2009.
198. Goya (The Sleep of Reason).
199. "El sueño de la razón produce monstruos" (Los Caprichos, pl. 43).
200. For example B. BOCHET et al. in La Ville et l'urbain: des savoirs émergents, (coord.) A. DA CUNHA and L. MATTHEY, Lausanne, Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, 2007.
201. Such as Brian Berry in the work cited in note (3), where there are also examples of attitudes discussed below, including contributions of P. Claval and J. Lévy.
202. "Alors dit Pantagruel: Si les signes vous faschent, ô quand vous fascheront les choses signifiées !", RABELAIS, Le Tiers Livre, 20. [Then said Pantagruel: if signs offend you, o when signified things shall offend you!]
203. F. FARINELLI, Pour une théorie générale de la géographie, Géorythmes, vol. 5, University of Geneva, 1989.
204. G. DEMATTEIS, "Représentations spatiales de l'urbanisation européenne", in Villes en Europe (ed. A. BAGNASCO and P. LE GALES), Paris, La Découverte, 1997.
205. Including the Ring of metropolises of Northwest Europe, the general mesh of circulation network, the facades or maritime "arcs", etc. See here "European Fields and Mainlines" (Part 4, Chapter 21)."
206. This chapter is a slightly modified excerpt from BRUNET R. in collaboration with FERRAS R. and THERY H., Les Mots de la géographie, dictionnaire critique, 1992.
207. 1 In Provence, le pain gradaillé is a thick piece of stale bread that is rubbed generously with garlic.
208. This chapter is a modified version of a debate contribution at the Belgian Geographical Society, Brussels 2002, published as "La géographie sur la place: employs, modes et modes d'emploi" Belgeo Revue de Géographie, 2002.
209. This chapter is an adaptation of text from 1983, taken from a paper at the Second Inter- University Conference "Indivisibilité des droits de l'homme" held at the University of Freiburg (Switzerland) in 1983, published in 1985 by Éditions Universitaires de Fribourg, with the assistance of Amnesty International.
210. This chapter is a revised version of "Le développement durable en haut de l'échelle", Pouvoirs Locaux (Paris), no. 34-III, p. 18-26.
211. Limits to growth, 1972. The Brundtland report was published in 1988 under the title Our Common Future.
212. Augustin BERQUE, Être humains sur la Terre. Paris: Gallimard, 1996.
213. A noteworthy occurrence was in 1996 after Erika's shipwreck and the resulting oil slick.
214. See James LOVELOCK (1988). The Ages of Gaia: A Biography of our Living Earth. Norton; Michel SERRES, Le contrat naturel. Paris: Fr. Bourrin, 1990 (translated verison: The Natural Contract, University of Michigan Press, 1995).
215. See the German movement Blubo (Blut und Boden) that preceded the formation of Nazi ideology.
216. Robert SILVERBERG, 1971, The World Inside. Doubleday. Translated into French under the title: Les Monades urbaines (i.e.: The urban monads).
217. H. D. THOREAU, 1854, Walden.
218. William MORRIS, 1890, News from Nowhere. Ebenezer HOWARD, 1898, Garden Cities of To-morrow. Until recently, the American geographer B.J.L. Berry dissented an apologia of a "urban" life totally dissolved in the countryside, unlike other "ecologists" seeing the city as being very constricted (in La ville et l'urbain, des savoirs émergents, texts offered to Jean- Bernard Racine, A. Da Cunha, and L. Matthey coord., 2007, Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, Lausanne).
219. BRUNET R., Les phénomènes de discontinuité en géographie. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Mémoires et Documents, 1967, "Pour une théorie de la géographie régionale" in La Pensée géographique française (Mélanges A. Meynier), 1972.
220. BRUNET R., "Le quartier rural, structure régionale", Revue géographique des Pyrénées et du Sud-Ouest, 1969.
221. BRUNET R., "La Champagne et les champs", Travaux de l'Institut de Géographie de Reims, pp. 41-42, 1980.
222. BRUNET R.,"Produzione di territorio: attori e leggi nel mondo reale", Le Frontere delle Geografia (for G. Dematteis), Turin, UTET, 2009.
223. BRUNET R.,"La Distance, objet géographique", Revue Atala, no. 12, Rennes, 2009.
224. BRUNET R., Les phénomènes de discontinuité en géographie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Mémoires et Documents, Paris, 1967.