A necessary evil: Framing an American Indian legal identity

American Indian Culture and Research Journal

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 115-140

  Robertson, Dwanna L ^a  

^a KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84888603475     PISSN: 01616463     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.17953/aicr.37.4.g0rj7q5jp961q581     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Bonita Lawrence, "Gender, Race, and the Regulation of Native Identity in Canada and the United States: An Overview", Hypatia 18, no. 2(2003):4.
2. Eva Marie Garroutte, Real Indians: Identity and the Survival of Native America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).
3. For example, see Karen A. Cerulo, "Identity Construction: New Issues, New Directions", Annual Review of Sociology 23, no. 1(1997):385-409;
4. Stephen E. Cornell and Douglas Hartmann, Ethnicity and Race: Making Identities in a Changing World (Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press, 2007);
5. Eva Marie Garroutte, "The Racial Formation of American Indians: Negotiating Legitimate Identities within Tribal and Federal Law", American Indian Quarterly 25, no. 2(2001):224-39;
6. Garroutte, Real Indians;
7. Joane Nagel, "American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Politics and the Resurgence of Identity", American Sociological Review 60, no. 6(1995):947-65;
8. Joane Nagel, American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Red Power and the Resurgence of Identity and Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997);
9. C. Matthew Snipp, "Sociological Perspectives on American Indians", Annual Review of Sociology 18(1992):351-71.
10. Garroutte, Real Indians;
11. C. Matthew Snipp, "An Overview of American Indian Populations", in American Indian Nations: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow, ed. George P. Horse Capture, Duane Champagne, and Chandler C. Jackson (Lanham, MD: Alta Mira Press, 2007);
12. Paul Spruhan, "The Canadian Indian Free Passage Right: The Last Stronghold Of Explicit Race Restriction In United States Immigration Law", North Dakota Law Review 85, no. 2(2009):301-08;
13. Paul Spruhan, "A Legal History of Blood Quantum in Federal Indian Law to 1935", South Dakota Law Review 51, no. 1(2006):1-50;
14. Russell Thornton, "Tribal Membership Requirements and the Demography of 'Old and New' Native Americans", Population Research and Policy Review 16, nos. 1/2(1997):33.
15. Sharon O'Brien, "Tribes and Indians: With Whom Does the United States Maintain a Relationship?" Notre Dame Law Review 66, no. 5(1991):1461-502.
16. see Dwanna L. Robertson, "The Myth of Indian Casino Riches", Indian Country Today Media Network, June 23, 2012, http:// indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/opinion/the-myth-of-indian-casino-riches- 119957.
17. see Cerulo, "Identity Construction;" Cornell and Hartmann, Ethnicity and Race;
18. Garroutte, Real Indians;
19. Nagel, American Indian Ethnic Renewal;
20. Snipp, "Sociological Perspectives;"
21. David E. Wilkins, Documents of Native American Political Development: 1500s to 1933 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
22. Jean S. Phinney and Anthony D. Ong, "Conceptualization and Measurement of Ethnic Identity: Current Status and Future Directions", Journal of Counseling Psychology 54, no. 3 (2007).
23. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, "Rethinking Racism: Toward a Structural Interpretation", American Sociological Review 62, no. 3(1997):465-80.
24. Fredrik Barth, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference, Second Edition, (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1998).
25. David E. Wilkins, Documents of Native American Political Development.
26. Rogers Brubaker, Ethnicity without Groups (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004).
27. Carolyn A. Liebler, "American Indian Ethnic Identity: Tribal Nonresponse in the 1990 Census", Social Science Quarterly 85, no. 2(2004):310-23;
28. Carolyn A. Liebler, "Review of Lumbee Indians in the Jim Crow South: Race, Identity, and the Making of a Nation", Social Forces 89, no. 3(2011):1078-80;
29. Michael Omi and Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the New Millennium (London: Routledge, 2008)
30. and Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s (New York: Routledge, 1994).
31. Cornell and Hartmann, Ethnicity and Race.
32. Omi and Winant, Racial Formation in the United States.
33. Howard Winant, "Race and Racism: Towards a Global Future", Ethnic and Racial Studies 29, no. 5(2006):986-1003.
34. Daphna Oyserman and Diane Oliver, "Ethnic and Racial Identity" in Encyclopedia of the Life Course and Human Development, Adulthood, Volume 2, edited by Deborah Carr (Detroit, MI: Macmillan, 2009), 128.
35. Nagel, American Indian Ethnic Renewal, 950.
36. Garroutte, "The Racial Formation of American Indians."
37. For a more comprehensive account, read Clare Boronow, "Closing the Accountability Gap for Indian Tribes: Balancing the Right to Self-Determination with the Right to a Remedy", Virginia Law Review 98(2012):1373.
38. Also see: Nash v. Cherokee Nation Registrar, No. CV-07-40, at 1-2 (Cherokee D. Ct. Jan. 14, 2011)
39. rev'd Cherokee Nation Registrar v. Nash, No. SC-2011-02 (Cherokee D. Ct. Aug. 22, 2011).
40. James F. Hamill, "Show Me Your CDIB: Blood Quantum and Indian Identity among Indian People of Oklahoma", American Behavioral Scientist 47, no. 3(2003):267-82;
41. Kathryn W. Shanley, "The Indians America Loves to Love and Read: American Indian Identity and Cultural Appropriation", American Indian Quarterly 21, no. 4(1997):675-702;
42. Snipp, "Sociological Perspectives";
43. Paul Spruhan, "The Canadian Indian Free Passage Right: The Last Stronghold Of Explicit Race Restriction In United States Immigration Law", North Dakota Law Review 85, no. 2(2009):321-28;
44. Hilary N. Weaver, "Indigenous Identity: What is it, and Who Really Has It?", American Indian Quarterly 25, no. 2(2001):240-55.
45. Steve Russell, "In Search of the Meritocracy", American Indian Quarterly 27, no. 1-2(2003):400-11.
46. Jodi A. Byrd, The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011);
47. Garroutte, "The Racial Formation of American Indians";
48. James F. Hamill, "Show Me Your CDIB";
49. Shanley, "The Indians America Loves";
50. Gail K. Sheffield, The Arbitrary Indian: The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997);
51. Circe Sturm, Blood Politics: Race, Culture, and Identity in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).
52. Catherine Marshall and Gretchen B. Rossman, Designing Qualitative Research, 4th ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2006).
53. Mary C. Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
54. Herbert J. Rubin and Irene Rubin, Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data, 2nd ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2005).
55. John W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 1st ed. (Los Angeles: Sage Publications, 2009).
56. Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design;
57. Rubin and Rubin, Qualitative Interviewing.
58. Creswell, Research Design;
59. Joseph A. Maxwell, Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach (London: Sage Publications Inc., 2005).
60. Aaron C. Kay, John T. Jost, Anesu N. Mandisodza, Steven J. Sherman, John V. Petrocelli, and Amy L. Johnson, "Panglossian Ideology in the Service of System Justification: How Complementary Stereotypes Help Us to Rationalize Inequality", Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 39(2007):305-58;
61. Aaron C. Kay, Danielle Gaucher, Jennifer M. Peach, Kristin Laurin, Justin Friesen, Mark P. Zanna, Steven J. Spencer, "Inequality, Discrimination, and the Power of the Status Quo: Direct Evidence for a Motivation to See the Way Things Are as the Way They Should Be", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97, no. 3(2009):421-34.
62. For a complete overview, see Robert J. Miller, Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and Manifest Destiny (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2008).
63. Angie Debo, And Still the Waters Run (Princeton: Princeton University Press, [1940] 1989);
64. Garroutte, Real Indians;
65. Hamill, "Show Me Your CDIB."
66. Felix S. Cohen and Rennard Strickland, Felix S. Cohen's Handbook of Federal Indian Law (Charlottesville, VA: Bobbs-Merrill, 1982);
67. Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986).
68. Prucha, The Great Father;
69. Debo, And Still the Waters Run, 39.
70. US Census Bureau, "Report on Indians Taxed and Not Taxed", 11th Census, 1890. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894).
71. Qtd. in William W Quinn, "Federal Acknowledgement of American Indian Tribes: The Historical Development of a Legal Concept", The American Journal of Legal History: Official Publication of the American Society for Legal History 34, (1990): 356.
72. Mark Edwin Miller, Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006).
73. Miller, Forgotten Tribes;
74. David E. Wilkins, American Indian Politics and the American Political System (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006).
75. Garroutte, Real Indians, 15.
76. Wilkins, American Indian Politics.
77. Stephen L. Pevar, The Rights of Indians and Tribes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 19.
78. Thornton, "Tribal Membership Requirements", 110-11.
79. Garroutte, Real Indians.
80. Ron Selden, "Flathead Reservation Keeps Blood Quantum", Indian Country Today, January 29, 2003, available online at http://www.highbeam.com/ doc/1P1-79290812.html.
81. Wilkins, American Indian Politics, 51.
82. Aaron C. Kay, John T. Jost, Anesu N. Mandisodza, Steven J. Sherman, John V. Petrocelli, Amy L. Johnson, "Panglossian Ideology in the Service of System Justification";
83. Aaron C. Kay, Danielle Gaucher, Jennifer M. Peach, Kristin Laurin, Justin Friesen, Mark P Zanna, Steven J. Spencer, "Inequality, Discrimination, and the Power of the Status Quo: Direct Evidence for a Motivation to See the Way Things Are as the Way They Should Be."
84. Bonilla-Silva, "Rethinking Racism;"
85. Omi and Winant, Racial Formation in the United States.
86. Bonilla-Silva, "Rethinking Racism", 469.
87. Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge; and, the Discourse on Language (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972).
88. Nagel, American Indian Ethnic Renewal, 21.