A critical review on solvent extraction of rare earths from aqueous solutions

Minerals Engineering

Volumn 56, Issue , 2014, Pages 10-28

  Xie, Feng ^a   Zhang, Ting An ^a   Dreisinger, David ^b   Doyle, Fiona ^c  

^a NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c University of California Berkeley   (United States)

Author keywords

Process configuration; Rare earths; Solvent extraction

Indexed keywords

FILTRATION; FLOTATION; ION EXCHANGERS; PHOSPHATE MINERALS; RARE EARTHS; SOLUTIONS; SOLVENT EXTRACTION; SOLVENTS;

COMMERCIAL SOURCES; DIFFERENT SOLVENTS; ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTY; PROCESS CONFIGURATION; RARE EARTH SEPARATION; SOLVENT-EXTRACTION PROCESS; TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE;

RARE EARTH COMPOUNDS;

EID: 84888600037     PISSN: 08926875     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2013.10.021     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. P. Alex, A.K. Suri, and C.K. Gupta Processing of xenotime concentrate Hydrometallurgy 50 1998 331 338 (Pubitemid 128421067)
2. J. Arichi, G. Gotz-Grandmont, and J.P. Brunette Solvent extraction of europium(III) from nitrate medium with 4-acyl-isoxazol-5-ones and 4-acyl-5-hydroxy-pyrazoles. Effect of salts and diluents Hydrometallurgy 82 2006 100 109 (Pubitemid 43949433)
3. R. Banda, H.S. Jeon, and M.S. Lee Solvent extraction separation of La from chloride solution containing Pr and Nd with Cyanex 272 Hydrometallurgy 121-124 2012 74 80
4. D.J. Bauer Extraction and separation of selected lanthanides with a tertiary amine US Bureau of Mines, R.I. 1966 6809
5. Bauer, D.J., Lindstrom, R.E., 1964. Naphthenic acid solvent extraction of rare earth sulfates, Report RI 6396, Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington.
6. R.G. Bautista Separation chemistry K.A. Gschneidner Jr. L. Eyring, Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths vol. 21 1995 North Holland Amsterdam 1 28
7. J.D.S. Benedetto, M.L. de l Soares, I. Greval, and D. Dresinger Recovery of rare metals with a new organophosphorus extractant Separation Science and Technology 30 17 1995 3339 3349
8. M.G. Benz, J.C. Shei, C.H. Chen, M.S. Walmer, and F.M. Doyle High-energy-product (Pr, Nd, Ce)FeB magnets produced directly from mixed-rare-earth-oxide feed for MRI medical imaging applications H. Kaneko, M. Homma, M. Okada, Rare-Earth Magnets and Their Applications, Sendai, Japan, September 2000 vol. 14 2000 The Japan Institute of Metals Proceedings 99 108 (REMXVI 2000)
9. C.G. Brown, and L.G. Sherrington Solvent extraction used in industrial separation of rare earths Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 29 1979 193 209
10. D. Brown, B.M. Ma, and Z. Chen Developments in the processing and properties of NdFeb-type permanent magnets Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 248 2002 432 440 (Pubitemid 35037402)
11. T. Cecconie, and H. Frieser Extraction of selected tervalent lanthanides using dicyclohexylphosphinic acid Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 7 1 1989 15 29
12. M. Cerna, E. Volaufova, and V. Rod Extraction of light rare earth elements by amines at high inorganic nitrate concentration Hydrometallurgy 28 1992 339 352
13. Z. Chen Global rare earth resources and scenarios of future rare earth industry Journal of Rare Earth 29 1 2010 1 4
14. L. Chi, and J. Tian Review of weathered rare earth ore Journal of the Chinese Rare Earth Society 25 6 2007 641 652 (in Chinese)
15. R. Chi, X. Zhang, G. Zhu, Z.A. Zhou, Y. Wu, C. Wang, and F. Yu Recovery of rare earth from bastnesite by ammonium chloride roasting with fluorine deactivation Minerals Engineering 17 2004 1037 1043
16. A.M. Clark Mineralogy of the rare earth element P. Henderson, Rare Earth Element Geochemistry 1984 Elesevier 36 38
17. Commercial Applications for Rare Earth Technologies, Rare Earth Industry and Technology Association 2009, < http://www.reitausa.org/ >.
18. O.A. Desouky, A.M. Daher, Y.K. Abdel-Monem, and A.A. Galhoum Liquid-liquid extraction of yttrium using primene-JMT from acidic sulfate solutions Hydrometallurgy 96 2009 313 317
19. Y. Ding, M. Yu, Z. Liu, and L. Chen Formulae for calculating the number of stages in multi-components rare earth elements cascade extraction Chinese Rare Earths 24 3 2003 8 10 (in Chinese)
20. F.M. Doyle, M.G. Benz, J.C. Shei, D.S. Bao, H.X. Ku, and N.D. Zhen Direct production of mixed, rare earth oxide feed for high energy-product magnets R.G. Bautista, B. Mishra, Rare Earths and Actinides: Science, Technology and Applications IV 2000 TMS Warrendale, PA 31 44
21. A.C. Du Preez, and J.S. Preston The solvent extraction of rare earths metals by carboxylic acids Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 10 2 1992 207 230
22. N.E. El-Hefny, Y.A. El-Nadi, and J.A. Daoud Equilibrium and mechanism of samarium extraction from chloride medium using sodium salt of CYANEX 272 Separation and Purification technoLogy 75 2010 310 315
23. I.S. El-Yamani, and E.L. Shabana Solvent extraction of lanthanum(III) from sulfuric acid solutions by Primene JMT Journal of the Less-Common Metals 105 1985 255 261 (Pubitemid 15493027)
24. 3+; crystal field calculations, lifetimes, photo-luminescence and absorption spectra Journal of Luminescence 96 2002 37 49 (Pubitemid 34096736)
25. J.R. Ferraro, and D.F. Peppard Nuclear Science and Engineering 16 1963 389
26. D. Fontana, and L. Pietrilli Separation of middle rare earth by solvent extraction using 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester as an extractant Journal of Rare Earths 27 5 2009 830 833
27. Gaudernack, B., 1973. Process for separating yttrium values from the lanthanides, US patent, 3751553.
28. C.K. Gupta, and N. Krishnamurthy Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths 2005 CRC Press
29. K.H. Hsu, C.H. Huang, T.C. King, and P.K. Li Separation of praseodymium and neodymium in high purity (99.9%) by counter-current exchange extraction and its mechanism Proceedings of International Solvent Extraction Conference'80 (ISEC'80), Liege, Belgium, 6-12 September vol. 2 1980 Society of Chemical Industry London 80 82
30. Hu, K.Q., 1998. New process for decomposing Baotou rare earth concentrate with acid, China patent, ZL98118153 (in Chinese).
31. Z.H. Hu, F.Z Lian, M.G. Zhu, and W Li Effect of Tb on the intrinsic coercivity and impact toughness of sintered Nd-Dy-Fe-B magnets Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 320 2008 1735 1738
32. C.H. Huang, T.Z. Jin, B.G. Li, J.R. Li, and G.X. Xu Studies on extraction mechanism of the rare earths with quaternary ammonium salts Proceedings of Int. Solvent Extr. Conf., ISEC '86 1986 Dechema Frankfurt 215 221
33. X. Huang, Z. Long, H. Li, W. Ying, G. Zhang, and X. Xue Development of rare earth hydrometallurgy in China Journal of Rare Earth 23 1 2005 1 4 (Pubitemid 40667059)
34. X. Huang, H. Li, Xi. Xue, and G. Zhang Development status and research progress in rare earth hydrometallurgy in China Journal of The Chinese Rare Earth Society 24 2 2006 129 133 (in Chinese)
35. X.W. Huang, H.W. Li, Z.Q. Long, X.L. Peng, J.N. Li, Y.Q. Zhang, D.L. Cui, and G.L. Yang Research and development on green rare earth metallurgy SiChuan Rare Earth 4 2008 15 19
36. M.J. Hudson An introduction to some aspects of solvent extraction chemistry in hydrometallurgy Hydrometallurgy 9 1982 149 168 (Pubitemid 13460783)
37. W.D. Jamrack Rare Earth Extraction by Chemical Engineering Techniques 1963 Pergamon press London, UK
38. J. Jia, C. Yan, C. Liao, S. Wu, M. Wang, and B. Li Automation system in rare earth countercurrent process Journal of Rare Earths 19 1 2001 6 10 (Pubitemid 33120247)
39. J. Jia, S. Wu, C. Liao, and C. Yan Research and application progress in countercurrent solvent extraction Journal of Rare Earths 22 5 2004 576 581 (Pubitemid 40151993)
40. Q. Jia, S. Tong, Z. Li, W. Zhou, H. Li, and S. Meng Solvent extraction of rare earth elements with mixtures of sec-octylphenoxy acetic acid and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) dithiophosphinic acid Separation and Purification Technology 64 2009 345 350
41. A.P. Jones, F. Wall, and C.T. Williams Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits 1996 Chapman & Hall London
42. A. Jordens, Y.P. Cheng, and K.E. Waters A review of the beneficiation of rare earth element bearing minerals Minerals Engineering 41 2013 97 114
43. E.C. Karsu, E.J. Popovici, A. Ege, M. Morar, E. Indrea, T. Karali, and N. Can Luminescence study of some yttrium tantalate-based phosphors Journal of Luminescence 131 2011 1052 1057
44. A. Klinkenberg Calculation of the efficiency of counter-current stage-wise mass transfer processes with constant distribution factor, when in the stationary state: I. Distribution of one component only Chemical Engineering Science 1 2 1951 86 93
45. Z. Kolarik, and H. Pankova Acidic organophosphorous extractants 1 - extraction of lanthanides by means of dialkyl phosphoric acids-effect of structure and size of alkyl group Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 28 1966 2325 2333
46. Korpusov, A.V., Danilov, N.A., Krylov, Yu. S., Korpusova, R.D., Drygin, A.I., Shvartsman, V.Y., 1974. Investigation of rare earth elements extraction with different carboxylic acids, In: Proceedings of International Solvent Extraction Conference (ISEC 74), vol. II, Lyon, pp. 1109-1120.
47. A. Kremser Theoretical analysis of absorption process National Petroleum News 22 21 1930 48
48. Kruesi, P.R., Schiff, N.N., 1968. Molybdenum Corporation of America's Mountain Pass, Europium Process, AIME Annul Meeting.
49. M. Kumar Recent trends in chromatographic procedures for separation and determination of rare earth elements: a review Analyst 119 1994 2013 2024
50. D.Q. Li Some chemical problems in the hydrometallurgical industries of Rare Earth Progress in Chemistry 7 3 1995 209 213 (in Chinese)
51. K. Li, and H. Frieser Extraction of Lanthanide metals with bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 4 1986 739 755 (Pubitemid 17589641)
52. D.Q. Li, Z.H. Wang, and S.L. Meng Recommended separation processes for ion-adsorbed rare earth minerals Hydrometallurgy'94 1994 Chapman Hall London, UK 627 634
53. Li, G., Hu, K., Liu, J., Wang, G., Xu, Q., Wang, W., Guo, L., Yu, J., Hu, T., Chen, P., Zeng, T., Xiao, R., 2004. A novel roasting method for decomposing mixed rare earth concentrate, China patent, 200410006443.8 (in Chinese).
54. J. Li, X. Huang, Z. Zhu, Z. Long, X. Peng, and D. Cui Extracting rare earth from D2EHPA-HEHEHP-H2SO4 system Journal of The Chinese Rare Earth Society 25 1 2007 55 58
55. W. Li, X. Wang, S. Meng, D. Li, and Y. Xiong Extraction and separation of yttrium from the rare earths with sec-octylphenoxy acetic acid in chloride media Hydrometallurgy 54 2007 164 169 (Pubitemid 46228023)
56. W. Li, X. Wang, H. Zhang, S. Meng, and D. Li Solvent extraction of lanthanides and yttrium from nitrate medium with CYANEX 925 in heptane Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 82 2007 376 381 (Pubitemid 46672134)
57. Y.J. Liu Present State and main task of development of rare earth industry in China Journal of The Chinese Rare Earth Society 25 3 2008 257 262 (in Chinese)
58. Liu, G., Chen, X., 2007. Spectroscopic properties of lanthanides in nanomaterials. In: Gschneidner, K.A., Bünzli, Jr., J. C.G., Pecharsky, V.K. (Eds.), Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, vol 37, pp. 99-169.
59. Liu, J., Vora, P., Walmer, M., 2006. Overview of Recent Progress in Sm-Co Based Magnets. In: Proceedings of 19th International Workshop on Rare Earth Permanent Magnets & Their Applications, Journal of Iron and Steel Research 13 (Supplement) 319-323.
60. D. Lu, J.S. Horing, and Y.C. HOH The separation of neodymium by quaternary amine form didymium nitrate solution Journal of the Less-common Metals 149 1989 219 224
61. J. Lu, Z. Wei, D. Li, G. Ma, and Z. Jiang Recovery of Ce (IV) and Th (IV) from rare earths (III) with Cyanex 923 Hydrometallurgy 50 1998 77 87
62. G.W. Mason, I. Bilobron, and D.F. Peppard Extraction of U(VI), Th, (IV), Am (III) and Eu(III) by bis para-octyl phosphoric acid in benzene diluent Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 40 1978 1807 1810
63. W.L. McCabe, J.C. Smith, and P. Harriot Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering seventh ed. 2005 McGraw-Hill
64. I. McGill Rare Earth Metals F. Habashi, Handbook of Extractive metallurgy vol. 3 1997 Wiley-VCH Weinheim, Germany 1695 1741
65. S.G.K. Nair, and M. Smutz Recovery of lanthanum from didymium chloride with di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acids solvent Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 29 1967 1787 1797
66. M. Nazarov, and D.Y. Noh Rare earth double activated phosphors for different applications Journal of Rare Earths 28 2010 1 11
67. D.F. Peppard, and G.W. Wason Liquid-liquid extraction of trivalent rare earths using acidic phosphonates as extractants E.V. Kleber, Rare Earth Research 1961 The Macmillan Company New York 37 50
68. D.F. Peppard, J.P. Farris, P.R. Gray, and G.W. Mason Study of the solvent extraction of the transition elements. I., Order and degree of fractionation of the trivalent rare earth Journal of Physical Chemistry 57 1953 294 301
69. D.F. Peppard, W.J. Driscoll, S.J. Siromen, and G.W. Mason Fractional extraction of the lanthanides as their di-alkyl orthophosphates Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 4 1957 334 343
70. D.F. Peppard, W.J. Driscoll, R.J. Sironen, and S. McCarty Nonmonotonic ordering of lanthanides in tributyl phosphate-nitric acid extraction system Journal of Inorganic & Nuclear Chemistry 4 1957 326 333
71. D.F. Peppard, G.W. Mason, W.J. Driscoll, and R.J. Sironen Acidic esters of organophosphorous acid as selective extractants for metallic cations-tracer studies Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 7 1958 276 285
72. D.F. Peppard, G.W. Mason, and C. Andejasich Two mono-octyl phosphinic acids, (R)(H)PO(OH), as extractants for metallic cations selected M(II), M(III) and M(VI)-Tracer studies Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 28 1966 2347 2359
73. T.B. Piece, and P.F. Peck The extraction of the lanthanide elements from perchloric acid by di-(2ethylhexyl) hydrogen phosphate Analyst 1963 217 221
74. J.S. Preston Solvent extraction of the trivalent lanthanides and yttrium by some 2-bromoalkanoic acids Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 12 1 1994 29 54
75. J.S. Preston The recovery of rare earth oxides from a phosphoric acid byproduct, Part 4: The preparation of magnet-grade neodymium oxide from the light rare earth fraction Hydrometallurgy 42 1996 151 167 (Pubitemid 126363768)
76. Preston, J.S., Du Preez, A.C., 1990. Solvent extraction processes for the separation of rare earths metals, In: Proceedings of International Solvent Extraction Conference (ISEC 90), Japan, vol. 1, p. 883.
77. J.S. Preston, and A.C. du Preez Solvent extraction of the trivalent lanthanides and yttrium bv mixtures of 3,5-diisopropylsalicylic acid and neutral organophosphorous compounds Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 60 1994 317 325 (Pubitemid 24211234)
78. J.S. Preston, and A.C. du Preez Solvent extraction of neodymium(III) and erbium (III) bv mixtures of 3,5-diisopropylsalicylic acid and neutral organophosphorous compounds Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 13 1 1995 27 41
79. J.S. Preston, and A.C. du Preez The separation of europium from a middle rare earth concentrate by combined chemical reduction, precipitation and solvent-extraction methods Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 65 1996 93 101 (Pubitemid 26031620)
80. J.S. Preston, and A.C. du Preez Synergistic effects in solvent extraction systems based on alkylsalicylic acids. IV. Extraction of the trivalent rare-earth metals in the presence of bifunctional CO, PO, and SO compounds Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 16 1998 687 706
81. J.S. Preston, P.M. Cole, W.M. Craig, and A.M. Feather The recovery of rare earth oxides from a phosphoric acid by-product. Part I: Leaching of rare earth values and recovery of a mixed rare earth oxide by solvent extraction Hydrometallurgy 41 1996 1 19 (Pubitemid 126359480)
82. J.S. Preston, P.M. Cole du Preez, A.C.M.H. Fox, and A.M. Fleming The recovery of rare earth oxides from a phosphoric acid by-product. Part II: The preparation of high-purity cerium dioxide and recovery of a heavy rare earth oxide concentrate Hydrometallurgy 41 1996 21 44 (Pubitemid 126359481)
83. Preston, J.S., du Preez, A.C., Cole, P.M., Fox, M.H., 1996c. The recovery of rare earth oxides from a phosphoric acid by-product. Part 3. The separation of the middle and light rare earth fractions and the preparation of pure europium oxide, Hydrometallurgy, 42, 131-149. (Pubitemid 126363767)
84. T. Qiu, X. Fang, L. Cui, and Y. Fang Behavior of leaching and precipitation of weathering crust ion-absorbed type by magnetic field Journal of Rare Earth 26 2 2008 274 278
85. K.A. Rabie A group separation and purification of Sm, Eu and Gd from Egyptian beach monazite mineral using solvent extraction Hydrometallurgy 85 2007 81 86 (Pubitemid 46185749)
86. A. Rapaport, and J. Miliez Review of the properties of up-conversion phosphors for new emissive displays Journal of Display Technology 2 1 2006 68 78 (Pubitemid 43285435)
87. M.L.P. Reddy, T.R. Ramamohan, C.S. Bhat, P.B. Santhi, and A.D. Damodaran Mathematical modeling of the liquid-liquid extraction separation of Rare Earths Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 9 1992 273 282
88. M.L.P. Reddy, P. Rao, and A.D. Damodarm Liquid-liquid extraction processes for the separation and purification of rare earths Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 12 1995 91 113
89. M.L.P. Reddy, J.R.B. Bharathi, S. Peter, and T.R. Ramamohan Synergistic extraction of rare earths with bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) dithiophosphinic acid and trialkylphosphine oxide Talanta 50 1999 79 85
90. B.R. Reddy, B.N. Kumar, and S. Radhika Solid-liquid extraction of terbium from phosphoric acid medium using bifunctional phosphinic acid resin, tulsion, CH-96 Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 27 5-6 2009 695 711
91. A.C. Rice, and C.A. Stone Amines in liquid-liquid extraction of rare earth elements 1962 US Bureau of Mines R.I. 5923
92. G.M. Ritcey, and A.W. Ashbrook Solvent Extraction; Principles and Applications to Process Metallurgy, Part I 1984 Elsevier Amsterdam
93. C.R. Ronda, T. Jüstel, and H. Nikol Rare earth phosphors: fundamentals and applications Journal of Alloys and Compounds 275-277 1988 669 676
94. J. Rydberg, M. Cox, C. Musikas, and G.R. Choppin Solvent Extraction Principles and Practice 2004 Marcel Dekker Inc. New York
95. Sabbot, J. L., Rollat, A., 1985. Process for separating rare earths by liquid-liquid extraction, EU Patent, EP0156735.
96. M.I. Saleh, M.F. Bari, and B. Saad Solvent extraction of lanthanum(III) from acidic nitrate-acetato medium by Cyanex 272 in toluene Hydrometallurgy 63 2002 75 84 (Pubitemid 34036252)
97. P.B. Santhi, M.L.P. Reddy, T.R. Ramamohan, and A.D. Damodaran Liquid-liquid extraction of yttrium(III) with mixtures of organophosphorous extractants: theoretical analysis of extraction behavior Hydrometallurgy 27 1991 169 177
98. T. Sato Liquid-liquid extraction of rare-earth elements from aqueous acid solutions by acid organophosphorous compounds Hydrometallurgy 22 1989 121 140
99. R.F. Sebenik, B.M. Sharp, and M. Smutz Computer solution of solvent-extraction-cascade calculations for the Mmonazite rare-earth nitrates-nitric acid-tributyl phosphate water system Separation Science and Technology 1 1966 375 386
100. M. Sharp, and M. Smutz Stagewise calculation for the solvent extraction system monazite rare earth nitrate nitric acid-tributyl phosphate-water Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development 4 1965 49 54
101. Sherrington, L.G., 1966. Kemp, Liquid extraction process for separation yttrium values from rare earths vales, British patent 1026791.
102. L. Sherrington Commercial process for rare earths and thorium Handbook of Solvent Extraction 1983 Willey Interscience New York 17
103. D.K. Singh, H. Sing, and J.N. Mathur Extraction of rare earths and yttrium with high molecular weight carboxylic acids Hydrometallurgy 81 2006 174 181 (Pubitemid 43343947)
104. Song, H.F., Hong, M., 2010a. The analysis and prediction of rare earth industry in China (I), Rare Earth, Information, No.2, 6-8 (in Chinese).
105. Song, H.F., Hong, M., 2010b. The analysis and prediction of rare earth industry in China (II), Rare Earth, Information, No.2, 8-12 (in Chinese).
106. X. Sun, J. Wang, D. Li, and H. Li Synergistic extraction of rare earths by mixture of bis(2,4,4 trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid and sec-nonylphenoxy acetic acid Separation and Purification Technology 50 2006 30 34
107. V.T. Taniguchi, and A.W. Doty Large scale chromatographic separation using 'continuous displacement chromatography" (CDC) R.G. Bautista, M.M. Wong, Proceedings of Rare earths: Extraction, Preparation and Application 1989 TMS 147 161
108. E.W. Thiele, and R.G. Geddes Computation of distillation apparatus for hydrocarbon mixtures Industry and Engineering Chemistry 25 3 1933 289 295
109. M. Tian, N. Song, D. Wang, X. Quan, Q. Jia, W. Liao, and L. Lin Applications of the binary mixture of sec-octylphenoxyacetic acid and 8-hydroxyquinoline to the extraction of rare earth elements Hydrometallurgy 111-112 2012 109 113
110. M. Tian, Q. Jia, and W. Liao Studies on synergistic solvent extraction of rare earth elements from nitrate medium by mixtures of 8-hydroxyquinoline with Cyanex 301 or Cyanex 302 Journal of Rare Earths 31 6 2013 604 608
111. S. Tong, X. Zhao, N. Song, Q. Jia, W. Zhou, and W. Liao Solvent extraction study of rare earth elements from chloride medium by mixtures of sec-nonylphenoxy acetic acid with Cyanex301 or Cyanex302 Hydrometallurgy 100 2009 15 19
112. H. Tong, Y. Wang, W. Liao, and D. Li Synergistic extraction of Ce(IV) and Th(IV) with mixtures of Cyanex 923 and organophosphorus acids in sulfuric acid media Separation and Purification Technology 118 30 2013 487 491
113. Tse, P.K., 2011. China's rare earth industry, Open-file report 2011-1042, U.S. Department of the Interior/U.S. Geological Survey.
114. D. Tu, Y. Liang, R. Liu, and D. Li Eu/Tb ionsco-doped white light luminescence Y2O3 phosphors Journal of Luminescence 131 2011 2569 2573
115. Mineral Facts and Problems, 1985, U. S., Bureau of Mines.
116. U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2011, U.S. Department of Interior, January 2011.
117. T.S. Urbanski, P. Fonari, and C. Abbruzzes The extraction of cerium(III) and lanthanum(III) from chloride solutions with LIX 54 Hydrometallurgy 40 1996 169 179 (Pubitemid 126347492)
118. D.O. Voit Computer Simulation of Rare Earth Solvent Extraction Circuits, Rare Earth Extraction, Preparation and Application 1988 TMS Warrendale, US 213
119. G.Z. Wang Current status of rare earths resources development and strategy in China Si Chuan Rare Earth 3 2009 4 7 (in Chinese)
120. X. Wang, and J. Liu Study on the decomposition mechanism of roasting of the Baotou mixed rare earth concentrates Rare Earth 21 6 1996 6 10 (in Chinese)
121. Y.C. Wang, S.T. Yue, D.Q. Li, M.J. Jin, and C.Z. Li Solvent extraction of scandium (III), yttrium (III), lanthanides (III) and divalent metal ion with sec-nonylphenoxy acetic acid Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 20 6 2002 701 706
122. X. Wang, W. Li, S. Meng, and D. Li The extraction of rare earths using mixtures of acidic phosphorus based reagents or their thio-analogues Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 81 2006 761 766 (Pubitemid 43670628)
123. W. Wang, Y. Pranolo, and C.Y. Cheng Metallurgical processes for scandium recovery from various resources: a review Hydrometallurgy 108 2011 100 108
124. L. Wenli, G.D. Ascenzo, R. Curini, Y. Chunhua, W. Jianfang, J. Tao, and W. Mingwen Simulation of the development automatization control system for rare earth extraction process, combination of ESRECE simulation software and EDXRF analysis technique Analytica Chimica Acta 417 2000 111 118 (Pubitemid 30394586)
125. W. Wu, S. Sun, and G. Tu Reaction mechanism of roasting of monazite with CaO The Academic Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science Version) 12 2002 1158 1160 (in Chinese)
126. W. Wu, S. Sun, and Q. Yu Study on the decomposition mechanism of roasting of mixed rare earth concentrates Rare Metals 21 1 2002 76 80 (in Chinese)
127. S. Wu, C. Liao, J. Jia, and C. Yan Static design for multi components and multi outlets rare earth countercurrent extraction, (I), algorithm of static design Journal of the Chinese Rare Earth Society 22 1 2004 17 21
128. W. Wu, G. Hu, S. Sun, X. Chen, and G. Tu Decomposition of mixed rare earth concentrates and roasted with CaO and NaOH Journal of the Chinese Rare Earth Society 22 2 2004 210 214 (in Chinese)
129. G.X. Xu Theory of countercurrent solvent extraction 1, optimization functions and their application Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis 16 1 1978 51 66 (in Chinese)
130. Xu, Y.H., Ma. P.Q., Zhang, X., Wu, G.Q., 2003. The use of long chain fatty acids for solvent extraction of rare earths, China Patent, CN1455009 (in Chinese).
131. F. Xu, L. Zhang, X. Dong, Q. Qiongzhen Liu, and M. Komuro Effect of DyF3 additions on the coercivity and grain boundary structure in sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets Scripta Materialia 64 2011 1137 1140
132. Y. Xu, H. Liu, Z. Meng, J. Cui, W. Zhao, and L. Li Decomposition of bastnasite and monazite mixed rare earth minerals calcined by alkali liquid Journal of Rare Metals 30 2 2012 155 158
133. R. Yang, W. Wang, X. Zhang, L. Liu, H. Wei, M. Bao, and J. Wang A new type of rare earth elements deposit in weathering crust of Permian basalt in western Guizhou NW China, Journal of Rare Earth 26 5 2008 753 759
134. S. Ye, F. Xiao, Y.X. Pan, Y.Y. Ma, and Q.Y. Zhang Phosphors in phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes: Recent advances in materials, techniques and properties Materials Science and Engineering R 71 2011 1 34
135. X. Ying, X. Wang, and D. Li Synergistic extraction and separation of heavy lanthanide by mixtures of bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid and 2-ethylhexyl phosphinic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester Separation Science and Technology 40 11 2005 2325 2336 (Pubitemid 41351550)
136. B.Z. Zhang, K.Y. Lu, K.C. King, W.C. Wei, and W.C. Wang Rare earth industry in China Hydrometallurgy 9 1982 205 210
137. Y. Zhang, J. Li, X. Huang, C. Wang, Z. Long, Z. Zhu, and G. Zhang Synergistic extraction of rare earths by mixtures of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid and (HDEHP) and 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (HEH/EHP) in sulfuric acid media Journal of The Chinese Rare Earth Society 26 6 2007 671 676 (in Chinese)
138. Z. Zhang, H. Li, F. Guo, S. Meng, and D. Li Synergistic extraction and recovery of Cerium(IV) and Fluorin from sulfuric solutions with Cyanex 923 and di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid Separation and Purification Technology 63 2008 348 352
139. D. Zheng, N.B. Gray, and D.W. Stevens Comparison of naphthenic acid, Versatic acid, and D2EHPA for the separation of rare earths Solvent extraction and ion exchange 9 1 1991 85 102 (Pubitemid 21670459)
140. X. Zhong Theoretical analysis of effective separation factor for multi-component rare earths in countercurrent extraction The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals 18 10 2008 1926 1929
141. T. Zhu Solvent extraction in China Hydrometallurgy 27 2 1991 231 245
142. H. Zuo, Y. Wang, H. Jiang, and X. Cheng Seepage properties of leaching solution in ion-adsorbed rare earth deposit under effect of electric field Journal of the Chinese Rare Earth Society 25 1 2007 80 84 (in Chinese)