Responsibility for Justice

Responsibility for Justice

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-224

  Young, Iris Marion ^a   Nussbaum, Martha ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Blame; Guilt; Injustice; Political Responsibility; Responsibility; Social Connection Model; Structural Injustices

Indexed keywords

EID: 84888370643     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195392388.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (214)

1. Peter French, Collective and Corporate Responsibility (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984).
2. See, for example, Tony Honore, "Responsibility and Luck: The Moral Basis of Strict Liability," in Responsibility and Fault (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 14-40.
3. Christopher Kutz, Complicity: Ethics and Law for a Collective Age (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2000).
4. Kutz, Complicity, 188.
5. Henry S. Richardson, "Institutionally Divided Moral Responsibility," in Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D. Miller, Jr., and Jeffrey Paul, eds., Responsibility (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 218-249.
6. Fletcher, Basic Concepts of Criminal Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 69-70.
7. See Hans Jonas, The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 90-120.
8. Larry May, Sharing Responsibility (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
9. See Robert Goodin, "The State as a Moral Agent," in Goodin, Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 28-46.
10. Thad Williamson, David Imbroscio, and Gar Alperovitz, Making a Place for Community: Local Democracy in a Global Era (New York: Routledge, 2002).
11. William E. Connolly, Identity/Difference: Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991).
12. Wendy Brown, States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
13. Bonnie Honig, Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics (Ithaca:Cornell University Press, 1993).
14. Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals, trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage Books, 1967), 127.
15. Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals, 70.
16. Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals, 127-128.
17. Larry Bennett, Janet L. Smith, and Patricia A. Wright, eds., Where Are Poor People to Live? Transforming Public Housing Communities (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2006).
18. Jacques Derrida, Politics of Friendship, trans. George Collins (London: Verso Press, 1997), 29.
19. Derrida, Politics of Friendship, 37.
20. Emmanuel Levinas, Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority, trans. Alphonso Lingis (Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1969).
21. Derrida, Politics of Friendship, 231-232.
22. For example, Jacques Derrida, Of Hospitality: Anne Dufourmantelle Invites Jacques Derrida to Respond, trans. Rachel Bowlby (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000).
23. Derrida, Politics of Friendship, 236.
24. Derrida, Politics of Friendship, 251.
25. Derrida, Politics of Friendship, 252.
26. See Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 1, trans. Ben Fowkes (New York: Vintage Books, 1977), 208-209.
27. See Marx, Capital, vol. 1, appendix, 1054-1055.
28. See Georg Lukács, "Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat," in History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, trans. Rodney Livingstone (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1971).
29. Jean-Paul Sartre, Critique of Dialectical Reason, trans. Alan Sheridan-Smith (London:New Left Books, 1976), 176.
30. Onora O'Neill, Towards Justice and Virtue: A Constructive Account of Practical Reasoning (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), chapter 4.
31. O'Neill, Towards Justice and Virtue, 107.
32. Emmanuel Levinas, Otherwise Than Being, or Beyond Essence, trans. Alphonso Lingis (Boston: M. Nijhoff, 1981).
33. Levinas, Otherwise Than Being, or Beyond Essence, 74.
34. Levinas, Otherwise Than Being, or Beyond Essence, 157.
35. Robert Goodin, "The State as a Moral Agent," in Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 32.
36. Goodin, "The State as a Moral Agent," 28-44.
37. At this point, Young noted, "Lesson of Katrina: letting government languish until there is a crisis. Or two cases, Katrina and...earthquake in Turkey." Directed by Chris Paine, Sony Picture Classics 2006.
38. Robert F. Clark, The War on Poverty: History, Selected Programs, and Ongoing Impacts (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2002).
39. Pierre Rosanvallon, The New Social Question: Rethinking the Welfare State, trans. Barbara Harshav (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000).
40. Charles Murray, Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-1980 (New York:Basic Books, 1984).
41. Lawrence M. Mead, Beyond Entitlement: The Social Obligations of Citizenship (New York: Free Press, 2006).
42. Ronald Dworkin, "Equality of What?" in Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).
43. For a comprehensive account of contemporary welfare policy in the United States as a system of sexual regulation, see Anna Marie Smith, "The Sexual Regulation Dimension of Contemporary Welfare Law: A Fifty State Overview," Michigan Journal of Gender and Law 8.2 (2002): 121-218.
44. Linda C. McClain, The Place of Families: Fostering Capacity, Equality, and Responsibility (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), for a broader discussion of normative issues concerning families in contemporary U.S. social policy.
45. Schram, After Welfare: The Culture of Postindustrial Social Policy (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 8-21.
46. For details on contemporary welfare policy in Europe, see Joel F. Handler, Social Citizenship and Workfare in the United States and Western Europe: The Paradox of Inclusion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), especially chaps. 3 and 4;
47. Neil Gilbert, Transformation of the Welfare State: The Silent Surrender of Public Responsibility (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
48. King, Actively Seeking Work? The Politics of Unemployment and Welfare Policy in the United States and Great Britain (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
49. David Schmitz, "Taking Responsibility," in David Schmitz and Robert E. Goodin, Social Welfare and Individual Responsibility (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 1-96.
50. See, for example, Michael B. Katz, The Undeserving Poor: From the War on Poverty to the War on Welfare (New York: Pantheon Books, 1990);
51. Robert Greenstein, "Losing Faith in 'Losing Ground': The Intellectual Mugging of the Great Society," New Republic 192.13 (March 25, 1985): 12-17.
52. Mead, Beyond Entitlement, 19.
53. Mead, Beyond Entitlement, especially chap. 2.
54. Mead, Beyond Entitlement, 55.
55. Mead, Beyond Entitlement, 54-61.
56. Jill Quadagno, The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994)
57. Linda Faye Williams, The Constraint of Race: Legacies of White Skin Privilege in America (State College: Penn State University Press, 2003), especially chaps. 5, 6, and 7.
58. Murray, Losing Ground, 44.
59. Mead, Beyond Entitlement, 46.
60. Mead, Beyond Entitlement, 55.
61. Murray, Losing Ground, 29.
62. Mead, Beyond Entitlement, 57.
63. William Ryan, Blaming the Victim (New York: Pantheon Books, 1971), 248.
64. Mead, Beyond Entitlement, 57.
65. William Julius Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
66. When Work Disappears:The World of the New Urban Poor (New York: Knopf, 1996).
67. See Linda Darling-Hammond, "Unequal Opportunity: Race and Education," Brookings Review 16.2 (Spring 1998): 28-32.
68. Murray, Losing Ground, 227.
69. Mark R. Rank, Living on the Edge: The Realities of Welfare in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994).
70. See Jennifer L. Hochschild, "The Politics of the Estranged Poor," Ethics 101.3 (April 1991): 560-578. The estranged poor in many ways act very much like other Americans, except that they do more of whatever the rest of us do and are harmed more in so doing.
71. See, for example, Jacquelin W. Scarborough, "Welfare Mothers' Reflections on Personal Responsibility," Journal of Social Issues 57.2 (2001): 261-276.
72. Mark R. Rank, One Nation Underprivileged: Why American Poverty Affects Us All (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
73. Erik Rakowski, Equal Justice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991);
74. G. A. Cohen, "On the Currency of Egalitarian Justice," Ethics 99.4 (July 1989): 906-944.
75. Richard J. Arneson, "Equality and Equal Opportunity for Welfare," Philosophical Studies 56.1 (May 1989): 77-93.
76. John E. Roemer, Theories of Distributive Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996).
77. Dworkin, "Justice, Insurance, and Luck," in Sovereign Virtue, 331-340.
78. Dworkin, "Equality of What?" in Sovereign Virtue, 82.
79. Samuel Scheffler, "What Is Egalitarianism?," Philosophy and Public Affairs 31.1 (Winter 2003): 21.
80. Elizabeth Anderson, "What Is the Point of Equality?" Ethics 109.2 (January 1999):319.
81. S. L. Hurley, Justice, Luck, and Knowledge (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), especially introduction, chaps. 5 and 6.
82. Judith Shklar, The Faces of Injustice (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990).
83. See Anne Phillips, Which Equalities Matter? (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999), 55-60;
84. Christopher Lake, Equality and Responsibility (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), chap. 5.
85. Shklar, The Faces of Injustice, 67.
86. Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), chap. 1;
87. Iris Marion Young, "Taking the Basic Structure Seriously," Perspectives on Politics 4.1 (March 2006): 91-97.
88. Roemer, Theories of Distributive Justice.
89. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984).
90. Nancy L. Rosenblum, "Civic Equality," Boston Review, http://bostonreview.net/BR20.2/Rosenblum.html (accessed 9/18/2003).
91. Rosenblum, "Civic Equality."
92. Hannah Arendt, "Organized Guilt and Universal Responsibility," in Essays in Understanding, 1930-1954, ed. Jerome Kohn (New York: Harcourt-Brace, 1994), 121-132.
93. Hannah Arendt, "Collective Responsibility," in Amor Mundi: Explorations in the Faith and Thought of Hannah Arendt, ed. James W. Bernauer (Boston: M. Nijhoff, 1987), 43-50.
94. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York:Viking Press, 1963).
95. Arendt, "Collective Responsibility," 43.
96. Arendt, "Organized Guilt," 126.
97. Arendt, Eichmann, 278.
98. Arendt, "Collective Responsibility," 43;
99. Eichmann, 251.
100. Arendt, "Collective Responsibility," 45.
101. Arendt, "Collective Responsibility," 47.
102. Arendt, "Organized Guilt," 124.
103. Arendt, "Organized Guilt," 125.
104. Arendt, "Organized Guilt," 125.
105. Arendt, Eichmann, 297-298.
106. Karl Jaspers, The Question of German Guilt, trans. E. B. Ashton [pseudo.] (New York: Capricorn Books, 1961).
107. Arendt, Eichmann, 247.
108. Arendt, "Organized Guilt," 128-129.
109. Arendt, "Organized Guilt," 128-129.
110. Arendt, "Organized Guilt," 129.
111. Arendt, Eichmann, 159.
112. Arendt, Eichmann, 98-99.
113. Arendt, Eichmann, 104.
114. Arendt, Eichmann, 104.
115. Arendt, Eichmann, 176-180.
116. Arendt, Eichmann, 99-100.
117. Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, (1958), 176-178.
118. Arendt, Eichmann, 104.
119. Arendt, Eichmann, 171.
120. Arendt, Eichmann, 187.
121. Arendt, Eichmann, 165.
122. Liam Murphy gives a powerful account of the demanding requirements of moral responsibility under circumstances of injustice. See Liam B. Murphy, Moral Demands in Nonideal Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
123. "Milwaukee Council Votes for No Sweat Apparel" (April 15, 2003), Sweatfree Communities, www.sweatfree.org/campaign_news03. Accessed June 11, 2010.
124. Lisa Featherstone, Students against Sweatshops (London: Verso, 2000);
125. Mischa Gaus, "The Maturing Movement against Sweatshops," In These Times 28.6 (February 16, 2004): 34, 52.
126. Peter Kwong, "Forbidden Workers and the U.S. Labor Movement: Fuzhounese in New York City," Critical Asian Studies 31.1 (March 2002): 69-88.
127. Edna Bonacich and Richard P. Appelbaum, Behind the Label: Inequality in the Los Angeles Apparel Industry (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
128. Kimberly Ann Elliott and Richard B. Freeman, Can Labor Standards Improve under Globalization? (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, (2003), 55.
129. For an account of working conditions, see Ellen Israel Rosen, Making Sweatshops:The Globalization of the U.S. Apparel Industry (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), chap. 2;
130. Naomi Klein, No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies (New York:Picador, 1999), especially chap. 9.
131. See Women Working Worldwide, "Garment Industry Subcontracting and Workers' Rights" (2003), www.women-ww.org.resources.html. Accessed June 11, 2010.
132. See Saba Gul Khattak, "Subcontracted Work and Gender Relations: The Case of Pakistan," in Radhika Balakrishnan, ed., The Hidden Assembly Line: Gender Dynamics of Subcontracted Work in a Global Economy (Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2002), 35-62.
133. Andrew Ross, Low Pay, High Profile: The Global Push for Fair Labor (New York:New Press, 2004), especially chap. 2.
134. Elliott and Freeman, Can Labor Standards Improve under Globalization? 50-54.
135. Elisabeth Prugl and Irene Tinker, "Microentrepreneurs and Homeworkers:Convergent Categories," World Development 25.9 (September 1997): 1471-1482
136. See John Miller, "Why Economists Are Wrong about Sweatshops and the Antisweatshop Movement," Challenge 46.1 (January-February 2003): 93-122;
137. Robert Pollin, Justine Burns, and James Heintz, "Global Apparel Production and Sweatshop Labor: Can Raising Retail Prices Finance Living Wages?" Cambridge Journal of Economics 28.2 (March 2004): 153-171.
138. Jill Esbenshade, Monitoring Sweatshops: Workers, Consumers, and the Global Apparel Industry (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004).
139. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, (1971), 7-8.
140. John Rawls, The Law of Peoples (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, (1999), 11-22.
141. David Miller, On Nationality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
142. David Miller, Principles of Social Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).
143. Margaret Gilbert, Sociality and Responsibility: New Essays in Plural Subject Theory (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), chaps. 7 and 8.
144. Peter Singer, Practical Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), chaps. 1 and 9.
145. Peter Unger, Living High and Letting Die: Our Illusion of Innocence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
146. See, for example, Samuel Scheffler, Boundaries and Allegiances: Problems of Justice and Responsibility in Liberal Thought (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001)
147. Neera K. Badhwar, "International Aid: When Giving Becomes a Vice," Social Philosophy and Policy 23.1 (January 2006): 69-101.
148. See my "Two Concepts of Self-Determination," in Austin Sarat and Thomas R. Kearns, eds., Human Rights: Concepts, Contests, Contingencies (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001), 25-44.
149. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1988).
150. Charles R. Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979).
151. Thomas Pogge, "Moral Universalism and Global Economic Justice," in World Poverty and Human Rights: Cosmopolitan Responsibilities and Reforms (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002), 91-117.
152. Allen Buchanan, Justice, Legitimacy, and Self-Determination: Moral Foundations for International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, (2004), 213.
153. Buchanan, Justice, Legitimacy, and Self-Determination, 213-214.
154. Joel Feinberg, "Duties, Rights, and Claims," in Rights, Justice, and the Bonds of Liberty: Essays in Social Philosophy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980);
155. Henry Richardson, "Institutionally Divided Moral Philosophy," in Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D. Miller, and Jeffrey Paul, eds., Responsibility (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
156. Jeffrey D. Sachs, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (New York: Penguin Books, 2005).
157. Buchanan, Justice, Legitimacy, and Self-Determination, especially part 4.
158. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, trans. Charles Lam Markmann (New York:Grove Press, 1967), 229-231.
159. Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, 226.
160. Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, 231.
161. Wendy Brown, States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1995).
162. Roy L. Brooks, ed., When Sorry Isn't Enough: The Controversy over Apologies and Reparations for Human Injustice (New York: New York University Press, 1999).
163. Randall Robinson, The Debt: What America Owes to Blacks (New York: Penguin Books, 2000).
164. See Eric A. Posner and Adrian Vermeule, "Reparations for Slavery and Other Historical Injustices," Columbia Law Review 103.3 (April 2003): 689-747.
165. Richard F. America, "Reparations and Public Policy," Review of Black Political Economy 26.3 (March 1999): 77-83.
166. Dalton Conley, "Forty Acres and a Mule: What If America Pays Reparations?" Contexts Magazine 1.3 (Fall 2002): 17.
167. Conley, "Calculating Slavery Reparations:Theory, Numbers, and Implications," in John Torpey, ed., Politics and the Past: On Repairing Historical Injustices (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003), 117-125.
168. Robert S. Browne, "Achieving Parity through Reparations," in Richard F. America, ed., The Wealth of Races: The Present Value of Benefits from Past Injustices (New York:Greenwood Press, 1990), 199-206.
169. Rhoda E. Howard-Hassman, "Moral Integrity and Reparations for Africa," in Torpey, Politics and the Past, 193-215.
170. Camille Paglia, "Ask Camille," Salon Magazine, July 8, 1997, www.salon.com.
171. Adolph A. Reed, "The Case against Reparations," Progressive Magazine 64.12 (December 2000):15-17.
172. Charles Maier, "Overcoming the Past? Narrative and Negotiation, Remembering and Reparation: Issues at the Interface of History and the Law," in Torpey, Politics and the Past, 295-304.
173. Rogers M. Smith, Stories of Peoplehood: The Politics and Morals of Political Membership (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
174. See Moira Gatens and Genevieve Lloyd, Collective Imaginings: Spinoza, Past and Present (New York: Routledge, 1999), especially chap. 6.
175. Lawrie Balfour, "Unreconstructed Democracy: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Case for Reparations," American Political Science Review 97.1 (February 2003): 33-44.
176. Glenn C. Loury, The Anatomy of Racial Inequality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
177. Charles Murray, Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1984).
178. William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York: Knopf, 1996).
179. See Melissa Williams, Voice, Trust, and Memory: Marginalized Groups and the Failings of Liberal Representation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998);
180. Iris Marion Young, Inclusion and Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), especially chaps. 3, 4, and 6.
181. The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements (UN-Habitat, 2003).
182. See Iris Marion Young, "Katrina: Too Much Blame, Not Enough Responsibility," Dissent 53.1 (Winter 2006): 41-46.
183. John Gilderbloom and Richard Appelbaum summarize this argument. See Gilderbloom and Appelbaum, Rethinking Rental Housing (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988), 51-52.
184. William H. Sewell, "A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation," in Logics of History: Social Theory and Social Transformation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 125.
185. Jeffrey Reiman, Justice and Modern Moral Philosophy (New Haven: Yale University Press, (1989), 213.
186. Jean-Paul Sartre, Critique of Dialectical Reason, trans. Alan Sheridan-Smith (London: New Left Books, 1976), 318.
187. Marilyn Frye, "Oppression," in The Politics of Reality: Essays in Feminist Theory (Freedom, CA: Crossing Press, 1993).
188. Peter M. Blau, Inequality and Heterogeneity: A Primitive Theory of Social Structure (New York: Free Press, (1977), 4.
189. Pierre Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice, trans. Richard Nice (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), book 1.
190. Pierre Bourdieu, The Social Structures of the Economy, trans. Chris Turner (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2005).
191. Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 1 (New York: International Publishers, 1973), part 2, chaps. 4, 5, and 6, and part 3, chap. 7, 146-198;
192. Karl Marx, Grundrisse (New York:Vintage Books, 1973), 239-256.
193. Charles Tilly, Durable Inequality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
194. See Iris Marion Young, "Equality of Whom?-Social Groups and Judgments of Injustice," Journal of Political Philosophy 9.1 (March 2001): 1-18.
195. Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn, "Gender Differences in Pay," Journal of Economic Perspectives 14.4 (Fall 2000): 75-99;
196. M. V. Lee Badgett and Nancy Folbre, "Job Gendering: Occupational Choice and the Labor Market," Industrial Relations 42.2 (April 2003): 270-298.
197. See Jon Elster, "The Case for Methodological Individualism," Theory and Society 11.4 (July 1982): 453-482.
198. Anthony Giddens, Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure, and Contradiction in Social Analysis (Berkeley: University of California Press, (1979), 64.
199. For one very useful effort in that direction, see Rob Stones, Structuration Theory (Hampshire, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
200. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984).
201. Sartre, Critique of Dialectical Reason, 277-292.
202. Garrett Hardin, "The Tragedy of the Commons," Science 162.3859 (December 13, 1968): 1243-1248.
203. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, rev. ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).
204. Rawls, A Theory of Justice, 6.
205. Rawls, A Theory of Justice, 6-7.
206. Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, (1993), 282-283.
207. Compare Rawls, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, (2001), 53-54.
208. G. A. Cohen, "Where the Action Is: On the Site of Distributive Justice," in If You're an Egalitarian How Come You're So Rich? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 137.
209. Liam Murphy, "Institutions and the Demands of Justice," Philosophy and Public Affairs 27.4 (Autumn 1998): 253.
210. Murphy, "Institutions and the Demands of Justice," 281.
211. Pogge, "Cosmopolitanism and Sovereignty," in Thomas Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights:Cosmopolitan Responsibilities and Reforms (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002), 168-195;
212. Cohen and Murphy, "On the Site of Distributive Justice:Reflections on Cohen and Murphy," Philosophy and Public Affairs 29.2 (Spring 2000):137-169.
213. Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974).
214. Rawls, Political Liberalism, 267.