Tick pests and vectors (Acari: Ixodoidea) in European towns: Introduction, persistence and management

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 41-47

  Uspensky, Igor ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

Tick introduction; Tick management; Tick persistence; Tick borne diseases; Ticks; Urban areas

Indexed keywords

AMBLYOMMA AMERICANUM; AMBLYOMMA VARIEGATUM; ARGAS REFLEXUS; BORRELIA BURGDORFERI; DERMACENTOR; DERMACENTOR ALBIPICTUS; DERMACENTOR VARIABILIS; DISEASE CARRIER; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; EUROPE; EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION; HAEMAPHYSALIS LEACHI; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; HOST RANGE; INFECTION RISK; IXODES RICINUS; IXODES SCAPULARIS; MIGRATION; POPULATION DISPERSION; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RHIPICEPHALUS SANGUINEUS; SHORT SURVEY; SPECIES INVASION; TICK; TICK BORNE DISEASE; TICK INFESTATION; URBANIZATION; VECTOR CONTROL; ANIMAL; CAT; CAT DISEASES; DOG; DOG DISEASES; DOMESTIC ANIMAL; ENVIRONMENT; HUMAN; PARASITE VECTOR; PARASITOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; TICK INFESTATIONS; TICK-BORNE DISEASES;

ACARI; ANIMALIA; ARGAS REFLEXUS; ARGASIDAE; CANIS FAMILIARIS; COLUMBA; IXODIDA; IXODIDAE; IXODOIDEA; RHIPICEPHALUS SANGUINEUS; RODENTIA;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, DOMESTIC; ARACHNID VECTORS; CAT DISEASES; CATS; DOG DISEASES; DOGS; ENVIRONMENT; EUROPE; HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; TICK INFESTATIONS; TICK-BORNE DISEASES; TICKS;

EID: 84888328267     PISSN: 1877959X     EISSN: 18779603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.07.011     Document Type: Short Survey

References (113)

1. Akimov I.A., Nebogatkin I.V. Ticks of Kiev - urbozoological and epizootiological aspects. Vest. Zoolog. 2002, 36:91-95. (in Russian).
2. Allen P. Thousands of French chipmunks carrying potentially fatal diseases ready to invade Britain. Mail Online 2009, July 23 (Available at: www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1201456).
3. Anonymous Brown dog tick spreading around Finland. Helsingin Sanomat, Intern. Edition 2007, September.
4. Asiegbu M.F. African migrants in spite of 'fortress' Europe: an essay in philosophy of popular culture. African Journal Online 2010, Available at: www.ajol.info/index.php/og/article/newfile/52332/40957.
5. Bašta J., Plch J., Hulínská D., Daniel M. Incidence of Borrelia garinii and Borrelia afzelii in Ixodes ricinus ticks in an urban environment, Prague, Czech Republic, between 1995 and 1998. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1999, 18:515-517.
6. Bellamy R., Salmon R. Risk of importation of diseases exotic to Great Britain following the relaxation of quarantine regulations. Q. J. Med. 1999, 92:683-687.
7. Benassi G., Bertolino S. Distribution and activity of the introduced Tamias sibiricus (Laxmann, 1769) in an urban park in Rome, Italy. Mammalia 2011, 75:87-90.
8. Berthold P. Bird Migration: A General Survey 1993, Oxford University Press, New York.
9. Bertolino S., Currado I., Mazzoglio P.J., Amori G. Native and alien squirrels in Italy. Hystrix (n.s.) 2000, 11:65-74.
10. Biaduń W. New habitats of Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius, 1794) in the Lublin region. Polish J. Environ. Stud. 2011, 20:263-266.
11. Bradley C.A., Altizer S. Urbanization and the ecology of wildlife diseases. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2007, 22:95-102.
12. Braks M., van der Giessen J., Kretzschmar M., van Pelt W., Scholte E.-J., Reusken C., Zeller H., van Bortel W., Sprong H. Towards an integrated approach in surveillance of vector-borne diseases in Europe. Parasit. Vectors 2011, 4:192. 10.1186/1756-3305-4-192.
13. Bullová E., Lukáň M., Stanko M., Pet'ko B. Spatial distribution of Dermacentor reticulatus in Slovakia in the beginning of the 21st century. Vet. Parasitol. 2009, 165:357-360.
14. Chapuis J.-L. Répartition en France d'un animal de compagnie naturalisé, le Tamia de Sibérie Tamias sibiricus. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 2005, 60:239-253.
15. Chapuis J.-L. Tamias sibiricus. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe 2006, Available at: www.europe-aliens.org/pdf/Tamias_sibiricus.pdf.
16. Ciceroni L., Bartoloni A., Leoncini F., Ciarrocchi S., Pinto A., Favia G., Bartalesi F., Scagnoli L., Iori A. Risk of tick-borne bacterial diseases in humans in the Florence area, Tuscany. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2003, 990:346-349.
17. Comer J.A., Paddock C.D., Childs J.E. Urban zoonoses caused by Bartonella, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia species. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2001, 1:91-118.
18. Daniel M., Černy V. Occurrence of the tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) under the conditions of anthropopressure. Folia Parasitol. 1990, 37:183-186.
19. Dantas-Torres F. Biology and ecology of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Parasit. Vectors 2010, 3:26. 10.1186/1756-3305-3-26.
20. Dantas-Torres F., Chomel B.B., Otranto D. Ticks and tick-borne diseases: a One Health perspective. Trends Parasitol. 2012, 28:437-446.
21. Dautel H., Kahl O. Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) and their medical importance in the urban environment. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Urban Pests 1999, 73-82. Czech University of Agriculture, Prague. W.H. Robinson, F. Rettich, G.W. Rambo (Eds.).
22. Dautel H., Kahl O., Knülle W. The soft tick Argas reflexus (F.) (Acari, Argasidae) in urban environments and its medical significance in Berlin (West). J. Appl. Entomol. 1991, 111:380-390.
23. Dautel H., Dippel C., Oehme R., Hartelt K. Evidence for an increased geographical distribution of Dermacentor reticulatus in Germany and detection of Rickettsia sp. RpA4. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 2006, 296(Suppl. 40):149-156.
24. Decker D.J., Evensen D.T.N., Siemer W.F., Leong K.M., Riley S.J., Wild M.A., Castle K.T., Higgins C.L. Understanding risk perceptions to enhance communications about human-wildlife interactions and the impacts of zoonotic disease. ILAR J. 2010, 51:255-261.
25. De Sousa R., Santos-Silva M., Santos A.S., Barros S.C., Torgal J., Walker D.H., Bacellar F. Rickettsia conorii Israeli tick typhus strain isolated from Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks in Portugal. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2007, 7:444-447.
26. Dusbábek F. Identity of Argas (Argas) polonicus populations in Czechoslovakia and Poland. Folia Parasitol. 1985, 32:163-171.
27. Filippova N.A. Argasid Ticks (Argasidae). Fauna of USSR, Arachnoidea 4(3) 1966, 'Nauka' Publishing House, Moskva, Leningrad, (in Russian).
28. Filippova N.A., Wilamowski A., Bromley-Schnur H., Uspensky I. Ticks of the subgenus Argas and findings of Argas latus in Israel. Med. Vet. Entomol. 1999, 13:212-213.
29. Földvári G., Rigó K., Jablonszky M., Biró N., Majoros G., Molnár V., Tóth M. Ticks and the city: ectoparasites of the Northern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus) in an urban park. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2011, 2:231-234.
30. Garben A.F., Bosman B.T., van Bronswijk J.E. The brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latreille, 1806 in the Netherlands, an analysis of imported cases, including their veterinary and medical significance. Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd. 1980, 105:192-203. (in Dutch).
31. GEO-3 Global Environment Outlook 3. UNEP Earthscan 2002, Earthscan Publ. Ltd., London.
32. Gern L., Rouvinez E., Toutoungi L.N., Godfroid E. Transmission cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato involving Ixodes ricinus and/or I. hexagonus ticks and the European hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus, in suburban and urban areas in Switzerland. Folia Parasitol. 1997, 44:309-314.
33. Ginsberg H.S., Faulde M.K. Ticks. Public Health Significance of Urban Pests 2008, 303-345. W.H.O. Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen. X. Bonnefoy, H. Kampen, K. Sweeney (Eds.).
34. Glaser B., Gothe R. Importierte arthropodenübertragene Parasiten und parasitische Arthropoden beim Hund. Erregerspektrum und epidemiologische Analyse der 1995/96 diagnostizierten Fälle. Tierärztl. Prax. 1998, 26(K):40-46.
35. Glaser B., Gothe R. Hundetourismus und -import: eine Umfrage in Deutschland zu Ausmaß sowie Spektrum und Präferenz der Aufenthalts- bzw. Herkunftsländer. Tierärztl. Prax. 1998, 26(K):197-202.
36. Gratz N.G. Urbanization, arthropod and rodent pests, and human health. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Urban Pests 1999, 51-58. Czech University of Agriculture, Prague. W.H. Robinson, F. Rettich, G.W. Rambo (Eds.).
37. Gray J.S., Kahl O., Janetzki-Mittman C., Stein J., Guy E. Acquisition of Borrelia burgdorferi by Ixodes ricinus ticks fed on the European hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus L. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 1994, 18:485-491.
38. Gusev V.M. Birds as a factor contributing to the expansion of the range borders of certain species of ectoparasites. Zool. Zhurn. 1962, 41:1061-1066. (in Russian).
39. Haag-Wackernagel D. Regulation of the street pigeon in Basel. Wildlife Soc. Bull. 1995, 23:256-260.
40. Hackman W. The tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus found in Finland (Acarina, Ixodidae). Memor. Soc. Fauna Flora Fenn. 1977, 53:116. (in Finnish with English summary).
41. Hamel D., Silaghi C., Zapadynska S., Kudrin A., Pfister K. Vector-borne pathogens in ticks and EDTA-blood samples collected from client-owned dogs, Kiev, Ukraine. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2013, 4:152-155.
42. Hemmersbach-Miller M., Parola P., Raoult D., Brouqui P. A homeless man with maculopapular rash who died in Marseille, France. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004, 38:1493-1494.
43. Hoffmann G. Die Braune Hundezecke (Rhipicephalus sanguineus L.) in Berlin (West) - Epizootiologische Untersuchungen unter Einschaltung von Massenmedien. Bundesgesundhbl. 1981, 24:153-163.
44. Hoogstraal H. The influence of human activity on tick distribution, density, and diseases. Wiadom. Parasitol. 1972, 18:501-511.
45. Hoogstraal H., Kohls G.M. Observations on the subgenus Argas (Ixodoidea, Argasidae, Argas). 1. Study of A. reflexus reflexus (Fabricius, 1794), the European bird argasid. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1960, 53:611-617.
46. Hoogstraal H., Kohls G.M. Observations on the subgenus Argas (Ixodoidea, Argasidae, Argas). 3. A biological and systematic study of A. reflexus hermanni Audouin, 1827 (revalidated), the African bird argasid. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1960, 53:743-755.
47. Hoogstraal H., Kaiser M.N., Traylor M.A., Gaber S., Guindy E. Ticks (Ixodoidea) on birds migrating from Africa to Europe and Asia. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 1961, 24:197-212.
48. Hoogstraal H., Kaiser M.N., Traylor M.A., Guindy E., Gaber S. Ticks (Ixodoidea) on birds migrating from Europe and Asia to Africa. Bull. World Health Org. 1963, 28:235-262.
49. Hornok S., Farkas R. First autochthonous case of dogs with Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Hungary: case report and review of current knowledge of this tick species. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 2005, 127:623-629. (in Hungarian with English summary).
50. Hubálek Z., Halouzka J., Juřicová Z. Prevalence of borreliae in Ixodes ricinus ticks from urban parks. Folia Parasitol. 1993, 40:236.
51. IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature, Red List of Threatened Species, Columba livia 2012, Available at: www.iucnredlist.org/details/full/106002444/0.
52. Jacobson R.L. A Clinico-epidemiological Study of 103 Cases of Tick-borne Spotted Fever in Jerusalem 1982, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, (M.Sc. Thesis).
53. Jaenson T.G.T., Tälleklint L., Lundqvist L., Olsén B., Chirico J., Mejlon H. Geographical distribution, host associations, and vector roles of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae, Argasidae) in Sweden. J. Med. Entomol. 1994, 31:240-256.
54. Jameson L.J., Medlock J.M. Results of HPA tick surveillance in Great Britain. Vet. Rec. 2009, 165:154.
55. Jameson L.J., Phipps L.P., Medlock J.M. Surveillance for exotic ticks on companion animals in the UK. Vet. Rec. 2010, 166:202-204.
56. Kahl O., Radda A.C. Occurrence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in Berlin (West). Zentrbl. Bakteriol. Hyg. A 1988, 268:482-486.
57. Kahl O., Schmidt K., Schönberg A., Laukamm-Josten U., Knülle W., Bienzle U. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Berlin (West). Zentrbl. Bakteriol. Hyg. A 1989, 270:434-440.
58. Korenberg E., Černý V., Daniel M. Occurrence of ixodid ticks - the main vectors of tick-borne encephalitis virus in urbanized territory. Folia Parasitol. 1984, 31:365-370.
59. Labzin V.V. Parasitizing on mammals. The Taiga Tick Ixodes persulcatus Schulze (Acarina, Ixodidae) 1985, 291-307. 'Nauka' Publishing House, Leningrad, (in Russian). N.A. Filippova (Ed.).
60. Liebisch G., Paufler S., Liebisch A. Ein aktueller Fallbericht über die Gefahr der Verbreitung von Zecken durch die Aktivitäten des Menschen: Import der Zeckenart Dermacentor albipictus aus den USA mit einem Pferd nach Deutschland. Prakt. Tierarzt 2006, 11:874-882.
61. Lillehaug A., Mehl R., Gjerde B. Importation of Dermacentor albipictus into Europe. Vet. Rec. 2002, 151:94-95.
62. Little S.E., Hostetler J., Kocan K.M. Movement of Rhipicephalus sanguineus adults between co-housed dogs during active feeding. Vet. Parasitol. 2007, 150:139-145.
63. Long J.L. Introduced Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution, and Influence 2003, CABI and CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria.
64. LoGiudice K., Ostfeld R.S., Schmidt K.A., Keesing F. The ecology of infectious disease: effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2003, 100:567-571.
65. Loth L. Review of exotic tick interceptions in New Zealand since 1980. Surveillance 2005, 32:7-9.
66. Maetzel D., Maier W.A., Kampen H. Borrelia burgdorferi infection prevalence in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in urban and suburban Bonn, western Germany. Parasitol. Res. 2005, 95:5-12.
67. Malmivaara M., Löfström I., Vanha-Majamaa I. Anthropogenic effects on understorey vegetation in Myrtillus type urban forests in southern Finland. Silva Fennica 2002, 36:367-381.
68. Marsot M., Sigaud M., Chapuis J.-L., Ferquel E., Cornet M., Vourc'h G. Introduced Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus barberi) harbor more-diverse Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies than native bank voles (Myodes glareolus). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 77:5716-5721.
69. McGarry J.W., McCall P.J., Welby S. Arthropod dermatoses acquired in the UK and overseas. Lancet 2001, 357:2105-2106.
70. Medlock J.M., Jameson L.J. Ecological approaches to informing public health policy and risk assessments on emerging vector-borne diseases. Emerg. Health Threats J. 2010, 3:e1. 10.3134/ehtj.10.001.
71. Menn B., Lorentz S., Naucke T.J. Imported and travelling dogs as carriers of canine vector-borne pathogens in Germany. Parasit. Vectors 2010, 3:34. 10.1186/1756-3305-3-34.
72. Miller J.R., Hobbs R.J. Conservation where people live and work. Conserv. Biol. 2002, 16:330-337.
73. Nijhof A.M., Bodaan C., Postigo M., Nieuwenhuijs H., Opsteegh M., Franssen L., Jebbink F., Jongejan F. Ticks and associated pathogens collected from domestic animals in the Netherlands. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2007, 7:585-595.
74. Nowak M. The international trade in reptiles (Reptilia) - the cause of the transfer of exotic ticks (Acari: Ixodida) to Poland. Vet. Parasitol. 2010, 169:373-381.
75. Parola P., Socolovschi C., Jeanjean L., Bitam I., Fournier P.-E., Sotto A., Labauge P., Raoult D. Warmer weather linked to tick attack and emergence of severe rickettsiosis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2008, 2:e338. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000338.
76. Péter O., Burgdorfer W., Aeschlimann A., Chatelanat P. Rickettsia conorii isolated from Rhipicephalus sanguineus introduced into Switzerland on a pet dog. Zeitschr. Parasitenk. 1984, 70:265-270.
77. Pietzsch M., Quest R., Hillyard P.D., Medlock J.M., Leach S. Importation of exotic ticks into the United Kingdom via the international trade in reptiles. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 2006, 38:59-65.
78. Pisanu B., Marsot M., Marmet J., Chapuis J.-L., Réale D., Vourc'h G. Introduced Siberian chipmunks are more heavily infested by ixodid ticks than are native bank voles in a suburban forest in France. Int. J. Parasitol. 2010, 40:1277-1283.
79. Radda A. Die Zeckenenzephalitis in Europa. Zeitschr. Angew. Zool. 1973, 60:409-461.
80. Raoult D., Tissot-Dupont H., Chicheportiche C., Gilot B., Drancourt M. Mediterranean spotted fever in Marseille: correlation between prevalence of hospitalized patients, seroepidemiology and prevalence of infected ticks in three different areas. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1993, 48:249-256.
81. Rees D.H.E., Axford J.S. Evidence for Lyme disease in urban park workers: a potential new health hazard for city inhabitants. Br. J. Rheumatol. 1994, 33:123-128.
82. Renvoisé A., Delaunay P., Blanchouin E., Cannavo I., Cua E., Socolovschi C., Parola P., Raoult D. Urban family cluster of spotted fever rickettsiosis linked to Rhipicephalus sanguineus infected with Rickettsia conorii subsp. caspia and Rickettsia massiliae. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2012, 3:389-392.
83. Robinson W.H. Handbook of Urban Insects and Arachnids 2005, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
84. Romanenko V.N. Long-term dynamics of the abundance and species composition of ixodid ticks (Ixodidae) on the disturbed under anthropogenic pressure and natural territories. Parazitologiya 2011, 45:384-391. (in Russian).
85. Rosický B. Animals, parasites and zoonoses in different types of urban areas. Folia Parasitol. 1978, 25:193-200.
86. Ruiz M.F., Orcellet V.M., Iriarte J.A., Carrera M., Guglielmone A.A. The presence of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) and Amblyomma tigrinum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) in southern Argentina. Syst. Appl. Acarol. 2003, 8:89-92.
87. Rylnikov V. Palearctic synanthropic rodent control. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Urban Pests 2011, 237-243. Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. W.H. Robinson, A.E. de Carvalho Campos (Eds.).
88. Schorn S., Pfister K., Reulen H., Mahling M., Silaghi C. Occurrence of Babesia spp., Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp. in Ixodes ricinus in Bavarian public parks, Germany. Parasit. Vectors 2011, 4:135. 10.1186/1756-3305-4-135.
89. Shekhanov M.V. Indigenous infection of representatives of the orders Lagomorpha and Rodentia in the USSR fauna with agents of human diseases. Medical Teriology 1979, 280-293. 'Nauka' Publishing House, Moscow, (in Russian). V.V. Kucheruk (Ed.).
90. Sibomana G., Geerts S., Vries T. The establishment of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) inside houses in Belgium. Ann. Soc. Belge Med. Trop. 1986, 66:79-81.
91. Silaghi C., Skuballa J., Thiel C., Pfister K., Petney T., Pfäffle M., Taraschewski H., Passos L.M.F. The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) - a suitable reservoir for variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum?. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2012, 3:49-54.
92. Rats, Mice and People: Rodent Biology and Management 2003, ACIAD, Canberra. G.R. Singleton, L.A. Hinds, C.J. Krebs, D.M. Spratt (Eds.).
93. Siński E., Rijpkema S.G. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in Ixodes ricinus ticks at urban and suburban forest habitats. Przegl. Epidemiol. 1997, 51:431-435. (in Polish).
94. Siuda K., Hoogstraal H., Clifford C.M., Wassef H.Y. Observations on the subgenus Argas (Ixodoidea: Argasidae: Argas). 17. Argas (A.) polonicus sp.n. parasitizing domestic pigeons in Krakow, Poland. J. Parasitol. 1979, 65:170-181.
95. Skuballa J., Petney T., Pfäffle M., Oehme R., Hartelt K., Fingerle V., Kimmig P., Taraschewski H. Occurrence of different Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies including B. afzelii, B. bavariensis, and B. spielmanii in hedgehogs (Erinaceus spp.) in Europe. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2012, 3:8-13.
96. Slater M.R. The role of veterinary epidemiology in the study of free-roaming dogs and cats. Prev. Vet. Med. 2001, 48:273-286.
97. Sréter T., Széil Z., Varga I. Spatial distribution of Dermacentor reticulatus and Ixodes ricinus in Hungary: evidence for change?. Vet. Parasitol. 2005, 128:347-351.
98. Stańczak J., Gabre R.M., Kruminis-Łozowska W., Racewicz M., Kubica-Biernat B. Ixodes ricinus as a vector of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia microti in urban and suburban forests. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2004, 11:109-114.
99. Steere A.C. Lyme disease: a growing threat to urban populations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91:2378-2383.
100. Straupe I., Jankovska I., Rusina S., Donis J. The impact of recreational pressure on urban pine forest vegetation in Riga city, Latvia. Int. J. Energy Environ. 2012, 4:406-414.
101. Tasker L. Stray Animal Control Practices (Europe) 2007, World Society for the Protection of Animals, London.
102. Theodor O., Costa M. New species and new records of Argasidae from Israel. Observations on the rudimentary scutum and the respiratory system of the larvae of the Argasidae. Parasitology 1960, 50:365-385.
103. UN-Habitat Neglected neighbourhoods create new Paris underclass. City Mayors Soc. 2006, 13. October 5 (Available at: www.citymayors.com/society/paris_immigrants.html).
104. Uspensky I. Ticks as the main target of human tick-borne control: Russian practical experience and its lessons. J. Vector Ecol. 1999, 24:40-53.
105. Uspensky I. Ticks as urban pests and vectors with special emphasis on ticks outside their geographical range. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Urban Pests 2008, 333-347. OOK-Press Kft, Veszprém, Hungary. W.H. Robinson, D. Bajomi (Eds.).
106. Uspensky I. Brown dog tick (or kennel tick) Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae). Encyclopedia of Entomology 2008, vol. 1:577-580. Springer, Dordrecht. 2nd ed.
107. Uspensky I. Attachment of nymphal Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) to a human in an urban area followed by severe adverse reaction shortly before drop-off. Folia Parasitol. 2009, 56:67-69.
108. Uspensky I., Ioffe-Uspensky I. The dog factor in brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) infestations in and near human dwellings. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 2002, 291(Suppl. 33):156-163.
109. Uspensky I., Wilamowski A., Bromley-Schnur H. Dermacentor variabilis in Israel. Vector Ecol. Newsletter 1997, 28(3):9-10.
110. Van der Weijden W.J., Marselis R.A.L., Reinhold W. Invasions of vector-borne diseases driven by transportation and climate change. Emerging Pests and Vector-Borne Diseases in Europe 2007, vol. 1:439-463. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
111. Vourc'h G., Marmet J., Chassagne M., Bord S., Chapuis J.-L. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus) introduced in suburban forests in France. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2007, 7:637-641.
112. Walker J.B., Keirans J.E., Horak I.G. The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae): A Guide to the Brown Ticks of the World 2000, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
113. Wilamowski A., Bromley-Schnur H.J., Ioffe-Uspensky I., Uspensky I. Ticks (Ixodoidea) in Israeli towns. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Urban Pests 1999, 477-483. Czech University of Agriculture, Prague. W.H. Robinson, F. Rettich, G.W. Rambo (Eds.).