메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 1219-1230

Biological lability of dissolved organic carbon in stream water and contributing terrestrial sources

Author keywords

Bioavailability; Deciduous forested watershed; Dissolved organic carbon; Labile; Lability; Semilabile; Storm flow; Terrestrial sources

Indexed keywords

BASEFLOW; BIODEGRADATION; BIOREACTOR; DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON; FORESTED CATCHMENT; HETEROTROPHY; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; OVERLAND FLOW; STORMWATER; STREAMWATER; WATER CHEMISTRY;

EID: 84888264042     PISSN: 21619549     EISSN: 21619565     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1899/12-202.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (54)

References (54)
  • 2
    • 0014469981 scopus 로고
    • Using analytical methods to develop a surface-runoff model
    • BETSON, R. P., R. L. TUCKER, AND F. M. HALLER. 1969. Using analytical methods to develop a surface-runoff model. Water Resources Research 5:103-111.
    • (1969) Water Resources Research , vol.5 , pp. 103-111
    • Betson, R.P.1    Tucker, R.L.2    Haller, F.M.3
  • 3
    • 0001061148 scopus 로고
    • Benthic bacterial biomass supported by streamwater dissolved organic matter
    • BOTT, T. L., L. A. KAPLAN, AND F. T. KUSERK. 1984. Benthic bacterial biomass supported by streamwater dissolved organic matter. Microbial Ecology 10:335-344.
    • (1984) Microbial Ecology , vol.10 , pp. 335-344
    • Bott, T.L.1    Kaplan, L.A.2    Kuserk, F.T.3
  • 4
    • 0042476197 scopus 로고
    • Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, Essex, UK
    • BOWEN, R. 1986. Groundwater. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, Essex, UK.
    • (1986) Groundwater
    • Bowen, R.1
  • 5
    • 0035013234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A stormflow/baseflow comparison of dissolved organic matter concentrations and bioavailability in an Appalachian stream
    • BUFFAM, I., J. N. GALLOWAY, L. K. BLUM, AND K. J. MCGLATHERY. 2001. A stormflow/baseflow comparison of dissolved organic matter concentrations and bioavailability in an Appalachian stream. Biogeochemistry 53:269-306.
    • (2001) Biogeochemistry , vol.53 , pp. 269-306
    • Buffam, I.1    Galloway, J.N.2    Blum, L.K.3    McGlathery, K.J.4
  • 6
    • 49649122316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macroinvertebrate diversity in headwater streams: A review
    • CLARKE, A., R. MAC NALLY, N. BOND, AND P. S. LAKE. 2008. Macroinvertebrate diversity in headwater streams: a review. Freshwater Biology 53:1707-1721.
    • (2008) Freshwater Biology , vol.53 , pp. 1707-1721
    • Clarke, A.1    Mac Nally, R.2    Bond, N.3    Lake, P.S.4
  • 7
    • 0020468012 scopus 로고
    • Interactions between bacteria and algae in aquatic ecosystems
    • COLE, J. J. 1982. Interactions between bacteria and algae in aquatic ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13:291-314.
    • (1982) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.13 , pp. 291-314
    • Cole, J.J.1
  • 8
    • 2042547224 scopus 로고
    • OTHERS Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 888. US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia
    • CORBETT, D. M., AND OTHERS. 1943. Stream-gaging procedure. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 888. US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    • (1943) Stream-gaging Procedure
    • Corbett, D.M.1
  • 9
    • 0031730434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Export of nitrogen from catchments within a temperate forest: Evidence for a unifying mechanism regulated by variable source area dynamics
    • CREED, I. F., AND L. E. BAND. 1998. Export of nitrogen from catchments within a temperate forest: evidence for a unifying mechanism regulated by variable source area dynamics. Water Resources Research 34:3105-3120.
    • (1998) Water Resources Research , vol.34 , pp. 3105-3120
    • Creed, I.F.1    Band, L.E.2
  • 10
    • 67649498306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the concentration, biodegradability, and fluorescent properties of dissolved organic matter during stormflows in coastal temperate watersheds
    • FELLMAN, J. B., E. HOOD, R. T. EDWARDS, AND D. V. D'AMORE. 2009. Changes in the concentration, biodegradability, and fluorescent properties of dissolved organic matter during stormflows in coastal temperate watersheds. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 114: G01021.
    • (2009) Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences , vol.114
    • Fellman, J.B.1    Hood, E.2    Edwards, R.T.3    D'Amore, D.V.4
  • 11
    • 0001693392 scopus 로고
    • Energy flow in Bear Brook, New Hampshire: Integrative approach to stream ecosystem metabolism
    • FISHER, S. G., AND G. E. LIKENS. 1973. Energy flow in Bear Brook, New Hampshire: integrative approach to stream ecosystem metabolism. Ecological Monographs 43: 421-439.
    • (1973) Ecological Monographs , vol.43 , pp. 421-439
    • Fisher, S.G.1    Likens, G.E.2
  • 12
    • 0032311145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissolved carbohydrate concentration, composition, and bioavailability to microbial heterotrophs in stream water
    • GREMM, T. J., AND L. A. KAPLAN. 1998. Dissolved carbohydrate concentration, composition, and bioavailability to microbial heterotrophs in stream water. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica 26:167-171.
    • (1998) Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica , vol.26 , pp. 167-171
    • Gremm, T.J.1    Kaplan, L.A.2
  • 14
    • 0027333201 scopus 로고
    • Dissolved organic carbon control in acid forest soils of the Fichtelgebirge (Germany) as revealed by distribution patterns and structural composition analyses
    • GUGGENBERGER, G., AND W. ZECH. 1993. Dissolved organic carbon control in acid forest soils of the Fichtelgebirge (Germany) as revealed by distribution patterns and structural composition analyses. Geoderma 59:109-129.
    • (1993) Geoderma , vol.59 , pp. 109-129
    • Guggenberger, G.1    Zech, W.2
  • 15
    • 0030616784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The significance of storms for the concentration and export of dissolved organic carbon from two Precambrian Shield catchments
    • HINTON, M. J., S. L. SCHIFF, AND M. C. ENGLISH. 1997. The significance of storms for the concentration and export of dissolved organic carbon from two Precambrian Shield catchments. Biogeochemistry 36:67-88.
    • (1997) Biogeochemistry , vol.36 , pp. 67-88
    • Hinton, M.J.1    Schiff, S.L.2    English, M.C.3
  • 16
    • 62249171616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrospray and photoionization mass spectrometry for the characterization of organic matter in natural waters: A qualitative assessment
    • HOCKADAY, W. C., J. M. PURCELL, A. G. MARSHALL, J. A. BALDOCK, AND P. G. HATCHER. 2009. Electrospray and photoionization mass spectrometry for the characterization of organic matter in natural waters: a qualitative assessment. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 7: 81-95.
    • (2009) Limnology and Oceanography: Methods , vol.7 , pp. 81-95
    • Hockaday, W.C.1    Purcell, J.M.2    Marshall, A.G.3    Baldock, J.A.4    Hatcher, P.G.5
  • 17
    • 0028162529 scopus 로고
    • Hydrological controls on dissolved organic carbon during snowmelt in the Snake River near Montezuma, Colorado
    • HORNBERGER, G. M., K. E. BENCALA, AND D. M. MCKNIGHT. 1994. Hydrological controls on dissolved organic carbon during snowmelt in the Snake River near Montezuma, Colorado. Biogeochemistry 25:147-165.
    • (1994) Biogeochemistry , vol.25 , pp. 147-165
    • Hornberger, G.M.1    Bencala, K.E.2    McKnight, D.M.3
  • 18
    • 54349086340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contributions of riparian and hillslope waters to storm runoff across multiple catchments and storm events in a glaciated forested watershed
    • INAMDAR, S. P., AND M. J. MITCHELL. 2007. Contributions of riparian and hillslope waters to storm runoff across multiple catchments and storm events in a glaciated forested watershed. Journal of Hydrology 341:116-130.
    • (2007) Journal of Hydrology , vol.341 , pp. 116-130
    • Inamdar, S.P.1    Mitchell, M.J.2
  • 20
    • 70349781807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antecedent moisture conditions and catchment morphology as controls on spatial patterns of runoff generation in small forest catchments
    • JAMES, A. L., AND N. T. ROULET. 2009. Antecedent moisture conditions and catchment morphology as controls on spatial patterns of runoff generation in small forest catchments. Journal of Hydrology 377:352-366.
    • (2009) Journal of Hydrology , vol.377 , pp. 352-366
    • James, A.L.1    Roulet, N.T.2
  • 21
    • 0029661758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A long-term perspective of dissolved organic carbon transport in Sycamore Creek, Arizona, USA
    • JONES, J. B., S. G. FISHER, AND N. B. GRIMM. 1996. A long-term perspective of dissolved organic carbon transport in Sycamore Creek, Arizona, USA. Hydrobiologia 317: 183-188.
    • (1996) Hydrobiologia , vol.317 , pp. 183-188
    • Jones, J.B.1    Fisher, S.G.2    Grimm, N.B.3
  • 22
  • 23
    • 84986773976 scopus 로고
    • Diel fluctuations of DOC generated by algae in a piedmont stream
    • KAPLAN, L. A., AND T. L. BOTT. 1982. Diel fluctuations of DOC generated by algae in a piedmont stream. Limnology and Oceanography 27:1091-1100.
    • (1982) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.27 , pp. 1091-1100
    • Kaplan, L.A.1    Bott, T.L.2
  • 24
    • 0021029097 scopus 로고
    • Microbial heterotrophic utilization of dissolved organic matter in a piedmont stream
    • KAPLAN, L. A., AND T. L. BOTT. 1983. Microbial heterotrophic utilization of dissolved organic matter in a piedmont stream. Freshwater Biology 13:363-377.
    • (1983) Freshwater Biology , vol.13 , pp. 363-377
    • Kaplan, L.A.1    Bott, T.L.2
  • 25
    • 0024877383 scopus 로고
    • Diel fluctuations in bacterial activity on streambed substrata during vernal algal blooms: Effects of temperature, water chemistry, and habitat
    • KAPLAN, L. A., AND T. L. BOTT. 1989. Diel fluctuations in bacterial activity on streambed substrata during vernal algal blooms: effects of temperature, water chemistry, and habitat. Limnology and Oceanography 34:718-733.
    • (1989) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.34 , pp. 718-733
    • Kaplan, L.A.1    Bott, T.L.2
  • 26
    • 0003103761 scopus 로고
    • T. E. Ford (editor). Aquatic microbiology: an ecological approach. Blackwell Scientific, Malden, Massachusetts
    • KAPLAN, L. A., AND J. D. NEWBOLD. 1993. Biogeochemistry of dissolved organic carbon entering streams. Pages 139-165 in T. E. Ford (editor). Aquatic microbiology: an ecological approach. Blackwell Scientific, Malden, Massachusetts.
    • (1993) Biogeochemistry of Dissolved Organic Carbon Entering Streams , pp. 139-165
    • Kaplan, L.A.1    Newbold, J.D.2
  • 27
    • 0028973050 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of streamwater biodegradable dissolved organic carbon with a plug-flow bioreactor
    • KAPLAN, L. A., AND J. D. NEWBOLD. 1995. Measurement of streamwater biodegradable dissolved organic carbon with a plug-flow bioreactor. Water Research 29:2696-2706.
    • (1995) Water Research , vol.29 , pp. 2696-2706
    • Kaplan, L.A.1    Newbold, J.D.2
  • 28
    • 41849119449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Untangling the complex issue of dissolved organic carbon uptake: A stable isotope approach
    • KAPLAN, L. A., T. N. WIEGNER, J. D. NEWBOLD, P. H. OSTROM, AND H. GANDHI. 2008. Untangling the complex issue of dissolved organic carbon uptake: a stable isotope approach. Freshwater Biology 53:855-864.
    • (2008) Freshwater Biology , vol.53 , pp. 855-864
    • Kaplan, L.A.1    Wiegner, T.N.2    Newbold, J.D.3    Ostrom, P.H.4    Gandhi, H.5
  • 29
    • 33645086631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biodegradable dissolved organic matter in a temperate and a tropical stream determined from ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry
    • KIM, S., L. A. KAPLAN, AND P. G. HATCHER. 2006. Biodegradable dissolved organic matter in a temperate and a tropical stream determined from ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry. Limnology and Oceanography 51: 1054-1063.
    • (2006) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.51 , pp. 1054-1063
    • Kim, S.1    Kaplan, L.A.2    Hatcher, P.G.3
  • 30
    • 4243123959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production and bioavailability of autochthonous dissolved organic carbon: Effects of mesozooplankton
    • KRAGH, T., AND M. SØNDERGAARD. 2004. Production and bioavailability of autochthonous dissolved organic carbon: effects of mesozooplankton. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 36:61-72.
    • (2004) Aquatic Microbial Ecology , vol.36 , pp. 61-72
    • Kragh, T.1    Søndergaard, M.2
  • 32
    • 80052489380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns and dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in boreal streams: The role of processes, connectivity, and scaling
    • LAUDON, H., M. BERGGREN, A. AGREN, I. BUFFAM, K. BISHOP, T. GRABS, M. JANSSON, AND S. KOHLER. 2011. Patterns and dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in boreal streams: the role of processes, connectivity, and scaling. Ecosystems 14:880-893.
    • (2011) Ecosystems , vol.14 , pp. 880-893
    • Laudon, H.1    Berggren, M.2    Agren, A.3    Buffam, I.4    Bishop, K.5    Grabs, T.6    Jansson, M.7    Kohler, S.8
  • 33
    • 0026339742 scopus 로고
    • Biological availability of dissolved organic carbon along the Ogeechee River
    • LEFF, L. G., AND J. L. MEYER. 1991. Biological availability of dissolved organic carbon along the Ogeechee River. Limnology and Oceanography 36:315-323.
    • (1991) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.36 , pp. 315-323
    • Leff, L.G.1    Meyer, J.L.2
  • 34
    • 1442320003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Where does water go when it rains? Moving beyond the variable source area concept of rainfall-runoff response
    • MCDONNELL, J. J. 2003. Where does water go when it rains? Moving beyond the variable source area concept of rainfall-runoff response. Hydrological Processes 17: 1869-1875.
    • (2003) Hydrological Processes , vol.17 , pp. 1869-1875
    • McDonnell, J.J.1
  • 35
    • 0000104383 scopus 로고
    • Origin, composition, and flux of dissolved organic carbon in the Hubbard Brook Valley
    • MCDOWELL, W. H., AND G. E. LIKENS. 1988. Origin, composition, and flux of dissolved organic carbon in the Hubbard Brook Valley. Ecological Monographs 58: 177-195.
    • (1988) Ecological Monographs , vol.58 , pp. 177-195
    • McDowell, W.H.1    Likens, G.E.2
  • 36
    • 84866678033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of dissolved organic carbon contribution from hillslope soils to a headwater stream
    • doi. 10.1029/2011WR010815
    • MEI, Y., G. M. HORNBERGER, L. A. KAPLAN, J. D. NEWBOLD, AND A. K. AUFDENKAMPE. 2012. Estimation of dissolved organic carbon contribution from hillslope soils to a headwater stream. Water Resources Research 48: W09514. doi:10.1029/2011WR010815
    • (2012) Water Resources Research , vol.48
    • Mei, Y.1    Hornberger, G.M.2    Kaplan, L.A.3    Newbold, J.D.4    Aufdenkampe, A.K.5
  • 37
    • 0000898835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leaf litter as a source of dissolved organic carbon in streams
    • MEYER, J. L., J. B. WALLACE, AND S. L. EGGERT. 1998. Leaf litter as a source of dissolved organic carbon in streams. Ecosystems 1:240-249.
    • (1998) Ecosystems , vol.1 , pp. 240-249
    • Meyer, J.L.1    Wallace, J.B.2    Eggert, S.L.3
  • 38
    • 0035143817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluxes and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen: A synthesis for temperate forests
    • MICHALZIK, B., K. KALBITZ, J. H. PARK, S. SOLINGER, AND E. MATZNER. 2001. Fluxes and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen: a synthesis for temperate forests. Biogeochemistry 52:173-205.
    • (2001) Biogeochemistry , vol.52 , pp. 173-205
    • Michalzik, B.1    Kalbitz, K.2    Park, J.H.3    Solinger, S.4    Matzner, E.5
  • 39
    • 0025523662 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial production on humic and nonhumic components of dissolved organic carbon
    • MORAN, M. A., AND R. E. HODSON. 1990. Bacterial production on humic and nonhumic components of dissolved organic carbon. Limnology and Oceanography 35: 1744-1756.
    • (1990) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.35 , pp. 1744-1756
    • Moran, M.A.1    Hodson, R.E.2
  • 41
    • 0026956071 scopus 로고
    • P. Calow and G. Petts (editors). The rivers handbook. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK
    • NEWBOLD, J. D. 1992. Cycles and spirals of nutrients. Pages 379-408 in P. Calow and G. Petts (editors). The rivers handbook. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK.
    • (1992) Cycles and Spirals of Nutrients , pp. 379-408
    • Newbold, J.D.1
  • 43
    • 0027063556 scopus 로고
    • Biodegradability of dissolved organic matter in forest throughfall, soil solution, and stream water
    • QUALLS, R. G., AND B. L. HAINES. 1992. Biodegradability of dissolved organic matter in forest throughfall, soil solution, and stream water. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56:578-586.
    • (1992) Soil Science Society of America Journal , vol.56 , pp. 578-586
    • Qualls, R.G.1    Haines, B.L.2
  • 44
    • 77956296139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Event controlled DOC export from forested watersheds
    • RAYMOND, P. A., AND J. E. SAIERS. 2010. Event controlled DOC export from forested watersheds. Biogeochemistry 100: 197-209.
    • (2010) Biogeochemistry , vol.100 , pp. 197-209
    • Raymond, P.A.1    Saiers, J.E.2
  • 45
    • 28844453969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Export of dissolved organic carbon from agricultural streams in Illinois, USA
    • ROYER, T. V., AND M. B. DAVID. 2005. Export of dissolved organic carbon from agricultural streams in Illinois, USA. Aquatic Sciences 67:465-471.
    • (2005) Aquatic Sciences , vol.67 , pp. 465-471
    • Royer, T.V.1    David, M.B.2
  • 46
    • 65349158324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking soils and streams: Sources and chemistry of dissolved organic matter in a small coastal watershed
    • SANDERMAN, J., K. A. LOHSE, J. A. BALDOCK, AND R. AMUNDSON. 2009. Linking soils and streams: sources and chemistry of dissolved organic matter in a small coastal watershed. Water Resources Research 45:L23401.
    • (2009) Water Resources Research , vol.45
    • Sanderman, J.1    Lohse, K.A.2    Baldock, J.A.3    Amundson, R.4
  • 48
    • 0030616535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Export of DOC from forested catchments on the Precambrian Shield of Central Ontario: Clues from 13C and 14C
    • SCHIFF, S. L., R. ARAVENA, S. E. TRUMBORE, M. J. HINTON, R. ELGOOD, AND P. J. DILLON. 1997. Export of DOC from forested catchments on the Precambrian Shield of Central Ontario: clues from 13C and 14C. Biogeochemistry 36:43-65.
    • (1997) Biogeochemistry , vol.36 , pp. 43-65
    • Schiff, S.L.1    Aravena, R.2    Trumbore, S.E.3    Hinton, M.J.4    Elgood, R.5    Dillon, P.J.6
  • 49
    • 84862197237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissolved organic carbon dynamics in a UK podzolic moorland catchment: Linking storm hydrochemistry, flow path analysis, and sorption experiments
    • STUTTER, M. I., S. M. DUNN, AND D. G. LUMSDON. 2012. Dissolved organic carbon dynamics in a UK podzolic moorland catchment: linking storm hydrochemistry, flow path analysis, and sorption experiments. Biogeosciences 9:2159-2175.
    • (2012) Biogeosciences , vol.9 , pp. 2159-2175
    • Stutter, M.I.1    Dunn, S.M.2    Lumsdon, D.G.3
  • 50
    • 0030828098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of elemental composition to predict bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in a Georgia river
    • SUN, L., E. M. PERDUE, J. L. MEYER, AND J. WEIS. 1997. Use of elemental composition to predict bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in a Georgia river. Limnology and Oceanography 42:714-721.
    • (1997) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.42 , pp. 714-721
    • Sun, L.1    Perdue, E.M.2    Meyer, J.L.3    Weis, J.4
  • 51
    • 0030864592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical composition of biodegradable dissolved organic matter in streamwater
    • VOLK, C. J., C. B. VOLK, AND L. A. KAPLAN. 1997. Chemical composition of biodegradable dissolved organic matter in streamwater. Limnology and Oceanography 42:39-44.
    • (1997) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.42 , pp. 39-44
    • Volk, C.J.1    Volk, C.B.2    Kaplan, L.A.3
  • 52
    • 14344253705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of dissolved organic C to stream metabolism: A mesocosm study using 13C-enriched tree-tissue leachate
    • WIEGNER, T. N., L. A. KAPLAN, AND J. D. NEWBOLD. 2005. Contribution of dissolved organic C to stream metabolism: a mesocosm study using 13C-enriched tree-tissue leachate. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 24:48-67.
    • (2005) Journal of the North American Benthological Society , vol.24 , pp. 48-67
    • Wiegner, T.N.1    Kaplan, L.A.2    Newbold, J.D.3
  • 53
    • 67650796122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioavailability and export of dissolved organic matter from a tropical river during base- and stormflow conditions
    • WIEGNER, T. N., R. L. TUBAL, AND R. A. MACKENZIE. 2009. Bioavailability and export of dissolved organic matter from a tropical river during base-and stormflow conditions. Limnology and Oceanography 54:1233-1242.
    • (2009) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.54 , pp. 1233-1242
    • Wiegner, T.N.1    Tubal, R.L.2    Mackenzie, R.A.3
  • 54
    • 1842477278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between the isotopic composition of dissolved organic carbon and its bioavailability in contrasting Ozark streams
    • ZIEGLER, S. E., AND S. L. BRISCO. 2004. Relationships between the isotopic composition of dissolved organic carbon and its bioavailability in contrasting Ozark streams. Hydrobiologia 513:153-169.
    • (2004) Hydrobiologia , vol.513 , pp. 153-169
    • Ziegler, S.E.1    Brisco, S.L.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.