메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 37, Issue , 2014, Pages 60-70

Causal chains, policy trade offs and sustainability: Analysing land (mis)use in seven countries in the South

(15)  Nesheim, Ingrid a   Reidsma, Pytrik b   Bezlepkina, Irina b   Verburg, René b   Abdeladhim, Mohamed Arbi c   Bursztyn, Marcel d   Chen, Le b   Cissé, Youssouf e   Feng, Shuyi f   Gicheru, Patrick g   Hannes, Jochen König h   Novira, Nina i   Purushothaman, Seema j   Rodrigues Filho, Saulo d   Sghaier, Mongi c  


Author keywords

Causal chains; Land use change; Policy trade offs; Science policy interaction; Sustainable development; The DPSIR framework

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION; DECISION MAKING; DEVELOPING WORLD; ECONOMIC GROWTH; IMMIGRATION; LAND TENURE; LAND USE CHANGE; POLICY APPROACH; STAKEHOLDER; SUSTAINABILITY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 84888262379     PISSN: 02648377     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.04.024     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (37)

References (87)
  • 1
    • 79953129620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Back to the forest, exploring forest transitions in Candelaria Loxicha, Mexico
    • Aguilar-Støen M., Angelsen A., Moe S.R. Back to the forest, exploring forest transitions in Candelaria Loxicha, Mexico. Latin American Research Review 2011, 46(1):194-216.
    • (2011) Latin American Research Review , vol.46 , Issue.1 , pp. 194-216
    • Aguilar-Støen, M.1    Angelsen, A.2    Moe, S.R.3
  • 2
    • 3042571012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land tenure and conflict resolution: a game theoretic approach in the Narok district in Kenya
    • Amman H.M., Duraiappah A.K. Land tenure and conflict resolution: a game theoretic approach in the Narok district in Kenya. Environment and Development Economics 2004, 9:383-407.
    • (2004) Environment and Development Economics , vol.9 , pp. 383-407
    • Amman, H.M.1    Duraiappah, A.K.2
  • 3
    • 33745713907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Doha merchandise trade reform: what is at stake for developing countries?
    • Anderson K., Martin W., van der Mensbrugghe D. Doha merchandise trade reform: what is at stake for developing countries?. World Bank Economic Review 2006, 20(2):169-195.
    • (2006) World Bank Economic Review , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 169-195
    • Anderson, K.1    Martin, W.2    van der Mensbrugghe, D.3
  • 4
    • 79953307441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Would freeing up world trade reduce poverty and inequality? The vexed role of agricultural distortions
    • Anderson K., Cockburn J., Martin W. Would freeing up world trade reduce poverty and inequality? The vexed role of agricultural distortions. World Economics 2011, 34(4):487-515.
    • (2011) World Economics , vol.34 , Issue.4 , pp. 487-515
    • Anderson, K.1    Cockburn, J.2    Martin, W.3
  • 5
    • 79960145545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of agricultural land-use changes on biodiversity in Taihu Lake Basin China: a multi-scale cause effect approach considering multiple land-use functions
    • Asai M., Reidsma P., Feng S. Impacts of agricultural land-use changes on biodiversity in Taihu Lake Basin China: a multi-scale cause effect approach considering multiple land-use functions. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 2010, 6(3-4):119-130.
    • (2010) International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management , vol.6 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 119-130
    • Asai, M.1    Reidsma, P.2    Feng, S.3
  • 9
    • 84881931510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macina forestry resources and wood supply for the Office of Niger (Mali)
    • Brondeau F. Macina forestry resources and wood supply for the Office of Niger (Mali). Cahiers Agricultures 2000, 9(6):485-503.
    • (2000) Cahiers Agricultures , vol.9 , Issue.6 , pp. 485-503
    • Brondeau, F.1
  • 10
    • 66649129368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population and deforestation: why rural migration matters
    • Carr D. Population and deforestation: why rural migration matters. Progress in Human Geography 2009, 33(3):355-378.
    • (2009) Progress in Human Geography , vol.33 , Issue.3 , pp. 355-378
    • Carr, D.1
  • 11
    • 72049112581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brazilian greenhouse gas emissions: the importance of agriculture and livestock (Piracicaba, Brazil)
    • Cerri C.C., Maia S.M.F., Galdos M.V., Cerri C.E.P., Feigl B.J., Bernoux M. Brazilian greenhouse gas emissions: the importance of agriculture and livestock (Piracicaba, Brazil). Scientia Agricola 2009, 66(6):831-843.
    • (2009) Scientia Agricola , vol.66 , Issue.6 , pp. 831-843
    • Cerri, C.C.1    Maia, S.M.F.2    Galdos, M.V.3    Cerri, C.E.P.4    Feigl, B.J.5    Bernoux, M.6
  • 13
    • 5144227863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. A survey
    • Dinda S. Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. A survey. Ecological Economics 2004, 49:431-455.
    • (2004) Ecological Economics , vol.49 , pp. 431-455
    • Dinda, S.1
  • 14
    • 84888270689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Commission, 2009. Impact assessment guidelines, SEC 2009 (92), Brussels, accessed at .
    • European Commission, 2009. Impact assessment guidelines, SEC 2009 (92), Brussels, accessed at. http://ec.europa.eu/.
  • 15
    • 50649098675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investment, subsidies, and pro-poor growth in rural India
    • Fan S., Gulati A., Thorat S. Investment, subsidies, and pro-poor growth in rural India. Agricultural Economics 2008, 39:163-170.
    • (2008) Agricultural Economics , vol.39 , pp. 163-170
    • Fan, S.1    Gulati, A.2    Thorat, S.3
  • 19
    • 33645406936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reassessing the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions. A robustness exercise
    • Galeottia M., Lanza A., Pauli F. Reassessing the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions. A robustness exercise. Ecological Economics 2006, 57:152-163.
    • (2006) Ecological Economics , vol.57 , pp. 152-163
    • Galeottia, M.1    Lanza, A.2    Pauli, F.3
  • 20
    • 0036166357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation
    • Geist H.J., Lambin E.F. Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation. Bioscience 2002, 52(2):143-150.
    • (2002) Bioscience , vol.52 , Issue.2 , pp. 143-150
    • Geist, H.J.1    Lambin, E.F.2
  • 25
    • 0032373104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond environmental scarcity: causal pathways to conflict
    • Hauge W., Ellingsen T. Beyond environmental scarcity: causal pathways to conflict. Journal of Peace Research 1998, 35(3):299-317.
    • (1998) Journal of Peace Research , vol.35 , Issue.3 , pp. 299-317
    • Hauge, W.1    Ellingsen, T.2
  • 26
    • 79954488032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrated approaches for ex-ante impact assessment tools-the example of land use
    • Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, A. von Raggamby, F. Rubik (Eds.)
    • Helming K., De la Flor I., Diehl K. Integrated approaches for ex-ante impact assessment tools-the example of land use. Sustainable Development, Evaluation and Policy-making 2011, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. A. von Raggamby, F. Rubik (Eds.).
    • (2011) Sustainable Development, Evaluation and Policy-making
    • Helming, K.1    De la Flor, I.2    Diehl, K.3
  • 27
    • 79954524132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape scenarios and multifunctionality: making land use impact assessment operational
    • Helming K., Pérez-Soba M. Landscape scenarios and multifunctionality: making land use impact assessment operational. Ecology and Society 2011, 16(1).
    • (2011) Ecology and Society , vol.16 , Issue.1
    • Helming, K.1    Pérez-Soba, M.2
  • 28
    • 84889825209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Springer, Berlin, K. Helming, M. Pérez-Soba, P. Tabbush (Eds.)
    • Sustainability Impact Assessment of Land Use Changes 2008, 508. Springer, Berlin. K. Helming, M. Pérez-Soba, P. Tabbush (Eds.).
    • (2008) Sustainability Impact Assessment of Land Use Changes , pp. 508
  • 29
    • 22844449864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In-migrants and exclusion in east African rangelands: access, tenure and conflict
    • Homewood K., Coast E., Thompson M. In-migrants and exclusion in east African rangelands: access, tenure and conflict. Africa 2004, 74(4):567-610.
    • (2004) Africa , vol.74 , Issue.4 , pp. 567-610
    • Homewood, K.1    Coast, E.2    Thompson, M.3
  • 30
    • 84888247032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IPCC, 2007. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007.
    • IPCC, 2007. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-b.html.
  • 31
    • 70449556311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Farmers' indebtedness and suicides: impact of agricultural trade liberalisation in Kerala
    • Jeromi P.D. Farmers' indebtedness and suicides: impact of agricultural trade liberalisation in Kerala. Economic and Political Weekly 2007, 42(31):3241-3247.
    • (2007) Economic and Political Weekly , vol.42 , Issue.31 , pp. 3241-3247
    • Jeromi, P.D.1
  • 32
    • 77957661135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding international trade in agricultural products: one hundered years of contributions by agricultural economists
    • Josling T., Anderson K., Schmitz A., Tangermann S. Understanding international trade in agricultural products: one hundered years of contributions by agricultural economists. The American Journal of Agricultural Economics 2010, 92(2):424-446.
    • (2010) The American Journal of Agricultural Economics , vol.92 , Issue.2 , pp. 424-446
    • Josling, T.1    Anderson, K.2    Schmitz, A.3    Tangermann, S.4
  • 33
    • 84755161412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developing biodiversity indicators for cities: applying the DPSIR model to Nagoya and integrating social and ecological aspects
    • Kohsaka R. Developing biodiversity indicators for cities: applying the DPSIR model to Nagoya and integrating social and ecological aspects. Ecological Research 2010, 25(5):925-936.
    • (2010) Ecological Research , vol.25 , Issue.5 , pp. 925-936
    • Kohsaka, R.1
  • 38
    • 2542420273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expansion of human settlement in Kenya's Maasai Mara: what future for pastoralism and wildlife?
    • Lamprey R.H., Reid R.S. Expansion of human settlement in Kenya's Maasai Mara: what future for pastoralism and wildlife?. Journal of Biogeography 2004, 31(6):997-1032.
    • (2004) Journal of Biogeography , vol.31 , Issue.6 , pp. 997-1032
    • Lamprey, R.H.1    Reid, R.S.2
  • 39
    • 78650625665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assentamentos Rurais na AmazÔnia: contradiçes entre a política agrária e a política ambiental
    • Le Tourneau F.M., Bursztyn M. Assentamentos Rurais na AmazÔnia: contradiçes entre a política agrária e a política ambiental. Ambiente e Sociedade 2010, 13(2):111-130.
    • (2010) Ambiente e Sociedade , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 111-130
    • Le Tourneau, F.M.1    Bursztyn, M.2
  • 42
    • 84867961502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technological dynamism in Asia
    • Mahmood I.P., Singh J. Technological dynamism in Asia. Resource Policy 2003, 32(6):1031-1054.
    • (2003) Resource Policy , vol.32 , Issue.6 , pp. 1031-1054
    • Mahmood, I.P.1    Singh, J.2
  • 43
    • 84888247125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MAPA, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2009, from .
    • MAPA, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2009, from. http://www.agricultura.gov.br/.
  • 45
    • 70349312696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of risks for biodiversity under the DPSIR framework
    • Maxim L., Spangenberg J.H., O'Connor M. An analysis of risks for biodiversity under the DPSIR framework. Ecological Economics 2009, 69(1):12-23.
    • (2009) Ecological Economics , vol.69 , Issue.1 , pp. 12-23
    • Maxim, L.1    Spangenberg, J.H.2    O'Connor, M.3
  • 50
    • 79959725388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aménagement hydraulique et conflits agropastoraux Analyse spatio-temporelle en zone Office du Niger (Mali)
    • Meaux S. Aménagement hydraulique et conflits agropastoraux Analyse spatio-temporelle en zone Office du Niger (Mali). Cahiers Agricultures 2004, 13:495-503.
    • (2004) Cahiers Agricultures , vol.13 , pp. 495-503
    • Meaux, S.1
  • 51
    • 84888269940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ministère de l'Environnement et de l'Aménagement du Territoire MEAT, 1998. Plan d'action national de lute contre la désertification, Tunis.
    • Ministère de l'Environnement et de l'Aménagement du Territoire MEAT, 1998. Plan d'action national de lute contre la désertification, Tunis.
  • 52
    • 79954525309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A framework for participatory impact assessment: Involving stakeholders in European policy making, a case study of land use change in Malta
    • Morris J.B., Tassone V., de Groot R., Camilleri M., Moncada S. A framework for participatory impact assessment: Involving stakeholders in European policy making, a case study of land use change in Malta. Ecology and Society 2011, 16(1).
    • (2011) Ecology and Society , vol.16 , Issue.1
    • Morris, J.B.1    Tassone, V.2    de Groot, R.3    Camilleri, M.4    Moncada, S.5
  • 53
    • 34247275324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does groundwater irrigation reduce rural poverty? Evidence from Indian states
    • Narayanamoorthy A. Does groundwater irrigation reduce rural poverty? Evidence from Indian states. Irrigation and Drainage 2007, 56(2):349-362.
    • (2007) Irrigation and Drainage , vol.56 , Issue.2 , pp. 349-362
    • Narayanamoorthy, A.1
  • 54
    • 84888237007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narok County Council, 2005. Narok strategic plan 2005-2010, Narok.
    • Narok County Council, 2005. Narok strategic plan 2005-2010, Narok.
  • 55
    • 84888256974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC), 2007. Statistical Yearbook. China Statistics Press, Beijing.
    • National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC), 2007. Statistical Yearbook 2007. China Statistics Press, Beijing.
    • (2007)
  • 57
    • 84881969032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lessons from a comparative analysis of case studies. In: McNeill, D., Nesheim, I., Brouwer, F. (Eds.), Land Use Policies for Sustainable Development: Exploring Integrated Assessment Methods. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
    • Nesheim, I., McNeill, D., Bezlepkina, I., Brouwer, F., Cissé, Y., Feng, S., Gicheru, P., Nina Novira, N., Purushothaman, S., Rodrigues, S.F., Sghaier, M., (2012). Lessons from a comparative analysis of case studies. In: McNeill, D., Nesheim, I., Brouwer, F. (Eds.), Land Use Policies for Sustainable Development: Exploring Integrated Assessment Methods. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
    • (2012)
    • Nesheim, I.1    McNeill, D.2    Bezlepkina, I.3    Brouwer, F.4    Cissé, Y.5    Feng, S.6    Gicheru, P.7    Nina Novira, N.8    Purushothaman, S.9    Rodrigues, S.F.10    Sghaier, M.11
  • 60
    • 84881943249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land tenure systems
    • Initiative Publishers, Nairobi, C. Juma, J.B. Ojwang, J.B. Otwang (Eds.)
    • Ogolla B.D., Mugabe J. Land tenure systems. Land We Trust 1996, Initiative Publishers, Nairobi. C. Juma, J.B. Ojwang, J.B. Otwang (Eds.).
    • (1996) Land We Trust
    • Ogolla, B.D.1    Mugabe, J.2
  • 61
    • 78751611290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An aggregation framework to link indicators associated with multifunctional land use to the stakeholder evaluation of policy options
    • Paracchini M.L., Pacini C., Jones M.L.M., Pérez-Soba M. An aggregation framework to link indicators associated with multifunctional land use to the stakeholder evaluation of policy options. Ecological Indicators 2011, 11(1):71-80.
    • (2011) Ecological Indicators , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 71-80
    • Paracchini, M.L.1    Pacini, C.2    Jones, M.L.M.3    Pérez-Soba, M.4
  • 62
    • 64049116777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An integrated approach for ex-ante evaluation of public policies for sustainable agriculture at landscape level
    • Parra-Lopez C., Groot J.C.J., Carmona-Torres C., Rossing W.A.H. An integrated approach for ex-ante evaluation of public policies for sustainable agriculture at landscape level. Land Use Policy 2009, 26(4):1020-1030.
    • (2009) Land Use Policy , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 1020-1030
    • Parra-Lopez, C.1    Groot, J.C.J.2    Carmona-Torres, C.3    Rossing, W.A.H.4
  • 63
    • 0242337740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests that the environmental Kuznets curve does not exist
    • Perman R., Stern D.I. Evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests that the environmental Kuznets curve does not exist. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2003, 47:325-347.
    • (2003) Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics , vol.47 , pp. 325-347
    • Perman, R.1    Stern, D.I.2
  • 64
    • 84888261881 scopus 로고
    • Adaptative window flow control in ISDN frame relay networks. M.S. Thesis, Clemson University, SC.
    • Pingali, S., 1989. Adaptative window flow control in ISDN frame relay networks. M.S. Thesis, Clemson University, SC.
    • (1989)
    • Pingali, S.1
  • 65
    • 84888250597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agrarian crisis and policy links: a framework for Karnataka, India
    • Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, D. McNeill, I. Nesheim, F. Brouwer (Eds.)
    • Purushothaman S., Patil S., Kashyap S. Agrarian crisis and policy links: a framework for Karnataka, India. Institutional Context for Sustainable Development 2012, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. D. McNeill, I. Nesheim, F. Brouwer (Eds.).
    • (2012) Institutional Context for Sustainable Development
    • Purushothaman, S.1    Patil, S.2    Kashyap, S.3
  • 69
    • 85009648617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A conceptual framework for identifying the need and role of models in the implementation of the water framework directive
    • Rekolainen S., Kämäri J., Hiltunen M. A conceptual framework for identifying the need and role of models in the implementation of the water framework directive. International Journal of River Basin Management 2003, 1(4):347-352.
    • (2003) International Journal of River Basin Management , vol.1 , Issue.4 , pp. 347-352
    • Rekolainen, S.1    Kämäri, J.2    Hiltunen, M.3
  • 70
    • 33646065336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forests, marketization, livelihoods and the poor in the Lao PDR
    • Rigg J.D. Forests, marketization, livelihoods and the poor in the Lao PDR. Land Degradation & Development 2006, 17(2):123-133.
    • (2006) Land Degradation & Development , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 123-133
    • Rigg, J.D.1
  • 73
    • 77955550655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A conceptual framework to assess the effects of environmental change on ecosystem services
    • Rounsevell M.D.A., Dawson T.P., Harrison P.A. A conceptual framework to assess the effects of environmental change on ecosystem services. Biodiversity and Conservation 2010, 19(10):2823-2842.
    • (2010) Biodiversity and Conservation , vol.19 , Issue.10 , pp. 2823-2842
    • Rounsevell, M.D.A.1    Dawson, T.P.2    Harrison, P.A.3
  • 74
    • 0035012705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proximate causes of land-use change in Narok, Kenya: a spatial statistical model
    • Serneels S., Lambin E.F. Proximate causes of land-use change in Narok, Kenya: a spatial statistical model. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2001, 85(1-3):65-81.
    • (2001) Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment , vol.85 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 65-81
    • Serneels, S.1    Lambin, E.F.2
  • 76
    • 84881923468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agrarian distress and farmers' suicide in India: Focus on Maharashtra
    • Shroff S. Agrarian distress and farmers' suicide in India: Focus on Maharashtra. Indian Economical Review 2008, 5:204-209.
    • (2008) Indian Economical Review , vol.5 , pp. 204-209
    • Shroff, S.1
  • 77
    • 0030423956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic growth and environmental degradation: the environmental Kuznets curve and sustainable development
    • Stern D.I., Common M.S., Barbier E.B. Economic growth and environmental degradation: the environmental Kuznets curve and sustainable development. World Development 1996, 24(7):1151-1160.
    • (1996) World Development , vol.24 , Issue.7 , pp. 1151-1160
    • Stern, D.I.1    Common, M.S.2    Barbier, E.B.3
  • 79
    • 84888255693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Heritage Foundation, 2011. Index of Economic freedom, .
    • The Heritage Foundation, 2011. Index of Economic freedom,. http://www.heritage.org/Index/.
  • 82
    • 84888261691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UN REDD programme, 2010. REDD+ Partnership Meeting in Brazil. Newsletter, from .
    • UN REDD programme, 2010. REDD+ Partnership Meeting in Brazil. Newsletter, from. http://www.un-redd.org/Newsletter10/REDD_Brazil_Meeting/tabid/4859/language/en-US/Default.aspx.
  • 84
    • 84888248046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Embassy U.S.-Mali Cooperation: 100 billion FCFA to Develop Office du Niger Embassy of the United States in Bamako, Mali, from .
    • US Embassy (2010). U.S.-Mali Cooperation: 100 billion FCFA to Develop Office du Niger Embassy of the United States in Bamako, Mali, from. http://mali.usembassy.gov/mali_us_cooperation.html.
    • (2010)
  • 87
    • 33846450166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China and the alleviating strategies I. Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China in early 21 century
    • Zhang W., Wang S., Ji H., Kolbe H. Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China and the alleviating strategies I. Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China in early 21 century. Acta Agronomica Sinica 2004, 37(7):1008-1017.
    • (2004) Acta Agronomica Sinica , vol.37 , Issue.7 , pp. 1008-1017
    • Zhang, W.1    Wang, S.2    Ji, H.3    Kolbe, H.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.