TMS and TMS-EEG techniques in the study of the excitability, connectivity, and plasticity of the human motor cortex

Reviews in the Neurosciences

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 431-442

  Ferreri, Florinda ^a,b   Rossini, Paolo Maria ^c,d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY CAMPUS BIO MEDICO   (Italy)

^b KUOPIO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Finland)

^c CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

^d IRCCS SAN RAFFAELE PISANA   (Italy)

^e And Casa di Cura S Raffaele ^*  (Italy)

Author keywords

Brain connectivity; Brain excitability; Brain plasticity; EEG TMS coregistration; Electroencephalography; Motor cortex; Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Indexed keywords

ACCELERATION; ARTICLE; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; DENDRITE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVOKED MUSCLE RESPONSE; GRAY MATTER; HUMAN; LONG TERM DEPRESSION; LONG TERM POTENTIATION; MAGNETIC FIELD; MOTOR CORTEX; NERVE CELL; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVE EXCITABILITY; NERVE FIBER; NEUROIMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SYNAPSE; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

BRAIN MAPPING; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; HUMANS; MOTOR CORTEX; NERVE NET; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

EID: 84888142933     PISSN: 03341763     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2013-0019     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Alvarez, V.A. and Sabatini, B.L. (2007). Anatomical and physiological plasticity of dendritic spines. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 30, 79-97.
2. Amassian, V.E. and Cracco, R.Q. (1987). Human cerebral cortical responses to contralateral transcranial stimulation. Neurosurgery 20, 148-155.
3. Barker, A.T., Jalinous, R., and Freeston, I.L. (1985). Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet 1, 1106-1107.
4. Basso, D., Lotze, M., Vitale, L., Ferreri, F., Bisiacchi, P., Olivetti Belardinelli, M., Rossini, P.M., and Birbaumer, N. (2006). The role of prefrontal cortex in visuo-spatial planning: a repetitive TMS study. Exp. Brain Res. 171, 411-415.
5. Baumer, T., Rothwell, J.C., and Munchau, A. (2003). Functional connectivity of the human premotor and motor cortex explored with TMS. Clin. Neurophysiol. 56 (Suppl.), 160-169.
6. Bender, S., Basseler, K., Sebastian, I., Resch, F., Kammer, T., Oelkers-Ax, R., and Weisbrod, M. (2005). Electroencephalographic response to transcranial magnetic stimulation in children: evidence for giant inhibitory potentials. Ann. Neurol. 58, 58-67.
7. Bestmann, S., Ruff, C.C., Blankenburg, F., Weiskopf, N., Driver, J., and Rothwell, J.C. (2008). Mapping causal interregional influences with concurrent TMS-fMRI. Exp. Brain Res. 191, 383-402.
8. Bikmullina, R., Kicic, D., Carlson, S., and Nikulin, V.V. (2009). Electrophysiological correlates of short-latency afferent inhibition: a combined EEG and TMS study. Exp. Brain Res. 194, 517-526.
9. Bliss, T.V. and Collingridge, G.L. (1993). A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 361, 31-39.
10. Bonato, C., Miniussi, C., and Rossini, P.M. (2006). Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cortical evoked potentials: a TMS/ EEG co-registration study. Clin. Neurophysiol. 117, 1699-1707.
11. Bonnard, M., Spieser, L., Meziane, H.B., de Graaf, J.B., and Pailhous, J. (2009). Prior intention can locally tune inhibitory processes in the primary motor cortex: direct evidence from combined TMS-EEG. Eur. J. Neurosci. 30, 913-923.
12. Broser, P., Grinevich, V., Osten, P., Sakmann, B., and Wallace, D.J. (2008). Critical period plasticity of axonal arbors of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in rat somatosensory cortex: layer-specific reduction of projections into deprived cortical columns. Cereb. Cortex 18, 1588-1603.
13. Buonomano, D.V. (1999). Distinct functional types of associative long-term potentiation in neocortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. 19, 6748-6754.
14. Burrone, J. and Murthy, V.N. (2003). Synaptic gain control and homeostasis. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 13, 560-567.
15. Butz, M., Worgotter, F., and van Ooyen, A. (2009). Activitydependent structural plasticity. Brain Res. Rev. 60, 287-305.
16. Caspers, H., Speckmann, E.J., and Lehmenkuhler, A. (1980). Electrogenesis of cortical DC potentials. Prog. Brain Res. 54, 3-15.
17. Cline, H. and Haas, K. (2008). The regulation of dendritic arbor development and plasticity by glutamatergic synaptic input: a review of the synaptotrophic hypothesis. J. Physiol. 586, 1509-1517.
18. Cracco, R.Q., Amassian, V.E., Maccabee, P.J., and Cracco, J.B. (1989). Comparison of human transcallosal responses evoked by magnetic coil and electrical stimulation. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 74, 417-424.
19. Dal Forno, G., Chiovenda, P., Bressi, F., Ferreri, F., Grossi, E., Brandt, J., Rossini, P.M., and Pasqualetti, P. (2006). Use of an Italian version of the telephone interview for cognitive status in Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 21, 126-133.
20. Daskalakis, Z.J., Farzan, F., Barr, M.S., Maller, J.J., Chen, R., and Fitzgerald, P.B. (2008). Long-interval cortical inhibition from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a TMS-EEG study. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 2860-2869.
21. Day, B.L., Rothwell, J.C., Thompson, P.D., Dick, J.P., Cowan, J.M., Berardelli, A., and Marsden, C. (1987). D. Motor cortex stimulation in intact man. 2. Multiple descending volleys. Brain 110, 1191-1209.
22. Debanne, D. (2009). Plasticity of neuronal excitability in vivo. J. Physiol. 587, 3057-3058.
23. Di Lazzaro, V. and Ziemann, U. (2013). The contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the functional evaluation of microcircuits in human motor cortex. Front. Neural Circuits 7:18.
24. Di Lazzaro, V., Profice, P., Pilato, F., Dileone, M., Oliviero, A., and Ziemann, U. (2010). The effects of motor cortex rTMS on corticospinal descending activity. Clin Neurophysiol. 121, 464-473. Review.
25. Esser, S.K., Huber, R., Massimini, M., Peterson, M.J., Ferrarelli, F., and Tononi, G. (2006). A direct demonstration of cortical LTP in humans: a combined TMS/EEG study. Brain Res. Bull. 69, 86-94.
26. Farzan, F., Barr, M.S., Wong W., Chen, R., Fitzgerald, P.B., and Daskalakis, Z.J. (2009). Suppression of gamma-oscillations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex following long interval cortical inhibition: a TMS-EEG study. Neuropsychopharmacology 34, 1543-1551.
27. Feldman, D.E. (2009). Synaptic mechanisms for plasticity in neocortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 32, 33-55.
28. Ferreri, F., Pauri, F., Pasqualetti, P., Fini, R., Dal Forno, G., and Rossini, P.M. (2003). Motor cortex excitability in Alzheimer's disease: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Ann. Neurol. 53, 102-108.
29. Ferreri, F., Curcio, G., Pasqualetti, P., De Gennaro, L., Fini, R., and Rossini, P.M. (2006). Mobile phone emissions and human brain excitability. Ann. Neurol. 60, 188-196.
30. Ferreri, F., Pasqualetti, P., Määttä, S., Ponzo, D., Ferrarelli, F., Tononi, G., Mervaala, E., Miniussi, C., and Rossini, P.M. (2011a). Human brain connectivity during single and paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroimage 54, 90-102.
31. Ferreri, F., Pasqualetti, P., Määttä, S., Ponzo, D., Guerra, A., Bressi, F., Chiovenda, P., Del Duca, M., Giambattistelli, F., Ursini, F., et al. (2011b). Motor cortex excitability in Alzheimer's disease: a transcranial magnetic stimulation follow-up study. Neurosci. Lett. 492, 94-98.
32. Ferreri, F., Ponzo, D., Hukkanen, T., Mervaala, E., Könönen, M., Pasqualetti, P., Vecchio, F., Rossini, P.M., Määttä, S. (2012). Human brain cortical correlates of short-latency afferent inhibition: a combined EEG-TMS study. J. Neurophysiol. 108, 314-323.
33. Ferreri, F., Vecchio, F., Ponzo, D., et al. (2013). Time-varying coupling of EEG oscillations predicts excitability fluctuations in the primary motor cortex as reflected by motor evoked potentials amplitude: an EEG-TMS study. Hum. Brain Mapp. In press.
34. Fitzgerald, P.B., Benitez, J., Daskalakis, J.Z., De Castella, A., and Kulkarni, J. (2006). The treatment of recurring auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia with rTMS. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 7, 119-122.
35. Florence, S.L., Taub, H.B., and Kaas, J.H. (1998). Large-scale sprouting of cortical connections after peripheral injury in adult macaque monkeys. Science 282, 1117-1121.
36. Fox, K. and Wong, R.O. (2005). A comparison of experiencedependent plasticity in the visual and somatosensory systems. Neuron 48, 465-477.
37. Freeman, J.A. (1971). An electronic stimulus artifact suppressor. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 31, 170-172.
38. Fuggetta, G., Fiaschi, A., and Manganotti, P. (2005). Modulation of cortical oscillatory activities induced by varying single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation intensity over the left primary motor area: a combined EEG and TMS study. Neuroimage 27, 896-908.
39. Gugino, L.D., Romero, J.R., Aglio, L., Titone, D., Ramirez, M., Pascual-Leone, A., Grimson, E., Weisenfeld, N., Kikinis, R., and Shenton, M.E. (2001). Transcranial magnetic stimulation coregistered with MRI: a comparison of a guided versus blind stimulation technique and its effect on evoked compound muscle action potentials. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112, 1781-1792.
40. Hallett, M. (1999). Motor cortex plasticity. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 50 (Suppl.), 85-91.
41. Hallett, M. (2000). Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the human brain. Nature 406, 147-150.
42. Hallett, M. (2007). Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a primer. Neuron 55, 187-199.
43. Hansel, C., Linden, D.J., and D'Angelo, E. (2001). Beyond parallel fiber LTD: the diversity of synaptic and non-synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 467-475.
44. Hasey, G.M. (1999). Transcranial magnetic stimulation: using a law of physics to treat psychopathology. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 24, 97-101.
45. Hebb, D.O. (1949). Temperament in chimpanzees; method of analysis. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 42, 192-206.
46. Hoffman, R.E. and Cavus, I. (2002). Slow transcranial magnetic stimulation, long-term depotentiation, and brain hyperexcitability disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 159, 1093-1102.
47. Holtmaat, A.J., Trachtenberg, J.T., Wilbrecht, L., Shepherd, G.M., Zhang, X., Knott, G.W., and Svoboda, K. (2005). Transient and persistent dendritic spines in the neocortex in vivo. Neuron 45, 279-291.
48. Homan, R.W., Herman J., and Purdy P. (1987). Cerebral location of international 10-20 system electrode placement. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 66, 376-382.
49. Huber, R., Määttä, S., Esser, S.K., Sarasso, S., Ferrarelli, F., Watson, A., Ferreri, F., Peterson, M.J., and Tononi, G. (2008). Measures of cortical plasticity after transcranial paired associative stimulation predict changes in electroencephalogram slow-wave activity during subsequent sleep. J. Neurosci. 28, 7911-7918.
50. Ilmoniemi, R.J. and Kicic, D. (2010). Methodology for combined TMS and EEG. Brain Topogr. 22, 233-248.
51. Ilmoniemi, R.J., Virtanen, J., Ruohonen, J., Karhu, J., Aronen, H.J., Näätänen, R., and Katila, T. (1997). Neuronal responses to magnetic stimulation reveal cortical reactivity and connectivity. Neuroreport 8, 3537-3540.
52. Kähkönen, S. and Wilenius, J. (2007). Effects of alcohol on TMS-evoked N100 responses. J. Neurosci. Methods 166, 104-108.
53. Kähkönen, S., Kesäniemi, M., Nikouline, V.V., Karhu, J., Ollikainen, M., Holi, M., and Ilmoniemi, R.J. (2001). Ethanol modulates cortical activity: direct evidence with combined TMS and EEG. Neuroimage 14, 322-328.
54. Kähkönen, S., Wilenius, J., Komssi, S., and Ilmoniemi, R.J. (2004). Distinct differences in cortical reactivity of motor and prefrontal cortices to magnetic stimulation. Clin. Neurophysiol. 115, 583-588.
55. Kähkönen, S., Komssi, S., Wilenius, J., and Ilmoniemi, R.J. (2005). Prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation produces intensity-dependent EEG responses in humans. Neuroimage 24, 955-960.
56. Kicic, D., Lioumis, P., Ilmoniemi, R.J., and Nikulin, V.V. (2008). Bilateral changes in excitability of sensorimotor cortices during unilateral movement: combined electroencephalographic and transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Neuroscience 152, 1119-1129.
57. Kim, S.J. and Linden, D.J. (2007). Ubiquitous plasticity and memory storage. Neuron 56, 582-592.
58. Kleim, J.A., Lussnig, E., Schwarz, E.R., Comery, T.A., and Greenough, W.T. (1996). Synaptogenesis and Fos expression in the motor cortex of the adult rat after motor skill learning. J. Neurosci. 16, 4529-4535.
59. Kobayashi, M. and Pascual-Leone, A. (2003). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology. Lancet Neurol. 2, 145-156.
60. Komssi, S. and Kähkönen, S. (2006). The novelty value of the combined use of electroencephalography and transcranial magnetic stimulation for neuroscience research. Brain Res. Rev. 52, 183-192.
61. Komssi, S., Aronen, H.J., Huttunen, J., Kesäniemi, M., Soinne, L., Nikouline, V.V., Ollikainen, M., Roine, R.O., Karhu, J., Savolainen, S., et al. (2002). Ipsi- and contralateral EEG reactions to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin. Neurophysiol. 113, 175-184.
62. Komssi, S., Kähkönen, S., and Ilmoniemi, R.J. (2004). The effect of stimulus intensity on brain responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Hum. Brain Mapp. 21, 154-164.
63. Komssi, S., Savolainen, P., Heiskala, J., and Kähkönen, S. (2007). Excitation threshold of the motor cortex estimated with transcranial magnetic stimulation electroencephalography. Neuroreport 18, 13-16.
64. Krings, T., Buchbinder, B.R., Butler, W.E., Chiappa, K.H., Jiang, H.J., Cosgrove, G.R., and Rosen, B.R. (1997). Functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation: complementary approaches in the evaluation of cortical motor function. Neurology 48, 1406-1416.
65. Krings, T., Reinges, M.H., Foltys, H., Cosgrove, G.R., and Thron, A. (2001). Multimodality neuroimaging: research and clinical applications. Neurol Clin. Neurophysiol. 2001, 2-11.
66. Krnjevic, K., Randic, M., and Straughan, D.W. (1966). Nature of a cortical inhibitory process. J. Physiol. 184, 49-77.
67. Lee, L., Harrison, L.M., and Mechelli, A. (2003). A report of the functional connectivity workshop, Dusseldorf 2002. Neuroimage 19, 457-465.
68. Lioumis P., Kicic, D., Savolainen, P., Makela, J.P., and Kähkönen, S. (2009). Reproducibility of TMS-evoked EEG responses. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30, 1387-1396.
69. Määttä, S., Landsness, E., Sarasso, S., Ferrarelli, F., Ferreri, F., Ghilardi, M.F., and Tononi, G. (2010). The effects of morning training on night sleep: a behavioral and EEG study. Brain Res. Bull. 82, 118-123.
70. Mäki, H. and Ilmoniemi, R.J. (2010). The relationship between peripheral and early cortical activation induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurosci Lett. 478, 24-28.
71. Malenka, R.C. and Bear, M.F. (2004). LTP and LTD: an embarrassment of riches. Neuron 44, 5-21.
72. Massey, P.V. and Bashir, Z.I. (2007). Long-term depression: multiple forms and implications for brain function. Trends Neurosci. 30, 176-184.
73. Massimini, M., Ferrarelli, F., Huber, R., Esser, S.K., Singh, H., and Tononi, G. (2005). Breakdown of cortical effective connectivity during sleep. Science 309, 2228-2232.
74. Matsumoto, R., Nair, D.R., LaPresto, E., Bingaman, W., Shibasaki, H., and Luders, H.O. (2007). Functional connectivity in human cortical motor system: a cortico-cortical evoked potential study. Brain 130, 181-197.
75. Nikulin, V.V., Kicic, D., Kähkönen, S., and Ilmoniemi, R.J. (2003). Modulation of electroencephalographic responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation: evidence for changes in cortical excitability related to movement. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18, 1206-1212.
76. Oliveri, M., Rossini, P.M., Traversa, R., Cicinelli, P., Filippi, M.M., Pasqualetti, P., Tomaiuolo, F., and Caltagirone, C. (1999). Left frontal transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces contralesional extinction in patients with unilateral right brain damage. Brain 122, 1731-1739.
77. Oliveri, M., Caltagirone, C., Filippi, M.M., Traversa, R., Cicinelli, P., Pasqualetti, P., and Rossini, P.M. (2000a). Paired transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols reveal a pattern of inhibition and facilitation in the human parietal cortex. J. Physiol. 529, 461-468.
78. Oliveri, M., Rossini, P.M., Filippi, M.M., Traversa, R., Cicinelli, P., Palmieri, M.G., Pasqualetti, P., and Caltagirone, C. (2000b). Time-dependent activation of parieto-frontal networks for directing attention to tactile space. A study with paired transcranial magnetic stimulation pulses in right-braindamaged patients with extinction. Brain 123, 1939-1947.
79. Pascual-Leone, A., Nguyet, D., Cohen, L.G., Brasil-Neto, J.P., Cammarota, A., and Hallett, M. (1995). Modulation of muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation during the acquisition of new fine motor skills. J. Neurophysiol. 74, 1037-1045.
80. Pascual-Leone, A., Peris, M., Tormos J.M., Pascual, A.P., and Catala, M.D. (1996). Reorganization of human cortical motor output maps following traumatic forearm amputation. Neuroreport 7, 2068-2070.
81. Pascual-Leone, A., Tormos J.M., Keenan, J., Tarazona, F., Canete, C., and Catala, M.D. (1998). Study and modulation of human cortical excitability with transcranial magnetic stimulation. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 15, 333-343.
82. Pascual-Leone, A., Amedi, A., Fregni, F., and Merabet, L.B. (2005). The plastic human brain cortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 28, 377-401.
83. Paus, T., Castro-Alamancos, M.A., and Petrides, M. (2001a). Corticocortical connectivity of the human mid-dorsolateral frontal cortex and its modulation by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Eur. J. Neurosci. 14, 1405-1411.
84. Paus, T., Sipila, P.K., and Strafella, A.P. (2001b). Synchronization of neuronal activity in the human primary motor cortex by transcranial magnetic stimulation: an EEG study. J. Neurophysiol. 86, 1983-1990.
85. Pfurtscheller, G. and Lopes da Silva, F.H. (1999). Event-related EEG/ MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles. Clin. Neurophysiol. 110, 1842-1857.
86. Platz, T. and Rothwell, J.C. (2010). Brain stimulation and brain repair-rTMS: from animal experiment to clinical trials - what do we know? Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 28, 387-398.
87. Post, A. and Keck, M.E. (2001). Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a therapeutic tool in psychiatry: what do we know about the neurobiological mechanisms? J. Psychiatr. Res. 35, 193-215.
88. Raymond, C.R. (2007). LTP forms 1, 2 and 3: different mechanisms for the "long" in long-term potentiation. Trends Neurosci. 30, 167-175.
89. Ridding, M.C. and Rothwell, J.C. (2007). Is there a future for therapeutic use of transcranial magnetic stimulation? Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 559-567.
90. Rosanova, M., Casali, A., Bellina, V., Resta, F., Mariotti, M., and Massimini, M. (2009). Natural frequencies of human corticothalamic circuits. J. Neurosci. 29, 7679-7685.
91. Rosenthal, J., Waller, H.J., and Amassian, V.E. (1967). An analysis of the activation of motor cortical neurons by surface stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 30, 844-858.
92. Rossi, S., Cappa, S.F., Babiloni, C., Pasqualetti, P., Miniussi, C., Carducci, F., Babiloni, F., and Rossini, P.M. (2001). Prefrontal [correction of Prefontal] cortex in long-term memory: an "interference" approach using magnetic stimulation. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 948-952.
93. Rossini, P.M. and Dal Forno, G. (2004). Neuronal post-stroke plasticity in the adult. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 22, 193-206.
94. Rossini, P.M., Caramia, M., and Zarola, F. (1987a). Central motor tract propagation in man: studies with non-invasive, unifocal, scalp stimulation. Brain Res. 415, 211-225.
95. Rossini, P.M., Gigli, G.L., Marciani, M.G., Zarola, F., and Caramia, M. (1987b). Non-invasive evaluation of input-output characteristics of sensorimotor cerebral areas in healthy humans. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 68, 88-100.
96. Rossini, P.M., Calautti, C., Pauri, F., and Baron, J.C. (2003). Post-stroke plastic reorganisation in the adult brain. Lancet Neurol. 2, 493-502.
97. Rossini, P.M., Micera, S., Benvenuto, A., Carpaneto, J., Cavallo, G., Citi, L., Cipriani, C., Denaro, L., Denaro, V., Di Pino, G., et al. (2010a). Double nerve intraneural interface implant on a human amputee for robotic hand control. Clin. Neurophysiol. 121, 777-783.
98. Rossini, P.M., Rossini, L., and Ferreri, F. (2010b). Brain-behavior relations: transcranial magnetic stimulation: a review. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. 29, 84-95.
99. Rossini, P.M., Rigosa, J., Micera, S., Assenza, G., Rossini, L., and Ferreri, F. (2011). Stump nerve signals during transcranial magnetic motor cortex stimulation recorded in an amputee via longitudinal intrafascicular electrodes. Exp. Brain Res. 210, 1-11.
100. Rossini, P.M. and Ferreri, F. (2013). Neurophysiological techniques in the study of the excitability, connectivity and plasticity of the human brain. Suppl. Clin. Neurophys. 2013-05-01T06:25:40Z.
101. Rossini, P.M., Noris Ferilli, M.A., and Ferreri, F. (2013a). Cortical plasticity and brain computer interface. Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 48, 307-312. Review.
102. Rossini, P.M., Ferilli, M.A., Rossini, L., and Ferreri, F. (2013b). Clinical neurophysiology of brain plasticity in aging brain. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2013 Feb 13.
103. Roth, B.J., Pascual-Leone, A., Cohen, L.G., and Hallett, M. (1992). The heating of metal electrodes during rapid-rate magnetic stimulation: a possible safety hazard. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 85, 116-123.
104. Rothwell, J.C. (2010). Using transcranial magnetic stimulation methods to probe connectivity between motor areas of the brain. Hum. Mov. Sci. Oct;30(5):906-15. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2010.07.007. Epub 2010 Nov 5. Review
105. Rothwell, J.C., Thompson, P.D., Day, B.L., Dick, J.P., Kachi, T., Cowan, J.M., and Marsden, C.D. (1987). Motor cortex stimulation in intact man. 1. General characteristics of EMG responses in different muscles. Brain 110, 1173-1190.
106. Siebner, H.R. and Rothwell, J. (2003). Transcranial magnetic stimulation: new insights into representational cortical plasticity. Exp. Brain Res. 148, 1-16.
107. Siebner, H.R., Bergmann, T.O., Bestmann, S., Massimini, M., Johansen-Berg, H., Mochizuki, H., Bohning, D.E., Boorman, E.D., Groppa, S., Miniussi, C., et al. (2009). Consensus paper: combining transcranial stimulation with neuroimaging. Brain Stimul. 2, 58-80.
108. Sjöström, P.J., Rancz, E.A., Roth, A., Häusser, M. (2008). Dendritic excitability and synaptic plasticity. Physiol Rev. 2008 Apr;88(2):769-840. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00016.
109. Sporns, O., Chialvo, D.R., Kaiser, M., and Hilgetag, C.C. (2004). Organization, development and function of complex brain networks. Trends Cognit. Sci. 8, 418-425.
110. Thut, G. and Miniussi, C. (2009). New insights into rhythmic brain activity from TMS-EEG studies. Trends Cognit. Sci. 13, 182-189.
111. Tononi, G., Sporns, O., and Edelman, G.M. (1994). A measure for brain complexity: relating functional segregation and integration in the nervous system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5033-5037.
112. Trachtenberg, J.T. and Stryker, M.P. (2001). Rapid anatomical plasticity of horizontal connections in the developing visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 21, 3476-3482.
113. Trachtenberg, J.T., Chen, B.E., Knott, G.W., Feng, G., Sanes, J.R., Welker, E., and Svoboda, K. (2002). Long-term in vivo imaging of experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in adult cortex. Nature 420, 788-794.
114. Turrigiano, G.G. and Nelson, S.B. (2004). Homeostatic plasticity in the developing nervous system. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 97-107.
115. Van Der Werf, Y.D. and Paus, T. (2006). The neural response to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. I. Intracortical and cortico-cortical contributions. Exp. Brain Res. 175, 231-245.
116. Van Der Werf, Y.D., Sadikot, A.F., Strafella, A.P., and Paus, T. (2006). The neural response to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. II. Thalamocortical contributions. Exp. Brain Res. 175, 246-255.
117. Vecchio, F., Babiloni, C., Ferreri, F., Buffo, P., Cibelli, G., Curcio, G., van Dijkman, S., Melgari, J.M., Giambattistelli, F., and Rossini, P.M. (2010). Mobile phone emission modulates inter-hemispheric functional coupling of EEG alpha rhythms in elderly compared to young subjects. Clin. Neurophysiol. 121, 163-171.
118. Veniero, D., Bortoletto, M., and Miniussi, C. (2009). TMS-EEG co-registration: on TMS-induced artifact. Clin. Neurophysiol. 120, 1392-1399.
119. Veniero, D., Maioli, C., and Miniussi, C. (2010). Potentiation of short-latency cortical responses by high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 104, 1578-1588.
120. Veniero, D., Bortoletto, M., and Miniussi, C. (2012). Cortical modulation of short-latency TMS-evoked potentials. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6, 352.
121. Virtanen, J., Ruohonen, J., Näätänen, R., and Ilmoniemi, R.J. (1999). Instrumentation for the measurement of electric brain responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 37, 322-326.
122. Ziemann, U. (2004). LTP-like plasticity in human motor cortex. Clin. Neurophysiol. 57 (Suppl.), 702-707.
123. Ziemann, U. and Rothwell, J.C. (2000). I-waves in motor cortex. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 17, 397-405.
124. Ziemann, U., Lonnecker, S., and Paulus, W. (1995). Inhibition of human motor cortex by ethanol. A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Brain 118, 1437-1446.
125. Ziemann, U., Chen, R., Cohen, L.G., and Hallett, M. (1998). Dextromethorphan decreases the excitability of the human motor cortex. Neurology 51, 1320-1324.
126. Ziemann, U., Paulus, W., Nitsche, M.A., Pascual-Leone, A., Byblow, W.D., Berardelli, A., Siebner, H.R., Classen, J., Cohen, L.G., and Rothwell, J.C. (2008). Consensus: Motor cortex plasticity protocols. Brain Stimul. 1, 164-182.