Why albumin to creatinine ratio should replace protein to creatinine ratio: It is not just about nephrologists

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 301-305

  Lamb, Edmund J ^a   McTaggart, Malcolm P ^a   Stevens, Paul E ^a  

^a EAST KENT HOSPITALS UNIVERSITY NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; CREATININE;

ALBUMINURIA; ARTICLE; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HUMAN; KIDNEY DISEASE; MORTALITY; NEPHROLOGIST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA;

EID: 84888093953     PISSN: 00045632     EISSN: 17581001     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0004563212473284     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Methven S, MacGregor MS. Empiricism or rationalism: how should we measure proteinuria? Ann Clin Biochem 2013;50. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1177/ 0004563212473283.
2. Peitzman S. Dropsy, Dialysis, Transplant. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2007.
3. Keen H and Chlouverakis C. An immunoassay method for urinary albumin at low concentrations. Lancet 1963; 2: 913-914.
4. Cameron JS. Milk or albumin? The history of proteinuria before Richard Bright. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 1281-1285.
5. Lamb EJ, Mackenzie F and Stevens PE. How should proteinuria be detected and measured? Ann Clin Biochem 2009; 46: 205-217.
6. Methven S, MacGregor MS, Traynor JP, O'Reilly DS and Deighan CJ. Assessing proteinuria in chronic kidney disease: protein-creatinine ratio versus albumincreatinine ratio. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25: 2991-2996.
7. Ballantyne FC, Gibbons J and O'Reilly DS. Urine albumin should replace total protein for the assessment of glomerular proteinuria. Ann Clin Biochem 1993; 30: 101-103.
8. Newman DJ, Thakkar H, Medcalf EA, Gray MR and Price CP. Use of urine albumin measurement as a replacement for total protein. Clin Nephrol 1995; 43: 104-109.
9. Methven S, Traynor JP, Hair MD, O'Reilly DS, Deighan CJ and MacGregor MS. Stratifying risk in chronic kidney disease: an observational study of UK guidelines for measuring total proteinuria and albuminuria. QJM 2011; 104: 663-670.
10. Methven S, MacGregor MS, Traynor JP, Hair M, O'Reilly DS and Deighan CJ. Comparison of urinary albumin and urinary total protein as predictors of patient outcomes in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2011; 57: 21-28.
11. Atkins RC, Briganti EM, Zimmet PZ and Chadban SJ. Association between albuminuria and proteinuria in the general population: the AusDiab Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 2170-2174.
12. Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y, et al. Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2005; 67: 2089-2100.
13. Bazzi C., Petrini C., Rizza V., Arrigo G. and D'Amico G. A modern approach to selectivity of proteinuria and tubulointerstitial damage in nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 2000(58): 1732-1741.
14. Miller WG. Urine albumin: recommendations for standardization. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 2008; 241: 71-72.
15. Miller WG, Bruns DE, Hortin GL, et al. Current issues in measurement and reporting of urinary albumin excretion. Clin Chem 2009; 55: 24-38.
16. Bello AK, Hemmelgarn B, Lloyd A, et al. Associations among estimated glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 6: 1418-1426.
17. Rifkin DE, Katz R, Chonchol M, et al. Albuminuria, impaired kidney function and cardiovascular outcomes or mortality in the elderly. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25: 1560-1567.
18. Astor BC, Matsushita K, Gansevoort RT, et al. Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higheralbuminuria are associated with mortality and end-stage renal disease. A collaborative meta-analysis of kidney disease population cohorts. Kidney Int 2011; 79: 1331-1340.
19. Gross JL, de Azevedo MJ, Silveiro SP, Canani LH, Caramori ML and Zelmanovitz T. Diabetic nephropathy: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 164-176.
20. Ninomiya T, Perkovic V, de Galan BE, et al. Albuminuria and kidney function independently predict cardiovascular and renal outcomes in diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 1813-1821.
21. Viazzi F, Leoncini G, Conti N, et al. Combined effect of albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate on cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in uncomplicated hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2010; 28: 848-855.
22. Shastri S, Katz R, Shlipak MG, et al. Cystatin C and albuminuria as risk factors for development of CKD stage 3: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Am J Kidney Dis 2011; 57: 832-840.
23. Hallan SI, Ritz E, Lydersen S, Romundstad S, Kvenild K and Orth SR. Combining GFR and albuminuria to classify CKD improves prediction of ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 1069-1077.
24. Grams ME, Astor BC, Bash LD, Matsushita K, Wang Y and Coresh J. Albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate independently associate with acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21: 1757-1764.
25. Matsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC, et al. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet 2010; 375: 2073-2081.
26. van der Velde M, Matsushita K, Coresh J, et al. Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher albuminuria are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. A collaborative meta-analysis of high-risk population cohorts. Kidney Int 2011; 79: 1341-1352.
27. Gansevoort RT, Matsushita K, van der Velde M, et al. Lower estimated GFR and higher albuminuria are associated with adverse kidney outcomes. A collaborative meta-analysis of general and high-risk population cohorts. Kidney Int 2011; 80: 93-104.
28. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39: S1-266.
29. McTaggart MP, Newall RG, Pinnock RG, Stevens PE, Price CP and Lamb EJ. Investigation of apparent nonalbuminuric proteinuria in a primary care population. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013; in press. DOI 10.1515/cclm- 2013-0225.
30. Comper WD, Osicka TM, Clark M, MacIsaac RJ and Jerums G. Earlier detection of microalbuminuria in diabetic patients using a new urinary albumin assay. Kidney Int 2004; 65: 1850-1855.
31. Comper WD, Osicka TM and Jerums G. High prevalence of immuno-unreactive intact albumin in urine of diabetic patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41: 336-342.
32. Osicka TM and Comper WD. Characterization of immunochemically nonreactive urinary albumin. Clin Chem 2004; 50: 2286-2291.
33. Magliano DJ, Polkinghorne KR, Barr EL, et al. HPLC-detected albuminuria predicts mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18: 3171-3176.
34. Polkinghorne KR, Su Q, Chadban SJ, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ and Atkins RC. Population prevalence of albuminuria in the Australian diabetes, obesity, and lifestyle (AusDiab) study: immunonephelometry compared with high-performance liquid chromatography. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 47: 604-613.
35. Wang Z, Hoy WE, Nicol JL, et al. Predictive value of nephelometric and high-performance liquid chromatography assays of urine albumin for mortality in a highrisk Aboriginal population. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 52: 672-682.
36. Sviridov D, Drake SK and Hortin GL. Reactivity of urinary albumin (microalbumin) assays with fragmented or modified albumin. Clin Chem 2008; 54: 61-68.
37. Sviridov D, Meilinger B, Drake SK, Hoehn GT and Hortin GL. Coelution of other proteins with albumin during size-exclusion HPLC: implications for analysis of urinary albumin. Clin Chem 2006; 52: 389-397.
38. Seegmiller JC, Sviridov D, Larson TS, Borland TM, Hortin GL and Lieske JC. Comparison of urinary albumin quantification by immunoturbidimetry, competitive immunoassay, and protein-cleavage liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem 2009; 55: 1991-1994.
39. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic Kidney Disease: National Clinical Guideline for Early Identification and Management in Adults in Primary and Secondary Care. Clinical Guideline 73.2008. See http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG73/NICEGuidance (last checked 31 July 2012).
40. Panek R, Lawen T and Kiberd BA. Screening for proteinuria in kidney transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26: 1385-1387.
41. Ferrante di Ruffano L, Hyde CJ, McCaffery KJ, Bossuyt PM and Deeks JJ. Assessing the value of diagnostic tests: a framework for designing and evaluating trials. BMJ 2012; 344: e686.
42. Pullan NJ and Hitch T. Development of an automatic laboratory computer flagging system to identify urine albumin samples potentially affected by antigen excess ('hooking'). Ann Clin Biochem 2012; 49: 289-291.