Changes in body core and body surface temperatures during prolonged swimming in water of 10°C-a case report

Extreme Physiology and Medicine

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2012, Pages

  Rüst, Christoph Alexander ^a   Knechtle, Beat ^a,b   Rosemann, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b Gesundheitszentrum St Gallen   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Afterdrop; Body fat; Hypothermia; Open water swimming; Skinfold thickness

Indexed keywords

CARBOHYDRATE; WATER;

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATHLETE; BODY SURFACE; CASE REPORT; CORE TEMPERATURE; HUMAN; MALE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SHIVERING; SKIN TEMPERATURE; SKINFOLD THICKNESS; SWIMMING;

EID: 84888002482     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20467648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/2046-7648-1-8     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Nevill AM, Whyte GP, Holder RL, Peyrebrune M. Are there limits to swimming world records?. Int J Sports Med 2007, 28:1012-1017. 10.1055/s-2007-965088, 17534781.
2. Eichenberger E, Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Rüst CA, Rosemann T, Lepers R. No gender difference in peak performance in ultra-endurance swimming performance-analysis of the 'Zurich 12-h Swim' from 1996 to 2010. Chinese Journal of Physiology 2012, 55:346-351.
3. Brannigan D, Rogers IR, Jacobs I, Montgomery A, Williams A, Khangure N. Hypothermia is a significant medical risk of mass participation long-distance open water swimming. Wilderness Environ Med 2009, 20:14-18. 10.1580/08-WEME-OR-214.1, 19364182.
4. Castro RR, Mendes FS, Nobrega AC. Risk of hypothermia in a new Olympic event: the 10-km marathon swim. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2009, 64:351-356.
5. Keatinge WR, Prys-Roberts C, Cooper KE, Honour AJ, Haight J. Sudden failure of swimming in cold water. Br Med J 1969, 22:480-483.
6. Keatinge WR, Khartchenko M, Lando N, Lioutov V. Hypothermia during sports swimming in water below 11 degrees C. Br J Sports Med 2001, 35:352-353. 10.1136/bjsm.35.5.352, 1724380, 11579073.
7. Knechtle B, Christinger N, Kohler G, Knechtle P, Rosemann T. Swimming in ice cold water. Ir J Med Sci 2009, 178:507-511. 10.1007/s11845-009-0427-0, 19763672.
8. Nuckton TJ, Claman DM, Goldreich D, Wendt FC, Nuckton JG. Hypothermia and afterdrop following open water swimming: the Alcatraz/San Francisco Swim Study. Am J Emerg Med 2000, 18:703-707. 10.1053/ajem.2000.16313, 11043627.
9. Tipton M, Eglin C, Gennser M, Golden F. Immersion deaths and deterioration in swimming performance in cold water. Lancet 1999, 354:626-629. 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)07273-6, 10466663.
10. Pugh LG, Edholm OG. The physiology of channel swimmers. Lancet 1955, 269:761-768.
11. Molnar GW. Survival of hypothermia by men immersed in the ocean. J Am Med Assoc 1946, 131:1046-1050. 10.1001/jama.1946.02870300014004, 20991368.
12. Becque MD, Katch VL, Moffatt RJ. Time course of skin-plus-fat compression in males and females. Hum Biol 1986, 58:33-42.
13. Knechtle B, Joleska I, Wirth A, Knechtle P, Rosemann T, Senn O. Intra- and inter-judge reliabilities in measuring the skin-fold thicknesses of ultra runners under field conditions. Percept Mot Skills 2010, 111:105-106. 10.2466/03.05.PMS.111.4.105-106, 21058591.
14. Ball SD, Altena TS, Swan PD. Comparison of anthropometry to DXA: a new prediction equation for men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004, 58:1525-1531. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602003, 15162135.
15. Stewart AD, Hannan WJ. Prediction of fat mass and fat-free mass in male athletes using dual X-ray absorptiometry as the reference method. J Sports Sci 2000, 18:263-274. 10.1080/026404100365009, 10824643.
16. Lee RC, Wang Z, Heo M, Ross R, Janssen I, Heymsfield SB. Total-body skeletal muscle mass: development and cross-validation of anthropometric prediction models. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 72:796-803.
17. Williams MH. Nutrition for Fitness and Sport 1995, Madison: Brown & Benchmark Publishers, 4.
18. Hayward JS, Eckerson JD, Collis ML. Thermal balance and survival time prediction of man in cold water. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1975, 53:21-32. 10.1139/y75-002, 1139445.
19. Golden FS, Hervey GR, Tipton MJ. Circum-rescue collapse: collapse, sometimes fatal, associated with rescue of immersion victims. J R Nav Med Serv 1991, 77:139-149.
20. Golden FS. Problems of immersion. Br J Hosp Med 1980, 23:371-383.
21. Golden FS. Death after rescue from immersion in cold water. J R Nav Med Serv 1973, 59:5-8.
22. Simmers L. Diversified Health Occupations 1988, 150-151. New York: Delmar, 2.
23. Mackowiak PA, Wasserman SS, Levine MM. A critical appraisal of 98.6 degrees F, the upper limit of the normal body temperature, and other legacies of Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich. JAMA 1992, 268:1578-1580. 10.1001/jama.1992.03490120092034, 1302471.
24. Sund-Levander M, Forsberg C, Wahren LK. Normal oral, rectal, tympanic and axillary body temperature in adult men and women: a systematic literature review. Scand J Caring Sci 2002, 16:122-128. 10.1046/j.1471-6712.2002.00069.x, 12000664.
25. Marx J. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts And Clinical Practice 2006, Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier.
26. Choi JS, Ahn DW, Choi JK, Kim KR, Park YS. Thermal balance of man in water: prediction of deep body temperature change. Appl Human Sci 1996, 15:161-167. 10.2114/jpa.15.161, 8917934.
27. Golden FS, Hampton IF, Smith D. Lean long distance swimmers. J R Nav Med Serv 1980, 66:26-30.
28. Pugh LG, Edholm OG. The physiology of channel swimmers. 1955. Wilderness Environ Med 2004, 15:40-41. 10.1580/1080-6032(2004)015[0040:EFPOCS]2.0.CO;2, 15043005.
29. Nadel ER, Holmér I, Bergh U, Astrand PO, Stolwijk JA. Energy exchanges of swimming man. J Appl Physiol 1974, 36:465-471.
30. Holmér I. Physiology of swimming man. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1974, 407:1-55.
31. Holmér I, Bergh U. Metabolic and thermal response to swimming in water at varying temperatures. J Appl Physiol 1974, 37:702-705.
32. Hatfield HS, Pugh LG. Thermal conductivity of human fat and muscle. Nature 1951, 168:918-919. 10.1038/168918a0, 14899530.
33. Pugh LG, Edholm OG, Fox RH, Wolff HS, Hervey GR, Hammond WM, Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH. A physiological study of channel swimming. Clin Sci 1960, 19:257-273.
34. Golden FS, Hampton IF, Smith D. Cold tolerance in long-distance swimmers [proceedings]. J Physiol 1979, 290:48P-49P.
35. Keatinge WR. The effect of work and clothing on the maintenance of the body temperature in water. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci 1961, 46:69-82.
36. Keatinge WR. The effects of subcutaneous fat and of previous exposure to cold on the body temperature, peripheral blood flow and metabolic rate of men in cold water. J Physiol 1960, 153:166-178. 1359738, 14405072.
37. Petrofsky JS, Laymon M. Heat transfer to deep tissue: the effect of body fat and heating modality. J Med Eng Technol 2009, 33:337-348. 10.1080/03091900802069547, 19440919.
38. Cannon P, Keatinge WR. The metabolic rate and heat loss of fat and thin men in heat balance in cold and warm water. J Physiol 1960, 154:329-344. 1359804, 13690470.
39. Golden FS, Hervey GR. The mechanism of the after-drop following immersion hypothermia in pigs [proceedings]. J Physiol 1977, 272:26P-27P.