Epidemiological investigations on the role of clinically healthy racing pigeons as a reservoir for avian paramyxovirus-1 and avian influenza virus

Avian Pathology

Volumn 42, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 557-565

  Teske, Lydia ^a   Ryll, Martin ^a   Rautenschlein, Silke ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE HANNOVER   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APPLE MOSAIC VIRUS; AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS; AVULAVIRUS; COLUMBA; NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS;

VIRUS ANTIBODY;

AGE; ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ARTICLE; AVIAN INFLUENZA; BIRD DISEASE; BLOOD; DISEASE CARRIER; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; HEMAGGLUTINATION TEST; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLUENZA VIRUS A; NEWCASTLE DISEASE; NEWCASTLE DISEASE PARAMYXOVIRUS; NONPARAMETRIC TEST; PIGEONS AND DOVES; QUESTIONNAIRE; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; VIROLOGY;

AGE FACTORS; ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, VIRAL; BIRD DISEASES; COLUMBIDAE; DISEASE RESERVOIRS; ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; HEMAGGLUTINATION TESTS; HUMANS; INFLUENZA A VIRUS; INFLUENZA IN BIRDS; NEWCASTLE DISEASE; NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS; QUESTIONNAIRES; REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; STATISTICS, NONPARAMETRIC;

EID: 84887997537     PISSN: 03079457     EISSN: 14653338     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.852157     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Abubakar, M.B., Ei-Yuguda, A.D. & Baba, S.S. (2008). Serological evidence of influenza virus infections in domestic animals and birds in North-Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment, 6, 67-70.
2. Al-Garib, S.O., Gielkens, A.L.J., Gruys, E. & Koch, G. (2003). Review of Newcastle disease virus with particular references to immunity and vaccination. World's Poultry Science Journal, 59, 185-200. 10.1079/WPS20030011
3. Aldous, E.W., Fuller, C.M., Mynn, J.K. & Alexander, D.J. (2004). A molecular epidemiological investigation of isolates of the variant avian paramyxovirus type 1 virus (PPMV-1) responsible for the 1978 to present panzootic in pigeons. Avian Pathology, 33, 258-269. 10.1080/0307945042000195768
4. Aldous, E.W., Mynn, J.K., Banks, J. & Alexander, D.J. (2003). A molecular epidemiological study of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (Newcastle disease virus) isolates by phylogenetic analysis of a partial nucleotide sequence of the fusion protein gene. Avian Pathology, 32, 239-256. 10.1080/030794503100009783
5. Alexander, D.J. (2011). Newcastle disease in the European Union 2000 to 2009. Avian Pathology, 40, 547-558. 10.1080/03079457.2011.618823
6. Alexander, D.J., Lister, S.A. & Wilson, G.W.C. (1986). Avian paramyxovirus type-1 infection of racing pigeons: 5 continued spread in 1984. The Veterinary Record, 118, 424-427. 10.1136/vr.118.15.424
7. Alexander, D.J. & Parsons, G. (1984). Avian paramyxovirus type 1 infections of racing pigeons: 2 pathogenicity experiments in pigeons and chickens. The Veterinary Record, 114, 466-469. 10.1136/vr.114.19.466
8. Alexander, D.J., Russell, P.H. & Collins, M.S. (1984a). Paramyxovirus type 1 infections of racing pigeons: 1 characterisation of isolated viruses. The Veterinary Record, 114, 444-446. 10.1136/vr.114.18.444
9. Alexander, D.J., Wilson, G.W., Thain, J.A. & Lister, S.A. (1984b). Avian paramyxovirus type 1 infection of racing pigeons: 3 epizootiological considerations. The Veterinary Record, 115, 213-216. 10.1136/vr.115.9.213
10. Ballagi-Pordany, A., Wehmann, E., Herczeg, J., Belak, S. & Lomniczi, B. (1996). Identification and grouping of Newcastle disease virus strains by restriction site analysis of a region from the F gene. Archives of Virology, 141, 243-261. 10.1007/BF01718397
11. Barber, M.R.W., Aldridge, J.R., Webster, R.G. & Magor, K.E. (2010). Association of RIG-I with innate immunity of ducks to influenza. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 5913-5918. 10.1073/pnas.1001755107
12. BMELV. (2013). Statistischer Monatsbericht-Anzeigepflichtige Tierseuchen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Bonn: Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. Retrieved from http://www.bmelv-statistik.de/de/statistischer-monatsbericht/einzelne-monatsberichte/.
13. Bönner, B.M., Koehler, K., Reichel, U., Beck, I., Jaeger, S., Barbeito, J., Redmann, T. & Kaleta, E.F. (2003). Undesirable reactions of domestic pigeons to vaccination against paramyxovirus type 1. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 110, 403-406.
14. Camenisch, G., Bandli, R. & Hoop, R. (2008). Monitoring of wild birds for Newcastle disease virus in Switzerland using real time RT-PCR. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 44, 772-776. 10.7589/0090-3558-44.3.772
15. Capua, I., Dalla Pozza, M., Mutinelli, F., Marangon, S. & Terregino, C. (2002). Newcastle disease outbreaks in Italy during 2000. The Veterinary Record, 150, 565-568. 10.1136/vr.150.18.565
16. Carrasco, A.O., Seki, M.C., de Sousa, R.L., Raso, T.F. & Pinto, A.A. (2009). Protection levels of vaccinated pigeons (Columba livia) against a highly pathogenic Newcastle disease virus strain. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 41, 1325-1333. 10.1007/s11250-009-9318-7
17. Collins, M.S., Alexander, D.J., Brockman, S., Kemp, P.A. & Manvell, R.J. (1989). Evaluation of mouse monoclonal antibodies raised against an isolate of the variant avian paramyxovirus type 1 responsible for the current panzootic in pigeons. Archives of Virology, 104, 53-61. 10.1007/BF01313807
18. Cornelissen, J.B.W.J., Post, J., Peeters, B., Vervelde, L. & Rebel, J.M.J. (2012). Differential innate responses of chickens and ducks to low-pathogenic avian influenza. Avian Pathology, 41, 519-529. 10.1080/03079457.2012.732691
19. Das, A., Spackman, E., Senne, D., Pedersen, J. & Suarez, D.L. (2006). Development of an internal positive control for rapid diagnosis of avian influenza virus infections by real-time reverse transcription-PCR with lyophilized reagents. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 44, 3065-3073. 10.1128/JCM.00639-06
20. de Oliveira Torres Carrasco, A., Seki, M.C., de Freitas Raso, T., Paulillo, A.C. & Pinto, A.A. (2008). Experimental infection of Newcastle disease virus in pigeons (Columba livia): humoral antibody response, contact transmission and viral genome shedding. Veterinary Microbiology, 129, 89-96. 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.012
21. Dortmans, J.C.F.M., Fuller, C.M., Aldous, E.W., Rottier, P.J.M. & Peeters, B.P.H. (2010). Two genetically closely related pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) variants with identical velogenic fusion protein cleavage sites but with strongly contrasting virulence. Veterinary Microbiology, 143, 139-144. 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.11.021
22. Duchatel, J.P., Flore, P.H., Hermann, W. & Vindevogel, H. (1992). Efficacy of an inactivated aqueous-suspension Newcastle-disease virus-vaccine against paramyxovirus type-1 infection in young pigeons with varying amounts of maternal antibody. Avian Pathology, 21, 321-325. 10.1080/03079459208418847
23. Duchatel, J.P. & Vindevogel, H. (1986). Assessment of vaccination of pigeons against paramyxovirus type 1 infection with inactivated aqueous-suspension or oil-emulsion vaccines. Avian Pathology, 15, 455-465. 10.1080/03079458608436307
24. Ellis, T.M., Bousfield, R.B., Bissett, L.A., Dyrting, K.C., Luk, G.S., Tsim, S.T., Sturm-Ramirez, K., Webster, R.G., Guan, Y. & Malik Peiris, J.S. (2004). Investigation of outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in waterfowl and wild birds in Hong Kong in late 2002. Avian Pathology, 33, 492-505. 10.1080/03079450400003601
25. Fuller, C.M., Brodd, L., Irvine, R.M., Alexander, D.J. & Aldous, E.W. (2010). Development of an L gene real-time reverse-transcription PCR assay for the detection of avian paramyxovirus type 1 RNA in clinical samples. Archives of Virology, 155, 817-823. 10.1007/s00705-010-0632-1
26. Gall, A., Hoffmann, B., Harder, T., Grund, C. & Beer, M. (2008). Universal primer set for amplification and sequencing of HA0 cleavage sites of all influenza A viruses. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 46, 2561-2567. 10.1128/JCM.00466-08
27. Gao, R., Cao, B., Hu, Y., Feng, Z., Wang, D., Hu, W., Chen, J., Jie, Z., Qiu, H., Xu, K., Xu, X., Lu, H., Zhu, W., Gao, Z., Xiang, N., Shen, Y., He, Z., Gu, Y., Zhang, Z., Yang, Y., Zhao, X., Zhou, L., Li, X., Zou, S., Zhang, Y., Yang, L., Guo, J., Dong, J., Li, Q., Dong, L., Zhu, Y., Bai, T., Wang, S., Hao, P., Yang, W., Han, J., Yu, H., Li, D., Gao, G. F., Wu, G., Wang, Y., Yuan, Z. & Shu, Y. (2013). Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus. The New England Journal of Medicine, 368, 1888-1897. 10.1056/NEJMoa1304459
28. Gronesova, P., Mizakova, A. & Betakova, T. (2009). Determination of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes of avian influenza A viruses in urban pigeons by a new nested RT-PCR. Acta Virologica, 53, 213-216. 10.4149/av_2009_03_213
29. Grund, C., Harder, T. & Beer, M. (2013). Phylogenetic analysis of pigeontype paramyxovirus 1 in Germany. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Society for Virology (p. 71). Kiel, Germany. Retrieved from http://www.virology-meeting.de/fileadmin/media/2013/gfv/Druckelemente/GfV2013_Programme.pdf
30. Guan, Y., Shortridge, K.F., Krauss, S., Chin, P.S., Dyrting, K.C., Ellis, T.M., Webster, R.G. & Peiris, M. (2000). H9N2 influenza viruses possessing H5N1-like internal genomes continue to circulate in poultry in southeastern China. Journal of Virology, 74, 9372-9380. 10.1128/JVI.74.20.9372-9380.2000
31. Guttman, R.M., Tebo, T., Edwards, J., Barboriak, J.J. & Fink, J.N. (1971). The immune response of the pigeon (Columba livia). Journal of Immunology, 106, 392-396.
32. Han, J., Jin, M., Zhang, P., Liu, J., Wang, L., Wen, D., Wu, X., Liu, G., Zou, Y., Lv, X., Dong, X., Shao, B., Gu, S., Zhou, D., Leng, Q., Zhang, C. & Lan, K. (2013). Epidemiological link between exposure to poultry and all influenza A (H7N9) confirmed cases in Huzhou city, China, March to May 2013. Eurosurveillance, 18, 6-11.
33. Haynes, L., Arzey, E., Bell, C., Buchanan, N., Burgess, G., Cronan, V., Dickason, C., Field, H., Gibbs, S., Hansbro, P.M., Hollingsworth, T., Hurt, A.C., Kirkland, P., McCracken, H., O'Connor, J., Tracey, J., Wallner, J., Warner, S., Woods, R. & Bunn, C. (2009). Australian surveillance for avian influenza viruses in wild birds between July 2005 and June 2007. Australian Veterinary Journal, 87, 266-272. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.00446.x
34. Higgins, D.A. (1996). Comparative immunology of avian species. In T.F. Davison, T.R. Morris & L.N. Payne (Eds.), Poultry Immunology Vol. 24 (pp.149-205). Abingdon: Carfax Publishing.
35. Hlinak, A., Werner, O. & Ziedler, K. (1998). Occurrence of paramyxovirus-1 (PMV 1) infections in pigeons. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 111, 332-336.
36. Hoffmann, B., Beer, M., Reid, S.M., Mertens, P., Oura, C.A., van Rijn, P.A., Slomka, M.J., Banks, J., Brown, I.H., Alexander, D.J. & King, D.P. (2009). A review of RT-PCR technologies used in veterinary virology and disease control: sensitive and specific diagnosis of five livestock diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health. Veterinary Microbiology, 139, 1-23. 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.04.034
37. Hoffmann, B., Depner, K., Schirrmeier, H. & Beer, M. (2006). A universal heterologous internal control system for duplex real-time RT-PCR assays used in a detection system for pestiviruses. Journal of Virological Methods, 136, 200-209. 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.05.020
38. Hoque, M.A., Burgess, G.W., Karo-Karo, D., Cheam, A.L. & Skerratt, L.F. (2012). Monitoring of wild birds for Newcastle disease virus in north Queensland, Australia. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 103, 49-62. 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.08.013
39. Ip, H.S., Flint, P.L., Franson, J.C., Dusek, R.J., Derksen, D.V., Gill, R. E., Jr., Ely, C.R., Pearce, J.M., Lanctot, R.B., Matsuoka, S.M., Irons, D.B., Fischer, J.B., Oates, R.M., Petersen, M.R., Fondell, T.F., Rocque, D.A., Pedersen, J.C. & Rothe, T.C. (2008). Prevalence of influenza A viruses in wild migratory birds in Alaska: patterns of variation in detection at a crossroads of intercontinental flyways. Virology journal, 5, 71. 10.1186/1743-422X-5-71
40. Jindal, N., de Abin, M., Primus, A.E., Raju, S., Chander, Y., Redig, P.T. & Goyal, S.M. (2010). Comparison of cloacal and oropharyngeal samples for the detection of avian influenza virus in wild birds. Avian Diseases, 54, 115-119.
41. Kaleta, E.F. & Honicke, A. (2004). Review of the literature on avian influenza A viruses in pigeons and experimental studies on the susceptibility of domestic pigeons to influenza A viruses of the haemagglutinin subtype H7. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 111, 467-472.
42. Kalhoro, N.H., Veits, J., Rautenschlein, S. & Zimmer, G. (2009). A recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus replicon vaccine protects chickens from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H7N1). Vaccine, 27, 1174-1183. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.019
43. Kapczynski, D.R., Afonso, C.L. & Miller, P.J. (2013). Immune responses of poultry to Newcastle disease virus. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 41, 447-453. 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.012
44. Kapczynski, D.R., Wise, M.G. & King, D.J. (2006). Susceptibility and protection of naive and vaccinated racing pigeons (Columbia livia) against exotic Newcastle disease virus from the California 2002-2003 outbreak. Avian Diseases, 50, 336-341. 10.1637/7479-112905R.1
45. Klopfleisch, R., Werner, O., Mundt, E., Harder, T. & Teifke, J. P. (2006). Neurotropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/chicken/Indonesia/2003 (H5N1) in experimentally infected pigeons (Columbia livia f. domestica). Veterinary Pathology, 43, 463-470. 10.1354/vp.43-4-463
46. Knoll, M., Kosters, J. & Lutticken, D. (1986). Duration of immunity after vaccination against paramyxovirus infection in pigeons with an oil-emusified homologous vaccine-results of a long-term trial under laboratory conditions. Der Praktische Tierarzt, 67, 975-980.
47. Kohls, A., Luschow, D., Lierz, M. & Hafez, H.M. (2011). Influenza A virus monitoring in urban and free-ranging pigeon populations in Germany, 2006-2008. Avian Diseases, 55, 447-450. 10.1637/9567-100710-ResNote.1
48. Lana, D.P., Snyder, D.B., King, D.J. & Marquardt, W.W. (1988). Characterization of a battery of monoclonal antibodies for differentiation of Newcastle disease virus and pigeon paramyxovirus-1 strains. Avian Diseases, 32, 273-281. 10.2307/1590814
49. Li, K.S., Guan, Y., Wang, J., Smith, G.J.D., Xu, K.M., Duan, L., Rahardjo, A.P., Puthavathana, P., Buranathai, C., Nguyen, T.D., Estoepangestie, A.T.S., Chaisingh, A., Auewarakul, P., Long, H. T., Hanh, N.T.H., Webby, R.J., Poon, L.L.M., Chen, H., Shortridge, K.F., Yuen, K.Y., Webster, R.G. & Peiris, J.S.M. (2004). Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia. Nature, 430, 209-213. 10.1038/nature02746
50. Li, Q., Zhou, L., Zhou, M., Chen, Z., Li, F., Wu, H., Xiang, N., Chen, E., Tang, F., Wang, D., Meng, L., Hong, Z., Tu, W., Cao, Y., Li, L., Ding, F., Liu, B., Wang, M., Xie, R., Gao, R., Li, X., Bai, T., Zou, S., He, J., Hu, J., Xu, Y., Chai, C., Wang, S., Gao, Y., Jin, L., Zhang, Y., Luo, H., Yu, H., Gao, L., Pang, X., Liu, G., Shu, Y., Yang, W., Uyeki, T.M., Wang, Y., Wu, F. & Feng, Z. (2013). Preliminary report: epidemiology of the avian influenza A (H7N9) outbreak in China. The New England journal of medicine.
51. Lillehaug, A., Monceyron Jonassen, C., Bergsjo, B., Hofshagen, M., Tharaldsen, J., Nesse, L.L. & Handeland, K. (2005). Screening of feral pigeon (Colomba livia), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and graylag goose (Anser anser) populations for Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., avian influenza virus and avian paramyxovirus. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 46, 193-202. 10.1186/1751-0147-46-193
52. Liu, M., Guan, Y., Peiris, M., He, S., Webby, R.J., Perez, D. & Webster, R.G. (2003a). The quest of influenza A viruses for new hosts. Avian Diseases, 47, 849-856. 10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.849
53. Liu, M., He, S.Q., Walker, D., Zhou, N.N., Perez, D.R., Mo, B., Li, F., Huang, X.T., Webster, R.G. & Webby, R.J. (2003b). The influenza virus gene pool in a poultry market in South Central China. Virology, 305, 267-275. 10.1006/viro.2002.1762
54. Liu, Y.H., Han, C.H., Wang, X.Q., Lin, J., Ma, M., Shu, Y.L., Zhou, J., Yang, H.C., Liang, Q., Guo, C.T., Zhu, J.J., Wei, H.T., Zhao, J.Y., Ma, Z.J. & Pan, J. (2009). influenza A virus receptors in the respiratory and intestinal tracts of pigeons. Avian Pathology, 38, 263-266. 10.1080/03079450903055363
55. Meulemans, G., van den Berg, T.P., Decaesstecker, M. & Boschmans, M. (2002). Evolution of pigeon Newcastle disease virus strains. Avian Pathology, 31, 515-519. 10.1080/0307945021000005897
56. Motha, J., Gibbons, A.M. & Reed, C.E.M. (1997). A survey for avian paramyxoviruses and influenza viruses in feral pigeons and native birds in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 45, 215-216. 10.1080/00480169.1997.36032
57. Munster, V.J., Baas, C., Lexmond, P., Waldenstrom, J., Wallensten, A., Fransson, T., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Beyer, W.E., Schutten, M., Olsen, B., Osterhaus, A.D. & Fouchier, R.A. (2007). Spatial, temporal, and species variation in prevalence of influenza A viruses in wild migratory birds. PLoS Pathogens, 3, 630-638. 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030061
58. OIE. (2009). Chapter 2.3.14, Newcastle disease. In O.I.d. Epizooties (Ed.), Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (pp.576-589). Paris: World Organisation for Animal Health.
59. OIE. (2013). OIE expert mission finds live bird markets play a key role in poultry and human infections with influenza A(H7N9). Paris: World Organisation for Animal Health. Retrieved from http://www.oie.int/en/for-the-media/press-releases/detail/article/oie-expert-mission-finds-live-bird-markets-play-a-key-role-in-poultry-and-human-infections-with-infl/.
60. Panigrahy, B., Senne, D.A., Pedersen, J.C., Shafer, A.L. & Pearson, J.E. (1996). Susceptibility of pigeons to avian influenza. Avian Diseases, 40, 600-604. 10.2307/1592270
61. Perkins, L.E. & Swayne, D.E. (2002). Pathogenicity of a Hong Kong-origin H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus for emus, geese, ducks, and pigeons. Avian Diseases, 46, 53-63. 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0053:POAHKO]2.0.CO;2
62. Petersen, H., Matrosovich, M., Pleschka, S. & Rautenschlein, S. (2012). Replication and adaptive mutations of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in tracheal organ cultures of different avian species. Plos One, 7, e42260. 10.1371/journal.pone.0042260
63. Rabl, S., Rinder, M., Neubauer-Juric, A., Bogner, K.H., Korbel, R. & Buttner, M. (2009). [Surveillance of wild birds for avian influenza A virus (AIV) in Bavaria in the years 2007 and 2008]. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 122, 486-493.
64. Reid, S.M., Cox, W.J., Ceeraz, V., Sutton, D., Essen, S.C., Howard, W.A., Slomka, M.J., Irvine, R.M. & Brown, I.H. (2012). First reported detection of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 in Turkeys in the United Kingdom. Avian Diseases, 56, 1062-1067. 10.1637/10178-041012-Reg.1
65. Rogers, G.N., Pritchett, T.J., Lane, J.L. & Paulson, J.C. (1983). Differential sensitivity of human, avian, and equine influenza A viruses to a glycoprotein inhibitor of infection: selection of receptor specific variants. Virology, 131, 394-408. 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90507-X
66. Romvary, J., Meszaros, J., Tanyi, J., Rozsa, J. & Fabian, L. (1976). Spreading of virus-infection among wild birds and monkeys during influenza epidemic caused by Victoria(3)75 variant of A(H3N2) virus. Acta Veterinaria Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 26, 369-376.
67. Romvary, J. & Tanyi, J. (1975). Occurrence of Hong-Kong influenza A (H3N2) virus-infection in Budapest zoo. Acta Veterinaria Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 25, 251-254.
68. Rupiper, D.J. (1998). Diseases that affect race performance of homing pigeons. Part I: husbandry, diagnostic strategies, and viral diseases. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 12, 70-77.
69. Seal, B.S., King, D.J. & Sellers, H.S. (2000). The avian response to Newcastle disease virus. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 24, 257-268. 10.1016/S0145-305X(99)00077-4
70. Siengsanan-Lamont, J., Robertson, I., Blacksell, S.D., Ellis, T., Fenwick,S., Saengchoowong, S., Suwanpukdee, S., Yongyuttawichai, P., Sariya, L., Prompiram, P., Chaichoun, K., Wiriyarat, W., Pothieng, D. & Ratanakorn, P. (2011). Virological and molecular epidemiological investigations into the role of wild birds in the epidemiology of influenza A/H5N1 in central Thailand. Veterinary Microbiology, 148, 213-218. 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.09.028
71. Smietanka, K., Minta, Z., Wyrostek, K., Jozwiak, M., Olszewska, M., Domanska-Blicharz, A.K., Reichert, A.M., Pikula, A., Habyarimana, A. & van den Berg, T. (2011). Susceptibility of pigeons to clade 1 and 2.2 high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 virus. Avian Diseases, 55, 106-112. 10.1637/9514-090110-ResNote.1
72. Songserm, T., Amonsin, A., Jam-On, R., Sae-Heng, N., Meemak, N., Pariyothorn, N., Payungporn, S., Theamboonlers, A. & Poovorawan, Y. (2006). Avian influenza H5N1 in naturally infected domestic cat. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12, 681-683. 10.3201/eid1204.051396
73. Spackman, E., Senne, D.A., Myers, T.J., Bulaga, L.L., Garber, L.P., Perdue, M.L., Lohman, K., Daum, L.T. & Suarez, D.L. (2002). Development of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for type A influenza virus and the avian H5 and H7 hemagglutinin subtypes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40, 3256-3260 10.1128/JCM.40.9.3256-3260.2002
74. Spackman, E. & Suarez, D.L. (2008). Avian influenza virus RNA extraction from tissue and swab material. In E. Spackman (Ed.), Avian Influenza Virus (pp.13-18). Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Humana Press.
75. Terregino, C., De Nardi, R., Guberti, V., Scremin, M., Raffini, E., Martin, A.M., Cattoli, G., Bonfanti, L. & Capua, I. (2007). Active surveillance for avian influenza viruses in wild birds and backyard flocks in Northern Italy during 2004 to 2006. Avian Pathology, 36, 337-344. 10.1080/03079450701488345
76. Thomas, C., Manin, T.B., Andriyasov, A.V. & Swayne, D.E. (2008). Limited susceptibility and lack of systemic infection by an H3N2 swine influenza virus in intranasally inoculated chickens. Avian Diseases, 52, 498-501. 10.1637/8210-011408-RESNOTE.1
77. Trujillo, J., Sponseller, B., Lohr, C. & Nara, P. (2012). Reverse zoonosis of influenza A virus in companion animals; what it means to veterinary and human medicine. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16, E274-E274. 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.931
78. Tsai, H.J. & Lee, C.Y. (2006). Serological survey of racing pigeons for selected pathogens in Taiwan. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 54, 179-189. 10.1556/AVet.54.2006.2.5
79. Tudor, D.C. (1991). Avian influenza. In D.C. Tudor (Ed.), Pigeon Health and Disease 1st edn (pp.41-44). Ames, Iowa, USA: Iowa State University Press.
80. Wakamatsu, N., King, D.J., Kapczynski, D.R., Seal, B.S. & Brown, C.C. (2006). Experimental pathogenesis for chickens, turkeys, and pigeons of exotic Newcastle disease virus from an outbreak in California during 2002-2003. Veterinary Pathology, 43, 925-933. 10.1354/vp.43-6-925
81. Werner, O., Starick, E., Teifke, J., Klopfleisch, R., Prajitno, T.Y., Beer, M., Hoffmann, B. & Harder, T.C. (2007). Minute excretion of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/chicken/Indonesia/2003 (H5N1) from experimentally infected domestic pigeons (Columbia livia) and lack of transmission to sentinel chickens. Journal of General Virology, 88, 3089-3093. 10.1099/vir.0.83105-0
82. Wise, M.G., Suarez, D.L., Seal, B.S., Pedersen, J.C., Senne, D.A., King, D.J., Kapczynski, D.R. & Spackman, E. (2004). Development of a real-time reverse-transcription PCR for detection of Newcastle disease virus RNA in clinical samples. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42, 329-338. 10.1128/JCM.42.1.329-338.2004
83. Yamamoto, Y., Nakamura, K., Yamada, M. & Mase, M. (2012). Limited susceptibility of pigeons experimentally inoculated with H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 74, 205-208. 10.1292/jvms.11-0312
84. Zupančić, Z., Ugrčić, I., Jelavić, V.S.I.-P., Gregurić, J., Jukić, B. & Smerdel, S. (1986). Antibodies for human influenza type A virus in bird sera. Veterinarski Arhiv, 56, 217-225.