Progress in national and regional guidelines development and deployment for the clinical prevention and control of CVD and diabetes in Africa

Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases

Volumn 56, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 336-343

  Valluri, Sruthi ^a   Gaziano, Thomas A ^a,b  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Diabetes mellitus; Dyslipidemia; Hypertension; Standard treatment guidelines; Sub Saharan Africa; Tobacco

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL;

AFRICA; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE CONTROL; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CCS; COUNTRY CAPACITY SURVEY; CVD; DIABETES MELLITUS; DYSLIPIDEMIA; EMLS; ESSENTIAL MEDICINES LISTS; HTN; HYPERTENSION; LMICS; LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES; MINISTRY OF HEALTH; MOH; NCDS; NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; STANDARD TREATMENT GUIDELINES; STGS; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; TOBACCO; WHO; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

AFRICA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DIABETES MELLITUS; FORECASTING; GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; HUMANS; LIFE STYLE; MORBIDITY; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84887990224     PISSN: 00330620     EISSN: 18731740     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2013.09.014     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Lozano R., Naghavi M., Foreman K., et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012, 380(9859):2095-2128.
2. Gu Q., Burt V.L., Dillon C.F., Yoon S. Trends in antihypertensive medication use and blood pressure control among United States adults with hypertension: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001 to 2010. Circulation 2012, 126(17):2105-2114.
3. Gregg E.W., Cheng Y.J., Cadwell B.L., et al. Secular trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors according to body mass index in US adults. JAMA 2005, 293(15):1868-1874.
4. Ford ES, Ajani UA, Croft JB, et al: Explaining the decrease in US deaths from coronary disease, 1980-2000. N Engl J Med 2007;356(23):2388-2398.
5. Grimshaw J.M., Russell I.T. Effect of clinical guidelines on medical practice: a systematic review of rigorous evaluations. Lancet 1993, 342(8883):1317-1322.
6. Lugtenberg M., Burgers J.S., Westert G.P. Effects of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on quality of care: a systematic review. Qual Saf Health Care 2009, 18(5):385-392.
7. World Health Organization: Using indicators to measure country pharmaceutical solutions: fact book on WHO level I and level II monitoring indicators. Geneva, Switzerland 2006. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/WHOTCM2006.2A.pdf.
8. Laing R., Hogerzeil H., Ross-Degnan D. Ten recommendations to improve use of medicines in developing countries. Health Policy Plan 2001, 16(1):13-20.
9. World Health Organization Global status report on noncommunicable diseases, 2010 2011, Switzerland, Geneva.
10. World Health Organization: report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2011. Geneva, Switzerland 2011. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789240687813_eng.pdf.
11. World Health Organization: MPOWER: six policies to reverse the tobacco epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland 2008. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_six_policies_2008.pdf.
12. Boonstra E., Lindbaek M., Khulumani P., Ngome E., Fugelli P. Adherence to treatment guidelines in primary health care facilities in Botswana. Trop Med Int Health 2002, 7(2):178-186.
13. Ministry of Health and Sanitations: Basic package of essential health services for Sierra Leone. Freetown, Sierra Leone 2010. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.afro.who.int.
14. Ministry of Health: Botswana essential drugs list (BEDL). Gaborone, Botswana 2012. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s19479en/s19479en.pdf.
15. Jallow M. Essential drugs in the Gambia. World Health Forum 1993, 14:136-139.
16. Ministry of Health and Child Welfare: essential drugs list and standard treatment guidelines for Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe 2006. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/EDLIZ06.pdf.
17. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare: the essential medicine list of Swaziland. Mbabane, Swaziland 2011. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s19544en/s19544en.pdf.
18. Federal Ministry of Health: essential medicines list. Abuja, Nigeria 2010. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s19018en/s19018en.pdf.
19. World Health Organization Essential medicines list (EML): 30 years of vital health care 2007, [Geneva, Switzerland].
20. Ministry of Health: essential medicines list for Uganda. Kampala, Uganda 2007. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/uga_eml_2007.pdf.
21. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare: essential package of health services, secondary and tertiary care: The district, county, and national health systems. Monrovia, Liberia 2011. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s19420en/s19420en.pdf.
22. Ministry of Health: Ghana national drugs programme. Accra, Ghana 2010. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s18014en/s18014en.pdf.
23. Ministry of Public Health: Kenya essential medicines list. Nairobi, Kenya. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s18694en/s18694en.pdf.
24. Ministère de la Santé: la liste de medicaments essentiels du Burkina Faso. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 2007. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.remed.org/Burkina-faso_liste_des_medicaments_essentiels.xls.
25. Ministère de la Santé: la liste des medicaments essentiels du Gabon. Libreville, Gabon. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.remed.org/Liste_Medicaments_essentiels_Gabon.xls.
26. Ministry of Health: la liste des médicaments essentiels du Togo Lomé, Togo 2006. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.remed.org/Liste_des_MEG_Mars_2006_togo.xls.
27. Ministry of Health and Family Planning: le liste des medicaments essentiels de Madagascar. Antananarivo, Madagascar 2008. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.remed.org/Madagascar_Liste_medicamentsessentiels_Madagascar.xls.
28. Ministry of Health: list of basic essential medicines. Victoria, Seychelles 2010. Available at http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/Seychelles2010.pdf.
29. Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia: list of essential medicines. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2010.
30. Saude M.D. Lista nacional de medicamentos 2009, Praia, Cape Verde.
31. Ministère de la Santé: liste de medicaments essentiels. Bujumbura, Burundi 2009. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/bdi_EML_2009.pdf.
32. Ministère de la Santé: liste des medicaments et materiels essentiels. Dijbouti, Dijbouti 2007. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/dji_Liste_2007.pdf.
33. de la Santé Ministère Liste nationale de medicaments essentiels 2008, Cote d'Ivoire, Yamoussoukro.
34. Ministère de la Santé: liste nationale de medicaments essentiels. Yaounde, Cameroon 2009. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.remed.org/LMNE_Cameroun_2009.doc.
35. Ministere de la Sante et de la Prevention: liste nationale de medicaments et produits essentiels du Senegal. Dakar, Senegal 2008. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/sen_eml_2008.pdf.
36. Ministère de la Santé, des Affaires Sociales et de la Famille Liste nationale des medicaments essentiels 2008, [Brazzaville, Congo].
37. Ministere de la Sante: liste nationale des médicaments essentiels. Kigali, Rwanda 2010. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/RWA_LNME_2010.pdf.
38. Ministère de la Santé Publique: liste nationale des medicaments essentiels - rev. 2007. N'Djamena, Chad 2007. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/Tchad_2007.pdf.
39. Ministère de la Santé Publique de la Population et de la lutte Contre le SIDA: liste nationale des medicaments essentiels en Republique Centrafricaine. 2009. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/entity/selection_medicines/country_lists/caf_eml_2009.pdf.
40. Ministère de la Santé: liste nationale des medicaments essentiels par niveau Nouakchott, Mauritania 2007. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s17813fr/s17813fr.pdf.
41. Ministère de la Santé: liste nationale des médicaments essentiels par niveau. Bamako, Mali 2008. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/mli_EML_2008.pdf.
42. Ministère de la Santé Publique: liste nationale des medicaments essentiels, revision Mars 2010. Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s18817fr/s18817fr.pdf.
43. Ministry of Health: Malawi standard treatment guidelines (MSTG) 4th edition 2009: incorporating Malawi essential medicines list (NEML) 2009. Lilongwe, Malawi 2009. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s18801en/s18801en.pdf.
44. Ministry of Health and Quality of Life: medicine prices, availability, affordability and price components in the Republic of Mauritius. Pamplemousses, Mauritius 2008. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.haiweb.org/medicineprices/surveys/200808MU/sdocs/MauritiusFinalReportNov10th.pdf.
45. do Rosario J.M. Monitoring essential medicine prices, availability and affordability. São Tomé, São Tomé and Principe 2008, Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.haiweb.org/medicineprices/surveys/200806ST/sdocs/survey_report.pdf.
46. Ministry of Health and Social Services: Namibia essential medicines list. Windhoek, Namibia 2008. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/nam_eml_2008.pdf.
47. Ministry of Health: national essential drugs list 1990. Porto-Novo, Benin 1990. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jwhozip43e/7.2.html.
48. Federal Ministry of Health: national list of essential medicines. Khartoum, Sudan 2007. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/sdn_eml_2007.pdf.
49. Ministry of Health: national list of medicines. Asmara, Eritrea 2010. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/eri_eml_2010.pdf.
50. Ministerio da Saude: Programa nacional de medicamentos essenciais. Luanda, Angola 2008. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/ago_List_2008.pdf.
51. Ministry of Health: Somalia standard treatment guidelines and training manual on rational management and use of medicines at the primary health care level. Mogadishu, Somalia 2007. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/som_stg_2007.pdf.
52. Ministry of Health: Southern Sudan essential medicine list. Juba, South Sudan 2007. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/ministries/Health/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file6/Medicine%20list.pdf.
53. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare: standard treatment guidelines and essential medicines list for Lesotho. Maseru, Lesotho 2005. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/lso_2005_STGs_EML.pdf.
54. Ministry of Health: standard treatment guidelines and essential medicines list for South Africa. Pretoria, South Africa 2012. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=176286.
55. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare: standard treatment guidelines and national essential medicines list for mainland Tanzania. Dodoma, Tanzania 2007. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/tza_stg_neml_2007.pdf.
56. Ministry of Health: standard treatment guidelines, essential medicines list, essential laboratory supplies for Zambia. Lusaka, Zambia 2008. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s19280en/s19280en.pdf.
57. Carinne BRéseau Médicaments et Développement Study on national essential medicines lists from eight countries of the Western African Economic and Monetary Union Paris, France 2008.
58. Hodgkin C., Carandang E., Fresle D., Hogerzeil H. World Health Organization: How to develop and implement a national drug policy. Geneva, Switzerland 2001, Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js2283e/.
59. Alwan A., Armstrong T., Cowan M., Riley L. World Health Organization: noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2011 2011, Switzerland, Geneva.
60. World Health Organization: Congo: cardiovascular disease prevention and control. 2005. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.aho.afro.who.int/profiles_information/index.php/Congo:Cardiovascular_diseases_prevention_and_control.
61. Drug Administration and Control Authority: standard treatment guideline. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2004. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://collections.infocollections.org/whocountry/en/d/Js6852e/8.html.
62. Ministry of Health: standard treatment guidelines. Accra, Ghana 2010. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s18015en/s18015en.pdf.
63. Ministry of Medical Services: clinical management and referral guidelines. Nairobi, Kenya 2009. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.pharmacyboardkenya.org/assets/files/Clinical%20Guidelines%20Vol%20II%20Final.pdf.
64. Ministry of Health: standard treatment guidelines. Maseru, Lesotho 2011. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.moh.gov.lr/doc/LiberiaSTG.pdf.
65. Ministry of Health and Quality of Life: clinical guidelines for the management of coronary heart disease. Pamplemousses, Mauritius 2008. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/mih/file/chd.pdf.
66. Ministry of Health and Quality of Life: dietary guidelines for the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Pamplemousses, Mauritius 2008. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/mih/file/nutri.pdf.
67. Federal Ministry of Health: standard treatment guidelines. Abuja, Nigeria 2008. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s17035e/s17035e.pdf.
68. Ministry of Health and Social Services: Namibia standard treatment guidelines. Windhoek, Namibia 2011. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s19260en/s19260en.pdf.
69. Kidder A., Kwan G., Cancedda C., Bukhman G. Chronic care integration for endemic non-communicable diseases. Boston, United States of America 2011, Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.pih.org/library/the-pih-guide-to-chronic-care-integration-for-endemic-non-communicable-dise.
70. Minstere de la Sante: guide therapeutique standard. Kigali, Rwanda 2007. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/rwa_stg_2007.pdf.
71. Ministry of Health: standard treatment guidelines for Seychelles. Victoria, Seychelles 2010. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s19287en/s19287en.pdf.
72. Ministry of Health: prevention and treatment guidelines for primary health care centers and hospitals. Khartoum, Sudan 2006. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/ministries/Health/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file5/Primary%20Health%20Care%20Centres%20and%20Hospitals.PDF.
73. Ministry of Health: standard treatment guidelines and essential medicines list of common medical conditions in the Kingdom of Swaziland. Mbabane, Swaziland 2012. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.k4health.org/sites/default/files/STDTreatmentGuidelines.pdf.
74. Ministry of Health: Uganda clinical guidelines: national guidelines on management of conditions. 2010. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.kampala.cooperazione.esteri.it/utlkampala/Download/Clinical%20Guidelines%202010.pdf.
75. Ministère de la Santé, des Affaires Sociales et de la Famille: Liste nationale des medicaments essentiels. Brazzaville, Congo 2008. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16501f/s16501f.pdf.
76. Lemogoum D., Seedat Y.K., Mabadeje A.F., et al. Recommendations for prevention, diagnosis and management of hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa. J Hypertens 2003, 21(11):1993-2000.
77. Sudan hypertension guideline. Khartoum, Sudan 2011. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://ssh-sd.org/fileload/guide.pdf.
78. Ministry of Health and Quality of Life: clinical guidelines for the management of hypertension. Pamplemousses, Mauritius 2008. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/mih/file/hyper.pdf.
79. Seedat Y.K., Croasdale M.A., Milne F.J., et al. South African hypertension guideline 2006. S Afr Med J 2006, 96(4 Pt 2):337-362.
80. Nigerian Hypertension Society: guidelines for the management of hypertension in Nigeria. 1996. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.nigerianheart.org/downloads/Guidelines_for_the_Management_of_Hypertension_in_Nigeria.pdf.
81. Ministry of Health and Quality of Life: clinical guidelines for the management of type 2 diabetes. Pamplemousses, Mauritius 2008. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/mih/file/diabet.pdf.
82. SEMDSA SEMDSA guidelines for the diagnosis and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus for primary health care. J Soc Endocrinol Metab Diab S Afr 2009, 14(1):55-58.
83. Oputa R., Chinenye S. Diabetes mellitus: a global epidemic with potential solutions. Afr J Diabetes 2012, 20(2):33-35.
84. Klug E., Raal F., Marais A., et al. A joint statement from the South African Heart Association (SA Heart) and the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Society of Southern Africa (LASSA). S Afr Med J 2012, 102(3):177-187.
85. von Donk M. United Nationals Development Program: development planning and HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Johannesburg, South Africa 2004. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://eastafrica.usaid.gov/documents/document/document/1339.
86. United States Agency for International Development: HIV/AIDS health profile: Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C. 2012. Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://transition.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/Countries/africa/hiv_summary_africa.pdf.
87. World Health Organization Prevention of cardiovascular disease: guidelines for assessment and management of cardiovascular risk. Geneva, Switzerland 2007, Accessed June 28, 2013, at http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/publications/Prevention_of_Cardiovascular_Disease/en/index.html.