Soccer empire: The World cup and the future of France

Soccer Empire: The World Cup and the Future of France

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages

  Dubois, Laurent ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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References (664)

1. The Great Match, directed by Gerardo Olivares (Film Movement, 2006).
2. Uroš Zupan, "Beauty Is Nothing but the Beginning of a Terror We Can Hardly Bear," in The Global Game: Writers on Soccer, ed. John Turnbull, Thom Satterlee, and Alon Raab (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008), 172-81, quote p. 181.
3. Ian Frazier, "Personal History: Snook, the Fish of Dreams," New Yorker, 30 October 2006, 54-61, quote p. 54. Frazier was writing about an unrelated issue-fishing, not football-but his phrase is apt.
4. Michel Denisot, "Une sorte de code d'honneur," L'Equipe, 13 July 2006, 3.
5. Frédéric Lohézic, Zinedine Zidane: Respect! (Paris: Michel Lafon, 2006), 29
6. Mohand Ouahrani, La France tout un monde: Portraits multicolores (Paris: Le Cherche Midi, 2002), 11.
7. For a detailed description of the events, see Jim House and Neil MacMaster, Paris 1961: Algerians, State Terror, and Memory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), chap. 4; on the memory of the event, see chaps. 9-12.
8. Jean Eskenazi, "Eloge et universalité du football," in Le Football, ed. Jules Rimet, vol. 2 (Monte Carlo, Monaco: Union Européenne d'Editions, 1954), 263-69, quote p. 263. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from the French are my own.quote p. 170.
9. I draw here on the brilliant work of Christian Bromberger, "Football as World-View and as Ritual," French Cultural Studies 6 (1995): 293-311
10. Christian Bromberger, Alain Hayot, and Mario Mariotini, Le match de football: Ethnologie d'une passion partisane à Marseille, Naples, et Turin (Paris: Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1995), quote p. 96.
11. Bromberger, "Football as World-View," 297.
12. Pierre Clanché, "Football, instabilité, et passion," in Le spectacle du sport, ed. Bernard Leconte and Georges Vigarello (Paris: Seuil, 1998), 9-23, quote p. 10.
13. Anne Delbée, La 107e minute (Paris: Quatre Chemins, 2006), 8-9
14. Lilian Thuram, Le 9 Juillet 1998 (Paris: Anne-Carrière, 2004), 71.
15. Simon Kuper, Soccer against the Enemy: How the World's Most Popular Sport Starts and Fuels Revolutions and Keeps Dictators in Power (1994; reprint, New York: Nation Books, 2006), 1; Franklin Foer, How Soccer Explains the World: An (Unlikely) Theory of Globalization (New York: Harper Collins, 2004).
16. James, Beyond a Boundary, 65-66, 115, 196
17. Youcef Fatès, Sport et tiersmonde (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1994), 15
18. Anthony Lane, "The Only Game in Town: Week One at the Olympics," New Yorker, 25 August 2008, 26-30, quote p. 30.
19. Gary Wilder, The French Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonial Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005). 47, quote p. 129.
20. David Goldblatt, The Ball Is Round: A Global History of Soccer (New York: Riverhead Books, 2006), 5-12.
21. James Walvin, The People's Game: The History of Football Revisited (1975; reprint, London: Mainstream Publishing, 1994), 14, 27.
22. Murray, World's Game, 1-7
23. Walvin, People's Game, 41-44.
24. On the spread of football through empire, see the classic work of Allen Guttman, Games and Empires: Modern Sports and Cultural Imperialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), especially chapter 2.
25. David Sharp, "Jules Rimet's Bananas," The Lancet 367 (13 May 2006): 1561-62
26. Herbert Lottman, Albert Camus: A Biography (New York: Doubleday, 1979), 39.
27. Lottman, Camus, 40.
28. Roger Chartier, preface to Norbert Elias and Eric Dunning, Sport et civilization: La violence maitrisée (Paris: Fayard, 1986), 15.
29. Robert Redeker, Le sport contre les peuples (Paris: Berg International, 2002), 54, 68, 86, 117.
30. James, Beyond a Boundary, 153, 249-50.
31. Edouardo Galeano, Soccer in Sun and Shadow, trans. Mark Fried (1998; reprint, London: Verso, 2003), 209; James, Beyond a Boundary, 250.
32. Farred, Long-Distance Love, 150.
33. Jamie Treckler, Love and Blood: At the World Cup with the Footballers, Fans, and Freaks (New York: Harcourt, 2007), 6.
34. On the early history of F.I.F.A., see John Sugden and Alan Tomlinson, FIFA and the Contest for World Football: Who Rules the Peoples' Game? (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1998), 60-61.
35. The photograph is reproduced in Jean-Yves Guillain, Le Coupe du Monde de Football: L'ouevre de Jules Rimet (Paris: Amphora, 1998), 35
36. It is in the collection of Yves Rimet, and the soldiers are described as being part of the 201st Brigade of the 223rd Regiment territorial d'infanterie.
37. Richard S. Fogarty, Race and War in France: Colonial Subjects in the French Army, 1914-1918 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 7, 15, 27
38. Gregory Mann, Native Sons: West African Veterans and France in the Twentieth Century (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006), 16-17, 63.
39. Fogarty, Race and War, 1.
40. I thank Richard Fogarty, Jean Hébrard, Gregory Mann, and Adriane Lentz-Smith for their suggestions about the possible origins of the soldiers in the photo-graph with Rimet. See Arthur Barbeau and Florette Henri, The Unknown Soldiers: Black American Troops in World War I (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974), 113-15.
41. Guillain, Jules Rimet, 13-34
42. James Walvin, The People's Game: The History of Football Revisited (London: Mainstream Publishing, 1994), 98
43. Bill Murray, The World's Game: A History of Soccer (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 24.
44. Pierre de Coubertin, "Les sports et la colonisation," in Essais de psychologie sportive (Paris: Payot, 1913), 233-41, 234-37.
45. Murray, World's Game, 8, 43-44
46. Alfred Wahl, "Football et Jeux de Ballon," in L'Empire du Sport, ed. Arnaud et al., 44-45, 44.
47. Guillain, Jules Rimet, 28, 112
48. Murray, World's Game, 38
49. Sugden and Tomlinson, FIFA, 60-61.
50. Guillain, Jules Rimet, 45-46
51. Edouardo Galeano, Soccer in Sun and Shadow (1998; reprint, New York: Verso Press, 2003), 44-47; Franklin Morales, Andrade: El rey negro de Paris (Montevideo, Uruguay: Editorial Fin de Siglo, 2002).
52. See Tony Mason, Passion of the People? Football in South America (London: Verso, 1995), chaps. 1-3, quote p. 27
53. Murray, World's Game, 32-36
54. Sugden and Tomlinson, FIFA, 22.
55. Guillain, Jules Rimet, 47-61.
56. Murray, World's Game, 68-69
57. Tumblety, "Soccer World Cup of 1938," 78, 99, 111-12
58. Sugden and Tomlinson, FIFA, 102.
59. Yvan Gastaut, "Le football français à l'épreuve de la diversité culturelle," in Le football dans nos sociétés: Une culture populaire, 1914-1998, ed. Yvan Gastaut and Stéphane Mourlane (Paris: Editions Autrement, 2006), 218-36, 219-20.
60. G. Wesley Johnson, "The Ascendancy of Blaise Diagne and the Beginning of African Politics in Senegal," Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 36, no. 3 (July 1966): 235-53.
61. Conklin, Mission to Civilize, 155-58
62. Fogarty, Race and War, 4, 51
63. Mann, Native Sons, 68-69
64. Coquery-Vidrovitch, "Nationalité," 290;
65. W. E. B. DuBois, "The Negro Mind Reaches Out," Foreign Affairs 3, no. 3 (April 1925), reprinted in Alain Locke, ed., The New Negro (1925; reprint, New York: Atheneum, 1969), 385-414, quote pp. 396-97.
66. Julien Sorez, "Raoul Diagne," in P. Clastres and P. Dietschy, Dictionnaire historique du sport français (Paris: Nouveau Monde éditions, forthcoming). My thanks to Sorez for sharing his unpublished manuscript with me. See also Murray, World's Game, 79.
67. Sorez, "Raoul Diagne"; Shephard, Invention, 14.
68. Jacques Chauvenet, "La fabuleuse carrière de 'La perle noire,' " and Mario Zatelli, "Larbi avait du talent et du génie," in Chauvenet, Larbi Ben Barek, 2-4, 23
69. Lanfranchi and Taylor, Moving, 173.
70. Bancel and Gayman, Guerrier, 332
71. Deville-Danthu, "Note sur l'histoire," 12.
72. Arnaud et al., Empire du Sport, 54-55, documents 96 and 100.
73. For the numbers of players, see Deville-Danthu, "Note sur l'histoire," 12
74. Arnaud et al., Empire du Sport, 47, document 76.
75. Wahl, "Football et Jeux de Ballon," 44-45, quote p. 44
76. Bancel and Gayman, Guerrier, 338-41.
77. Rey, "Le temps des circulaires," 2
78. Mahmoud Amara and Ian Henry, "Between Globalization and Local 'Modernity': The Diffusion and Modernization of Football in Algeria," Soccer and Society 5, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 1-26, quote p. 6; Fatès, Sport et tiers-monde, 32.
79. Lanfranchi and Taylor, Moving, 172
80. Jasseron and Dubreuil, "Le Football en Afrique du Nord," 63.
81. Arnaud et al., L'Empire du sport, 40
82. Dumont, Sport et assimilation, 175.
83. Lanfranchi and Taylor, Moving, 173, 176
84. Tumblety, "Soccer World Cup of 1938," 104
85. Chauvenet, Larbi Ben Barek
86. See also Ben Barek's page at http:// www.fff.fr and http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larbi_Benbarek (accessed 30 May 2008).
87. Guillain, Rimet, 103.
88. Tumblety, "Soccer World Cup of 1938," 106.
89. Lanfranchi and Taylor, Moving, 173
90. Braun, "L'Equipe de France," 54.
91. Darby, "Colonial Doctrine," 61, 70.
92. Raffaele Poli and Paul Dietschy, "Le football africain entre immobilisme et extraversion," Politique Africaine 102 (June 2006): 173-87, quotes pp. 176-79.
93. Darby, "Colonial Doctrine," 73
94. Alan Tomlinson, "FIFA and the Men Who Made It," Soccer and Society 1, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 55-71, quote p. 58
95. Poli and Dietschy, "Football africain," 177.
96. Murray, World's Game, 129-31
97. Sugden and Tomlinson, FIFA, chaps. 2-4, especially p. 133
98. Tomlinson, "FIFA," 61-66.
99. Geoff Hare, Football in France: A Cultural History (Oxford: Berg Press, 2003), 179
100. Poli and Dietschy, "Football africain," 180.
101. Poli and Dietschy, "Football africain," 179, 182
102. also Raffaele Poli, "Conflit de couleurs: Enjeux géopolitiques autour de la naturalization de sportifs africains," Autrepart 37 (2006): 149-61
103. The Great Match, directed by Gerardo Olivares (Film Movement, 2006); Paradise
104. Le Ballon d'Or, directed by Cheik Doukouré (Studio Canal, 1994); http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salif_Keita_(footballer) (accessed 14 September 2008).
105. Beaugé, "Trésor," 13
106. http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Tresor (accessed 8 August 2008)
107. Claude Duneton and Jean-Pierre Pagliano, Anti-Manuel de Français: A l'usage de classes du second degré, et de quelques autres (Paris: Seuil, 1978), 224-27
108. Trésor, "Sacré Marius."
109. Beaugé, "Trésor," 13
110. "Ave Marius," France Football, 9 November 1982, 2-4
111. http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Tresor (accessed 8 August 2008).
112. Jean-Yves Guérin and Laurent Jaoui, Noirs en bleu: Le football est-il raciste? (Paris: Anne Carrière, 2008), 59
113. Marianne Mako, Ces hommes en bleu: 30 vies en confidences (Paris: Hachette, 1998), 187
114. Beaugé, "Trésor," 13.
115. Institut National de l'Audiovisuel (hereafter INA), France 2, Journal de 20 heures, 5 July 2006
116. C. L. R. James, Beyond a Boundary (1963; reprint, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993), 233, 238.
117. Entrelesmurs, directed by Laurent Cantet (Canal+, 2008).
118. Dumont, Sport et assimilation, chap 1.
119. Dumont, Sport et formation, 36-39, 46, 50.
120. Brian Weinstein, Eboué (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972), 10-11.
121. Weinstein, Eboué, 134, 150, 308
122. Dumont, Sport et assimilation, 145, 170
123. Dumont, Sport et formation, 104-5.
124. Dumont, Sport et formation, 162. Despite the similarity in name, the French colony of Soudan is not the same as present-day Sudan, corresponding instead to contemporary Mali.
125. Weinstein, Eboué, 163
126. Gastaud, "Histoire antillaises," 227
127. Dumont, Sport et assimilation, 159-60, 165, 166, 170, 172. On Popular Front approaches to sport, see Pascal Ory, La belle illusion: Culture et Politique sous le signe du Front Populaire, 1935-1938 (Paris: Plon, 1994), chap. 12.
128. Pentier, Cygne Noir, 5-6, 13.
129. Dumont, Sport et assimilation, 159-60, 166.
130. Marc Bloch, Strange Defeat: A Statement of Evidence Written in 1940, trans. Gerard Hopkins (London: Oxford University Press, 1949), 37.
131. Weinstein, Eboué, 233
132. Eric Jennings, Vichy in the Tropics: Petain's National Revolution in Madagascar, Guadeloupe and Indochina, 1940-1944 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001), 9.
133. Jennings, Vichy, 11-12.
134. Gregory Mann, Native Sons: West African Veterans and France in the Twentieth Century (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006), 18
135. Weinstein, Eboué, 248-51, 299.
136. Weinstein, Eboué, 299, 302.
137. For a critique of the reforms, see Frederick Cooper, Decolonization and African Societies: The Labor Question in French and British Africa (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 157-58. On the stadium, see Martin, Leisure, chap. 4.
138. Jennings, Vichy, 84-124;
139. Dumont, Sport et formation, 157.
140. Jennings, Vichy, 119, 122, 123, 126-27.
141. Weinstein, Eboué, 290-91;
142. Jennings, Vichy, 124-25.
143. Jennings, Vichy, 125-27; Dumont, Sport et assimilation, 205.
144. Weinstein, Eboué, 310-17;
145. L'U.S.B.T. fête le 14 Juillet 1945, date anniversaire de la Prise de la Bastille et de la Libération des Antilles françaises (1945), ADG, ARF. A commemoration of Eboué's death was organized two years later, in 1947, at the Eboué stadium; see Fernard Pentier and Bettino Lara, Cinquentenaire de l'Union sportive Basse-Terrienne, 1933-1983 (1983), ADG, ARF.
146. Dumont, Sport et assimilation, 292-94, 304; Fernand Pentier, La Trophée Caraïbe (1984), ADG, ARF.
147. Dumont, Sport et assimilation, 305.
148. Pierre Lanfranchi and Matthew Taylor, Moving with the Ball: The Migra-tion of Professional Footballers (Oxford: Berg, 2001), 176
149. Vikash Dhorasoo and Stéphane Régy, "Gattuso," So Foot 56 (June-July 2008): 30-36, 34.
150. Dumont, Sport et assimilation, 318-319.
151. On Ninel, see http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Ninel (accessed 1 October 2008)
152. Alfred Wahl, "Football et Jeux de Ballon," in L'Empire du Sport, ed. Pierre Arnaud et al. (Aix-en-Provence: Amarom, 1992), 44-45
153. Gastaud, "Histoire antil-laises," 229;
154. Pentier, Cygne Noir, 5-7.
155. Dumont, Sport et assimilation, 368-69
156. Chronology of departments and territories in the French Cup, September 1972, "Coupe de France de Football: Department et territories d'Outre-mer," MJS 790358, folder 1, CAC.
157. On the Ministry of Youth and Sports, see Lindsay Krasnoff, "Goals and Dreams: The Quest to Create Elite Youth Athletes in France, 1958-1992" (Ph.D. diss., CUNY Graduate Center, 2009), chap. 4.
158. "Annexe III, Coupe de France de Football," unsigned note received 13 June 1963, MJS, 790358, folder 1, CAC; "L'Outre-Mer en Coupe," France Football, 7 September 1970, clipping in MJS, 790358, folder 9, CAC.
159. Ligue de Football de la Martinique to Minister of Youth and Sports, 31 July 1967, CAC 790358, folder 6; Prefect of Guadeloupe to Minister of Youth and Sports, 13 September 1967, MJS, 790358, folder 6, CAC.
160. On the events of 1967, see Raymond Gama and Jean-Pierre Sainton, "Mé 67": Mémoire d'un événement (Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe: Soged, 1985).
161. Dumont, Sport et assimilation, 371-72.
162. Gastaud, "Histoires antillaises," 4.
163. Pentier and Lara, Cinquentenaire, ADG, ARF; Dunières Talis, Les problèmes du développement du sport à la Guadeloupe (1973), ADG, ARG. The Talis pamphlet presents extracts from l'Etincelle, the newspaper of the Communist Party in Guadeloupe.
164. Dumont, Sport et assimilation, 370.
165. Fred Reno, "Equipe de France ou équipe des Antilles? Le sport de haut niveau comme espace d'identification multiple," Outre-Terre 3, no. 8 (2004): 235-47, quote pp. 237-38;
166. Dumont, Sport et assimilation, 384.
167. Wahl, "Football et Jeux de Ballon," 45;
168. Dumont, Sport et formation, 15;
169. Dumont, Sport et assimilation, 390.
170. Pentier, Trophée, 15-16, ADG, ARF. See also http://www.concacaf.com
171. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique_national_football_team
172. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe_regional_football_team (both accessed 23 September 2008).
173. Beaugé, "Trésor," 13; Beaugé, Hautbois, and Menuge," Quatre Bleus refont l'histoire."
174. Patrick Dessault, "Thierry Henry: La France au coeur des Antilles," France-Antilles, Fort-de-France edition, no. 11644, 9 November 2005, 12.
175. Patrick Demerin, "Seville," Autrement 80 (May 1986): 120-25, quote p. 124.
176. Dominique Grimault, Les Bleus: Le livre officiel de l'équipe de France (Paris: Solar, 1998), 51
177. Jean Tigana and Rodolph Hassold, Jean Tigana: L'enfant de la balle (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1982), 104.
178. Didier Braun, "L'équipe de France de football, c'est l'histoire en raccourci d'un siècle d'immigration," Hommes et Migrations 1226 (July-August 2000): 50-56, quote p. 55.
179. Grimault, Bleus, 63, 72, 88-89;
180. Tigana and Hassold, Jean Tigana, 12, 15, 20.
181. Tigana and Hassold, Jean Tigana, 116-17, 124.
182. Geoff Hare, Football in France: A Cultural History (Oxford: Berg, 2003), 143;
183. Institut National de l'Audiovisuel (hereafter INA), "Le Club du mondial: Au coeur de la Coupe," FR 3 (France 3 television station), 9 July 1998.
184. Hare, Football in France, 143. My thanks to the historian Jean-Pierre Sain-ton, who recalled the worries of Antillean fans regarding Trésor.
185. Michel Platini and Patrick Mahé, Ma vie comme un match (Paris: Editions Robert Laffont, 1987), 199-203.
186. Annie Collovald, "Des désordres sociaux à la violence urbaine," Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 136-37 (March 2001): 104-13, quote p. 104 n. 6;
187. Mus-tafa Dikeç, Badlands of the Republic: Space, Politics and Urban Policy (London: Blackwell, 2007), 40-48.
188. Hare, Football in France, 133; Demerin, "Séville."
189. Braun, "L'Equipe de France," 55-56.
190. "Les nouveaux-nés de l'année," France-Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre edition, no. 987, 3 January 1972, p. 8;
191. Lilian Thuram, Le 8 Juillet 1998 (Paris: Anne-Carrière, 2004), 16.
192. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 18.
193. Joseph Ghosn and Pierre Siankowski, "La France, le Mondial, Zidane et Moi," Inrockuptibles 555 (18-24 July 2006): 29-35, quote p. 31;
194. Mohand Ouahrani, La France tout un monde: Portraits multicolores (Paris: Le Cherche Midi, 2002), 17;
195. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 15, 19.
196. Ghosn and Siankowski, "La France," 31.
197. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 21.
198. Association Générale des Etudiants Guadeloupéens, L'Emigration travailleuse Guadeloupéenne en France (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1978), 5-6.
199. On Antilleans in France, see also Michel Giraud, "Le malheur d'être partis," Esprit, February 2007, 49-61.
200. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 26-30.
201. INA, "Frequenstar: Lilian Thuram," M6, 11 July 1998; "A.N.P.E. (Travailler, c'est trop dur)," Nèg' Marrons, Rue Case Nègres (Sony Music, 1997).
202. Paul A. Silverstein and Chantal Tetreault, "Postcolonial Urban Apart-heid," 11 June 2006, http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org, 3 (accessed 11 June 2006), 3-4, 9; Dikeç, Badlands, chap. 3.
203. Silverstein and Tetreault, "Postcolonial Urban Apartheid," 3-4;
204. Dikeç, Badlands, chap. 3; François Maspero, Roissy-Express: A Journey through the Paris Suburbs (New York: Norton, 1994);
205. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 37.
206. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 33.
207. INA, "Frequenstar: Lilian Thuram," M6, 11 July 1998;
208. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 36-37.
209. Loïc Wacquant, Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 2008), chaps. 5-7, quote p. 209.
210. Silverstein and Tetreault, "Postcolonial Urban Apartheid," 3;
211. Wacquant, Urban Outcasts, chaps. 5-7.
212. Ghosn and Siankowski, "La France," 32.
213. Ouahrani, Monde, 17; Marianne Mako on INA, "Le Club du mondial: Au coeur de la Coupe," FR 3, 9 July 1998.
214. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 33-35.
215. Wacquant, Urban Outcasts, 29, 169-74; Thuram, 8 Juillet, 37, 39-41.
216. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 31; Ghosn and Siankowski, "La France," 31-32.
217. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 103-4.
218. INA, "Frequenstar: Lilian Thuram," M6, 11 July 1998;
219. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 35, 41-43.
220. INA, "Frequenstar: Lilian Thuram," M6, 11 July 1998;
221. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 43-45.
222. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 44;
223. Ouahrani, Monde, 18. On the sport-études sections, which exist at both collège and lycée (i.e., middle school and high school) levels in France (including one in Martinique), see Hare, Football in France, 100.
224. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 47-50.
225. On the development of specialized sports tracks in French schools during the 1970s, see Lindsay Krasnoff, "Goals and Dreams: The Quest to Create Elite Youth Athletes in France, 1958-1992" (Ph.D. diss., City University of New York Graduate Center, 2009), chap. 6.
226. INA, "Frequenstar: Lilian Thuram," M6, 11 July 1998;
227. Lilian Thuram, preface to Thomté Ryam, Banlieue noire (Paris: Présence Africaine, 2006), 7-9.
228. Jean-Philippe Rethacker, "Les Jeunes" in Le Football, vol. 1, ed. Jules Rimet (Monaco: Union Européenne d'Editions, 1954), 79-92, quote p. 79.
229. Hare, Football in France, 25-32.
230. On the construction of the Stade de France, see Alain Hayot and Manuel Delluc, Le Stade de France: Théâtre du Football (Paris: Editions Cercle d'Art, 1998).
231. David Beriss, commenting on H-Net Network on Caribbean Studies, 13 July 2006
232. Rethacker, "Les Jeunes," 79;
233. Hare, Football in France, 101-2, 117. On the creation and functioning of the Centres de formation, see Krasnoff, Goals, chap. 6. For a detailed study of state policies surrounding sport in France during the post-World War II period, see Jean-Paul Callède, Les politiques sportives en France: Elements de sociologie historique (Paris: Economica, 2000), chap. 5.
234. Hare, Football in France, 104; Une équipe de rêve, directed by René Letzgus (Star Production, 2006).
235. Jean-Philippe Rethaker, "Auxerre: The Ultimate Youth Academy," in Le Foot: Legends of French Football, ed. Christov Rühn (London: Abacus, 2000), 18-23;
236. P. Tournier and Jean-Philippe Rethaker, La formation du footballeur: Comment devenir un professionel (Paris: Amphora, 1999);
237. Hare, Football in France, 102.
238. Hare, Football in France, 104-5;
239. Rethacker, "Auxerre," 22.
240. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 48-50, 52, 124.
241. Ouahrani, Monde, 17; Thuram, 8 Juillet, 52-53.
242. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 53.
243. Anthony King, The European Ritual: Football in the New Europe (London: Ashgate, 2003), chap. 5;
244. Marcel Desailly, Capitaine (Paris: Stock, 2002), 70.
245. King, European Ritual, chap. 6; Hare, Football in France, 142, 144-46;
246. Georges Vigarello, Passion sport: Histoire d'une culture (Paris: Textuel, 2000), 178.
247. Hare, Football in France, 105, 190.
248. Vincent Duluc, "Un défenseur monumental," L'Equipe, 2 August 2008, 2;
249. John Foot, Winning at All Costs: A Scandalous History of Italian Football (New York: Nation Books, 2006), xxiii;
250. INA, "Frequenstar: Lilian Thuram," M6, 11 July 1998.
251. Marcel Desailly, Capitaine (Paris: Stock, 2002), 196;
252. Lilian Thuram, Le 8 Juillet 1998 (Paris: Anne-Carrière, 2004), 127.
253. Desailly, Capitaine, 16-19, 346-47.
254. Ian Thomse, "French Take Their Revenge on Bulgaria," International Herald Tribune, 16 June 1996; Desailly, Capitaine, 196-97.
255. Desailly, Capitaine, 196-98;
256. Yvan Gastaut, Le métissage par le foot: L' intégration, mais jusqu'où? (Paris: Autrement, 2008), 24-25;
257. Thomsen, "French Take Their Revenge."
258. Christian Lanier, "Thuram-Desailly fils de Trésor-Adams," Le Progrès, 1 July 1998.
259. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 129, 183, 200;
260. Institut National de l'Audiovisuel (hereafter INA), "Frequenstar: Lilian Thuram," M6, 11 July 1999;
261. Stéphane Meunier, Les Yeux dans les Bleus (Paris: Canal, 1998).
262. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 195.
263. Jean-Yves Guérin and Laurent Jaoui, Noirs en bleu: Le football est-il raciste? (Paris: Anne Carrière, 2008), 241;
264. Gastaut, Le métissage, 22-23.
265. Louis Porcher, "Enjeux interculturels," in Le spectacle du sport, ed. Bernard Leconte and Georges Vigarello (Paris: Seuil, 1998), 105-17, quote p. 110.
266. Simon Kuper, Soccer against the Enemy: How the World's Most Popular Sport Starts and Fuels Revolutions and Keeps Dictators in Power (1994; reprint, New York: Nation Books, 2006), 10.
267. Onyekachi Wambu, "Marcel Desailly and the Second Liberation of Paris, 1998," in Le Foot: Legends of French Football, ed. Christov Rühn (London: Aba-cus, 2000), 268-84, quote p. 274.
268. Dave Hill, Out of His Skin: The John Barnes Phenomenon 1989.
269. Les Back, Tim Crabbe, and John Solomos, The Changing Face of Football: Racism, Identity and Multiculture in the English Game (London: Berg, 2001), 253-54.
270. Desailly, Capitaine, 227;
271. Guérin and Jaoui, Noirs en bleu, 18.
272. Dan Franck, Zidane: Le roman d'une victoire (Paris: Pocket, 1999), 62;
273. Emmanuel Petit, A Fleur de Peau (Paris: Editions Prolongations, 2008), 94; Desailly, Capitaine, 234.
274. Desailly, Captaine, 226-27;
275. Gastaut, Le métissage, 26.
276. Gastaut, Le métissage, 26-27.
277. Raffaele Poli, "Conflit de couleurs: Enjeux géopolitiques autour de la naturalisation des sportifs africains," Autrepart 37 (2006): 149-61, quote p. 157.
278. Gastaut, Le métissage 28-29;
279. Porcher, "Enjeux interculturels," 110.
280. Kuper, Soccer against the Enemy, 294-95;
281. Adam Robinson, Terror on the Pitch: How Bin Laden Targeted Beckham and the England Football Team (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 2002).
282. Back, Crabbe, and Solomos, Changing Face, 227;
283. Adam Gopnik, "Endgame: A Soccer Skeptic Learns to Stop Worrying and Love the Game," New Yorker, 13 July 1998, 28-33; Gastaut, Le métissage, 33-34.
284. Vézaine de Vezins, "Le parcours du onze tricolore donne naissance à une nouvelle fibre co-cardière française: La patriotisme jovial du Mondial," Le Figaro, 11 July 1998;
285. Gastaut, Le métissage, 33;
286. INA, TF1 20 Heures, 9 July 1998.
287. Geoff Hare, Football in France: A Cultural History (Oxford: Berg, 2003), 82-83;
288. Back, Crabbe, and Solomos, Changing Face, 269.
289. Gastaut, Le métissage, 31;
290. Gopnik, "Endgame," 28.
291. Didier Daeninckx, Meurtres pour mémoire (Paris: Gallimard, 1984); Daeninckx, "La marque de l'histoire."
292. Mohand Ouahrani, La France tout un monde: Portraits multicolores (Paris: Le Cherche Midi, 2002), 29;
293. Marianne Mako, Ces hommes en bleu: 30 vies en confidences (Paris: Hachette, 1998), 33, 50.
294. Robert Aldrich and John Connell, The Last Colonies (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 131-37.
295. Mako, Ces hommes, 49;
296. Guérin and Jaoui, Noirs en bleu, 45, 241.
297. Gastaut, Le métissage, 26; Guérin and Jaoui, Noirs en bleu, 241; Ouahrani, La France, 30.
298. The song and the scene are captured in Stéphane Meunier's documentary Les yeux dans les Bleus 2: Dans les coulisses des Bleus 2002 (Canal +, 2002).
299. Didier Daeninckx, Cannibale (Paris: Gallimard, 2000), 13, 93.
300. Daeninckx, "La marque de l'histoire."
301. For an overview of this process, see Géraldine Faes and Stephen Smith, Noir et Français! (Paris: Panama, 2006), part 2.
302. "Frequenstar: Lilian Thuram," M6, 11 July 1999.
303. Desailly, Capitaine, 250.
304. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 136.
305. Desailly, Capitaine, 239; Franck, Zidane, 61-62.
306. Desailly, Capitaine, 240.
307. Marcel Desailly, Capitaine (Paris: Stock, 2002), 246-47.
308. These scenes are captured in the documentary film by Stéphane Meunier, Les Yeux dans les Bleus (Canal +, 1998).
309. Desailly, Capitaine, 249.
310. Yvan Gastaut, Le métissage par le foot: L'intégration, mais jusqu'où? (Paris: Autrement, 2008), 51.
311. Dan Franck, Zidane: Le roman d'une victoire (Paris: Pocket, 1999), 42-45;
312. Lilian Thuram, Le 8 Juillet 1998 (Paris: Anne-Carrière, 2004), 155; Desailly, Capitaine, 244.
313. Institut National de l'Audiovisuel (hereafter INA), TF1 20 Heures, 9 July 1998;
314. Christiane Lecomte, "Le 'musulman' Zidane sifflé par les Croates de Mostar," Le Monde, 10 July 1998, 5.
315. José Carlin, "Brothers in Arms: Les Bleus Win the World Cup, 1998," in Le Foot: Legends of French Football, ed. Christov Rühn (London: Abacus, 2000), 59-70, quotes p. 67.
316. INA, TF1 20 Heures, 9 July 1998.
317. Meunier, Les Yeux dans les Bleus;
318. INA, "Les six minutes," M6, 9 July 1998.
319. "Deux petits Albanais rebaptisés Thuram," France-Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre edition, no. 8539, 10 July 1998, p. 9;
320. INA, TF1 20 Heures, 9 July 1998.
321. Laventure and Gamyr, "Lilian Thuram"; Gastaut, Le métissage, 51;
322. INA, TF1 20 Heures, 9 July 1998;
323. INA, "Le Club du mondial," FR 3, 9 July 1998.
324. Dominique Le Guilledoux, "Si le mélange réussit au football, il peut se faire dans la rue," Le Monde, 12-13 July 1998, 18.
325. INA, "Le Club du mondial," FR 3, 9 July 1998; Florence Couret and Emmanuelle Reju, " 'Le mondial vaux dix ans de campagne antiraciste,' " La Croix, 15 July 1998, 7.
326. INA, TF1 20 Heures, 9 July 1998;
327. Olivier Bertrand et al., "Drapeau tricolore, foule multicolore: Des Champs-Elysées à Mantes-la-Jolie, tout le monde a crié 'On a gagné.' Même les sans-papiers," Libération, 10 July 1998.
328. Le Guilledoux, "Si le mélange," 18; Bertrand et al., "Drapeau tricolore, foule multicolore."
329. INA, TF1 20 Heures, 9 July 1998; Bertrand et al., "Drapeau tricolore, foule multicolore."
330. Le Guilledoux, "Si le mélange," 18; Bertrand et al., "Drapeau tricolore, foule multicolore."
331. Le Guilledoux, "Si le mélange," 18.
332. Frédéric Chambon, "Les Bleus jouent pour ceux qui n'ont pas de billets," Le Monde, 11 July 1998, 8; Le Guilledoux, "Si le mélange," 18.
333. Desailly, Capitaine, 252; Chambon, "Les Bleus jouent," 8; Gastaut, Le métissage, 34.
334. Bertrand et al., "Drapeau tricolore, foule multicolore."
335. Pascal Villebeuf, "Ce maillot est une relique à Fontainebleau," Le Parisien, 10 July 1998, 3.
336. Dominique Le Guilledoux, "Le 12 Juillet, ce sera la deuxième fête nationale," Le Monde, 14 July 1998, 16.
337. INA, "Tous en finale," TF1, 12 July 1998.
338. INA, "Frequenstar: Lilian Thuram," M6, 11 July 1999.
339. Christian Jaurena, "Saint-Denis, côté ville et côté stade," Le Monde, 14 July 1998, 16.
340. "Réaction: Lother, le père de Thuram: 'Il tient son talent de moi,' " France- Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre edition, no. 8538, 9 July 1998, 20;
341. K. N., "Je n'ai pas de père," Le Parisien, 10 July 1998, 6.
342. Dan Franck, Zidane: Le roman d'une victoire (Paris: Pocket, 1999), 15, 88-90.
343. Alix Delaporte and Stéphane Meunier, Zidane (Studio Canal, 2007); Institut National de l'Audiovisuel (hereafter INA), "20 heures le journal," France 2, 5 July 2006.
344. "Vu d'Algérie, un match plus que symbolique," L'Humanité, 6 October 2001.
345. Pierre-Louis Basse, Zidane-Dugarry: Mes Copains d'Abord (Paris: Mango Sport, 1998), 12. On Zidane and the Kabyle language, see Marianne Mako, Ces hommes en bleu: 30 vies en confidences (Paris: Hachette, 1998), 57.
346. Basse, Zidane-Dugarry, 12; Yvan Gastaut, Le métissage par le foot: L'intégration, mais jusqu'où? (Paris: Autrement, 2008), 43.
347. Franck, Zidane, 24.
348. Basse, Zidane-Dugarry, 6, 8, 11, 53; Baptiste Blanchet and Thibaut Fraix- Burnet, Zidane: Le Dieu qui voulait juste être un homme (Paris: Ramsay, 2006), 39.
349. Franck, Zidane, 53, 86.
350. Frédéric Lohézic and Gilles Lhote, Zinedine Zidane: Respect! (Paris: Michel Lafont, 2006), 30, 31.
351. Franck, Zidane, 82-83; Blanchet and Fraix-Burnet, Dieu, 36.
352. Lohézic and Lhote, Respect, 30-31.
353. Jean Philippe, Zidane: Le roi modeste (Paris: L'Archipel, 2002), 69-70;
354. Franck, Zidane, 84.
355. Franck, Zidane, 80-82;
356. Paul A. Silverstein and Chantal Tetreault, "Postcolonial Urban Apartheid," 11 June 2006, http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org (accessed 17 October 2008), 5.
357. Franck, Zidane, 94-95.
358. The photograph is reprinted in Etienne Labrunie, Zidane: Maître du jeu (Paris: Timée-Editions, 2005), 20, and Lohézic and Lhote, Respect, 32; Blanchet and Fraix-Burnet, Dieu, 40, 43; Franck, Zidane, 98-99.
359. Labrunie, Maître du jeu, 21; Philippe, Roi modeste, 19; Franck, Zidane, 11; Lohézic and Lhote, Respect, 33.
360. Philippe, Roi modeste, 11-12, 21, 55; see also http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Fernandez (accessed 8 November 2008).
361. Franck, Zidane, 102; Philippe, Roi modeste, 24.
362. Blanchet and Fraix-Burnet, Dieu, 55;
363. Franck, Zidane, 61, 106-8.
364. Franck, Zidane, 104-5;
365. Blanchet and Fraix-Burnet, Dieu, 68.
366. Philippe, Roi modeste, 94.
367. "Domenech Rekindles Makelele Row," BBC Sport, http://news.bbc.co.uk, 29 August 2006;
368. "Domenech: 'Je suis esclavagiste,' " Nouvelobs.com, 29 August 2006.
369. Basse, Zidane-Dugarry, 56, 76.
370. Blanchet and Fraix-Burnet, Dieu, 76-91.
371. Philippe, Roi modeste, 7-8, 39, 60-61; Andrew Hussey, "ZZ TOP,"
372. Observer, 4 April 2004.
373. Blanchet and Fraix-Burnet, Dieu, 18.
374. Franck, Zidane, 81; Mako, Hommes, 57.
375. Dave Hill, Out of His Skin: The John Barnes Phenomenon (1989; reprint, London: When Saturday Comes Books, 2001), 137;
376. Franck, Zidane, 58, 66-68.
377. Les Yeux dans les Bleus, directed by Stéphane Meunier (Canal+, 1998); Basse, Zidane-Dugarry, 76.
378. "Football: Nike's Role in Ronaldo Mystery under Microscope," Independent, 18 December 2000.
379. Basse, Zidane-Dugarry, 86-88. For his earlier goal in the Stade de France, see Philippe, Roi modeste, 130.
380. Florence Couret and Emmanuelle Reju, " 'Le mondial vaux dix ans de campagne antiraciste,' " La Croix, 15 July 1998, 7; Gastaut, Le métissage, 34.
381. Basse, Zidane-Dugarry, 86.
382. Philippe, Roi modeste, 152.
383. Meunier, Les Yeux dans les Bleus.
384. INA, "Tous en finale," TF1, 12 July 1998.
385. Franck, Zidane, 216-17;
386. Philippe, Roi modeste, 153.
387. Basse, Zidane-Dugarry, 35-36;
388. Philippe, Roi modeste, 154.
389. Basse, Zidane-Dugarry, 88-89.
390. Institut National de l'Audiovisuel (hereafter INA), "Tous en finale," TF1, 12 July 1998.
391. Annick Cojean, "A la Bastille, un 14 juillet 'en plus drôle,' " Le Monde, 14 July 1998, 3.
392. Philippe Broussard, "Plus d'un million de personnes on fêté la victoire sur les Champs-Elysées," Le Monde, 14 July 1998, 3.
393. Etienne Labrunie, Zidane: Maître du jeu (Paris: Timée-Editions, 2005), 101;
394. Dominique Le Guilledoux, "Le 12 Juillet, ce sera la deuxième fête nationale," Le Monde, 14 July 1998, 16.
395. "Une voiture dans la foule faisant quatre-vingts blessés," Le Monde, 14 July 1998, 3.
396. Yvan Gastaut, Le métissage par le foot: L'intégration, mais jusqu'où? (Paris: Autrement, 2008), 52;
397. France-Antilles, Fort-de-France edition, no. 9459, 15 July 1998, 15.
398. Le Guilledoux, "Le 12 Juillet," 16;
399. Albrecht Sonntag, Les Identités du football européen (Grenoble: Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 2008), 16 n. 11.
400. Le Guilledoux, "Le 12 Juillet," 16;
401. Christian Jaurena, "Saint-Denis, côté ville et côté stade," Le Monde, 14 July 1998, 16.
402. Gastaut, Le métissage, 61-62.
403. Labrunie, Maître, 101;
404. Pierre-Louis Basse, Zidane-Dugarry: Mes Copains d'Abord (Paris: Mango Sport, 1998), 93;
405. Frédéric Potet, "500,000 personnes ont accompagné la parade des Bleus sur les Champs-Elysées," Le Monde, 15 July 1998, 12.
406. Interview with Michel Platini, Le Monde, 15 July 1998, 12;
407. Gastaut, Le métissage, 106.
408. Dominique Sanchez, "La banlieue, l'autre vanqueur du Mondial," Le Monde, 24 July 1998, 10;
409. Gastaut, Le métissage, 104.
410. "La parabole Jacquet," Le Monde, 14 July 1998, 1, 14;
411. Vézaine de Vezins, "Le parcours du onze tricolore donne naissance à une nouvelle fibre cocardière française: La patriotisme jovial du Mondial," Le Figaro, 11 July 1998.
412. Gastaut, Le métissage, 91-92.
413. Onyekachi Wambu, "Marcel Desailly and the Second Liberation of Paris, 1998," in Le Foot: Legends of French Football, ed. Christov Rühn (London: Abacus, 2000), 268-84, quote p. 282.
414. Gastaut, Le métissage, 92, 108.
415. Jaurena, "Saint-Denis," 16;
416. interview with Aimé Jacquet, Le Monde, 18 July 1998, 18;
417. Florence Couret and Emmanuelle Reju, " 'Le mondial vaux dix ans de campagne antiraciste,' " La Croix, 15 July 1998, 7;
418. Gastaut, Le métissage, 44.
419. Le Monde, 21-22 March 1993, 11;
420. Mustafa Dikeç, Badlands of the Republic: Space, Politics and Urban Policy (London: Blackwell, 2007), 30.
421. Gastaut, Le métissage, 93;
422. Olivier Biffaud, "Charles Pasqua à contreemploi," Le Monde, 20 July 1998.
423. For Weil's report, to which I contributed as a member of the commission, see Patrick Weil, Pour une politique d'immigration juste et efficace (Paris: Documentation Française, 1997).
424. Gastaut, Le métissage, 102-3, 107.
425. INA, "Le vrai journal," Canal +, 4 October 1998.
426. Gastaut, Le métissage, 103-4.
427. Wambu, "Marcel Desailly," 281-83;
428. Gastaut, Le métissage, 114.
429. Gastaut, Le métissage, 109.
430. Mohand Ouahrani, La France tout un monde: Portraits multicolores (Paris: Le Cherche Midi, 2002), 5, 7.
431. Lilian Thuram, Le 8 Juillet 1998 (Paris: Anne-Carrière, 2004), 156.
432. Gastaut, Le métissage, 123.
433. Dan Franck, Zidane: Le roman d'une victoire (Paris: Pocket, 1999), 49;
434. Jamel Debbouze, " 'Tout a une fin, même les étoiles filantes,' " Paris-Match 2982 (12-19 July 2006): 56-57.
435. Basse, Zidane-Dugarry, 11-12, 24.
436. Basse, Zidane-Dugarry, 61-62.
437. "Le FN fait de Zidane un 'enfant de l'Algérie française,' " Le Monde, 15 July 1998, 12.
438. "L'homme du jour Zinedine Zidane," L'Humanité, 30 April 2002. See also Andrew Hussey, "ZZ TOP," Observer, 4 April 2004.
439. Les Back, Tim Crabbe, and John Solomos, The Changing Face of Football: Racism, Identity and Multiculture in the English Game (London: Berg, 2001), 273. This distortion of Zidane's family story is striking in a book that is otherwise carefully argued and documented.
440. Elizabeth Ezra, The Colonial Unconscious: Race and Culture in Interwar France (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000), 148;
441. See Gary Wilder, The French Imperial Nation State: Negritude and Colonial Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
442. Gastaut, Le métissage, 38, 43.
443. François Parent, Black-blanc-beur: Roman (Paris: La Bartavelle Editeur, 1999).
444. Alastair Reid, "The World Cup," New Yorker, 10 September 1966, 152-97, quote p. 152.
445. Les Yeux Dans Les Bleus 2, directed by Stéphane Meunier (Canal+ Video, 2002);
446. Gastaut, Le métissage, 137-39.
447. Gastaut, Le métissage, 144.
448. Mahfoud Amara, "Soccer, Post-Colonial and Post-Conflictual Discourses in Algeria: Algérie-France, 6 Octobre 2001, 'ce n'était pas un simple match de foot,' " International Review of Modern Sociology 32, no. 2 (Autumn 2006): 217-39, quotes pp. 226-27, 230.
449. Rey, "Le temps des circulaires," 2-3.
450. Fatès, Sport et tiers-monde, 29-31.
451. Rey, "Le temps des circulaires," 5. On Hadj, see Benjamin Stora, Messali Hadj: Pionnier du nationalisme algérien, 1898-1974 (Paris: Editions de l'Harmattan, 1986), especially 147-49;
452. Jean-Louis Planche, Sétif 1945: Histoire d'un massacre annoncé (Paris: Perrin, 2006), 40.
453. Fatès, Sport et tiers-monde, 29-31; Hamrouchi "Intelligentsia," 84-86;
454. Stora, "Algérie, années coloniales," 148-50.
455. Fatès, Sport et tiers-monde, 30.
456. Rey, "Le temps des circulaires," 2-4.
457. Michel Nait-Challal, Dribbleurs de l'indépendance: L'incroyable histoire de l'équipe de football du FLN Algérien (Paris: Editions Prolongations, 2008), 10-11;
458. Planche, Sétif 1945, 10.
459. Nait-Challal, Dribbleurs, 11-12. On scouting in Algeria, see Hamrouchi, "Intelligentsia," 87-89;
460. Boucif Mekhaled, Chroniques d'un massacre: 8 Mai, 1945, Sétif, Guelma, Kerrata (Paris: Syros, 1995), 53-57.
461. Planche, Sétif 1945, 136-43.
462. See Planche, Sétif 1945, especially the introduction and chap. 16;
463. Mekhaled, Chroniques, 160-224.
464. Stora, "Algérie, années coloniales," 147.
465. Jacqueline Lévi-Valensi, Camus at Combat: Writing 1944-1947 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 203-17
466. Nait-Challal, Dribbleurs, 189
467. Pierre Lanfranchi and Matthew Taylor, Moving with the Ball: The Migration of Professional Footballers (Oxford: Berg, 2001), 172.
468. Stora, "Algérie, années coloniales," 149.
469. Nait-Challal, Dribbleurs, 74.
470. Philip Dine, "France, Algeria, and Sport: From Colonisation to Globalisation," Modern and Contemporary France 10, no. 4 (2002): 495-505, quote p. 499.
471. Donald Reid, "Re-viewing The Battle of Algiers with Germain Tillion," History Workshop Journal 60 (Autumn 2005): 93-115, quotes pp. 98, 102.
472. Dine, "France," 499
473. Amara and Henry, "Between Globalization and Local 'Modernity,' " 7-8, n. 36
474. Lafranchi and Taylor, Moving, 173
475. Rachid Boujedra, Le Vanqueur de la Coupe (1981; reprint, Paris: Gallimard, 1989).
476. Nait-Challal, Dribbleurs, 59-69.
477. Thierry Oberle, "Vingt-neuf ans après l'indépendance: Une rencontre chargée de symbols," Le Figaro, 6 October 2001.
478. Nait-Challal, Dribbleurs, 29-38.
479. Paul Dietschy, Yvan Gastaut, and Stéphane Mourlane, Histoire politique des coupes du monde de football (Paris: Vuibert, 2006), 298
480. Lanfranchi and Taylor, Moving, 174
481. Nait-Challal, Dribbleurs, 86-92, 101, photo insert p. 3.
482. Nait-Challal, Dribbleurs, 109, 118, 120.
483. Nait-Challal, Dribbleurs, 102-3, 106-7, 118, 129.
484. Nait-Challal, Dribbleurs, 109, 130, 141.
485. Simon Roger, "Quand le FLN recrutait les footballeurs," Le Monde, 13-14 July 2008, 3
486. Nait-Challal, Dribbleurs, 112.
487. Michel Nait-Challal, Dribbleurs de l'indépendance: L'incroyable histoire de l'équipe de football du FLN Algérien (Paris: Editions Prolongations, 2008), 191-94
488. Pierre Lanfranchi, "Mekloufi, un footballeur français dans la guerre d'Algérie," Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 103 (June 1994): 70-74, quote p. 70.
489. Nait-Challal, Dribbleurs, 221-22
490. Paul Dietschy, Yvan Gastaut, and Stéphane Mourlane, Histoire politique des coupes du monde de football (Paris: Vuibert, 2006), 300-302
491. Philip Dine, "France, Algeria, and Sport: From Colonisation to Globalisation," Modern and Contemporary France 10, no. 4 (2002): 495-505, quote pp. 500-501.
492. Dan Franck, Zidane: Le roman d'une victoire (Paris: Pocket, 1999), 53
493. Martine Couturie, "L'ancien international algérien, 44 ans, fut, il y a vingt ans, l'idole du numéro dix des Bleus," Le Figaro, 6 October 2001
494. Dietschy, Gastaut, and Mourlane, Histoire politique, 296.
495. Dietschy, Gastaut, and Mourlane, Histoire politique, 309-10.
496. Ivan Rioufol, "France-Algérie: Le test," Le Figaro, 6 October 2001
497. see also Thierry Oberle, "Vingt-neuf ans après l'indépendance: Une rencontre chargée de symboles," Le Figaro, 6 October 2001.
498. "Algeria Welcomes 'Peace' Game," BBC Sport Online, 2 October 2001, http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/low/football/africa/1575815.stm (accessed 29 October 2007).
499. Gastaut, Le métissage, 126, 130.
500. Rioufol, "France-Algérie."
501. Gastaut, Le métissage, 136, 146-47.
502. Patrick Fort and Jean Philippe, Zidane: De Yazid à Zizou (Paris: L'Archipel, 2006), 177-78
503. Gastaut, Le métissage, 135-36, 146.
504. "Vu d'Algérie, un match plus que symbolique," L'Humanité, 6 October 2001
505. Sébastien Homer, "Verdict severe à Bobigny," L'Humanité, 21 November 2001.
506. Gastaut, Le métissage, 130.
507. Mahfoud Amara, "Soccer, Post-Colonial and Post-Conflictual Discourses in Algeria: Algérie-France, 6 Octobre 2001, 'ce n'était pas un simple match de foot,' " International Review of Modern Sociology 32, no. 2 (Autumn 2006): 217-39, quote p. 229
508. Oberle, "Vingt-neuf ans."
509. Gastaut, Le métissage, 130.
510. Institut National de l'Audiovisuel (hereafter INA), "Infos," Canal+, 4 October 2001.
511. Gastaut, Le métissage, 132.
512. Yves Borden, "France-Algérie, une rencontre aux multiples enjeux," Le Monde, 6 October 2001.
513. Gastaut, Le métissage, 132.
514. Rabah Madjer, interview by Dominique Pagnoud, Le Figaro, 4 October 2001.
515. Gastaut, Le métissage, 133.
516. INA, "Stade 2," France 2, 7 October 2001
517. Lilian Thuram, 8 Juillet 1998 (Paris: Editions Anne Carrière, 2004), 160-61.
518. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 162
519. Jean-Yves Guérin and Laurent Jaoui, Noirs en bleu: Le football est-il raciste? (Paris: Anne Carrière, 2008), 26
520. Gastaut, Le métissage, 140.
521. Les Yeux Dans Les Bleus 2, directed by Stéphane Meunier (Canal+, 2002).
522. Thuram, 8 Juillet, 162.
523. INA, "Stade 2," France 2, 7 October 2001.
524. Gastaut, Le métissage, 142.
525. Homer, "Verdict."
526. INA, "Stade 2," France 2, 7 October 2001.
527. INA, "20 heures," TF1, 7 October 2001; INA, "Stade 2," France 2, 7 October 2001
528. Yves Threard, "France-Algérie: Le rendez-vous manqué," Le Figaro, 8 October 2001.
529. "Assumer sa double appartenance," interview with Alain Hayot.
530. Robert Redeker, Le sport contre les peuples (Paris: Berg International, 2002), 65.
531. Gastaut, Le métissage, 146-47.
532. Blaise de Chabalier, interview with Patrick Vieira, Le Figaro, 30 May 2002.
533. Gastaud, Le métissage, 160-61.
534. Le Monde, http://www.lemondedublog.com/2007/11/football-francemaroc-marseillaise-et-joueurs-francais-siffles.php (accessed 2 May 2008).
535. "Une handicapé gravement brûlée," Le Monde, 6-7 November 2005, 6
536. Jean-Michel Dumay, "Violences et vigilance, le face-à-face des banlieues," Le Monde, 8 November 2005, 1
537. David Dufresne, Maintien de l'ordre: Enquête (Paris: Hachette, 2007), 48-49.
538. Didier Arnaud, " 'J'en ai pas vu un seul d'entre vous pendant les émeutes!,' " Libération 7657 (21 December 2005): 14
539. Azouz Begag, "La révolte des lascars contre l'oublie à Vaulx-le-Velin," Les Annales de la recherché urbaine 49 (1991): 114-21.
540. Silverstein, "Fire," 45-48
541. Kokoreff, Sociologie, 86-87.
542. Institut National de l'Audiovisuel (hereafter INA), "Le Grand journal de Canal+," 14 November 2005.
543. Laetitia Van Eeckhout, "Pap Ndiaye: L'Intégration par le sport est un miroir aux alouettes," Le Monde, 9 July 2006
544. See also Pap Ndiaye, La Condition Noire: Essai sur une minorité française (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 2008), 224-37.
545. "Racisme contre le footballeur William Gallas," 16 April 2008, http://www.montraykreyol.org/spip.php?article1089 (accessed 17 April 2008).
546. Sid Lowe, "Spain Coach in Mire over Henry Jibe," Guardian, 7 October 2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2004/oct/07/newsstory.sport5 (accessed 24 July 2008).
547. Bruce Crumley, "Hate Buster," Time, 2 October 2005, http://www.time.com/time/europe/hero2005/henry.html (accessed 24 July 2008).
548. INA, "Le Grand journal de Canal+," 14 November 2005; "On a tout essayé," INA, France 2, 17 May 2006.
549. Dufresne, Maintien, 95-101; clip from "Arrêt sur images: Banlieues filmer et raconter," by Daniel Schneidermann, France 5, 6 November 2005, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9k0d2r8kp9Y (accessed 30 September 2008).
550. Raphaëlle Bacqué and Christophe Jakubyszn, "Azouz Begag, principal opposant à Nicolas Sarkozy," Le Monde, 2 November 2005, 5.
551. Jean Baptiste de Montvalon and Sylvia Zappi, "Les maires de banlieue critiquent Nicolas Sarkozy," Le Monde, 3 November 2005, 12.
552. "Azouz Begag avait déjà évoqué la 'racaille,' " Le Monde, 6-7 November 2005, 6.
553. Ariane Chemin, "Le dernier jour de Bouna Traoré and Zyed Benna," Le Monde, 9 December 2005; Kokoreff, Sociologie, 43-45, 163-66.
554. Chemin, "Dernier jour"; Kokoreff, Sociologie, 44-47.
555. Chemin, "Dernier jour."
556. For detailed accounts of the beginnings of the insurrection, see Kokoreff, Sociologie, 47-56; Mauger, L'émeute, 22-38; Dufresne, Maintien, 50-66.
557. Kokoreff, Sociologie, 47-56, 236-37.
558. Dufresne, Maintien, 63-66.
559. Bronner and Smolar, "Les violences," 12.
560. Silverstein and Tetreault, "Postcolonial Urban Apartheid," 5-6. A list of the major riots of the 1990s is provided by Mauger, L'émeute, 15. For a detailed examination of the 1990 riots outside Lyon, see Begag, "La révolte."
561. Suprême N.T.M., "Qu'est-ce qu'on attend," Paris sous les bombes (Sony Music, 1995); Silverstein and Tetreault, "Postcolonial Urban Apartheid," 1.
562. Silverstein and Tetreault, "Postcolonial Urban Apartheid," 8
563. Mustafa Dikeç, Badlands of the Republic: Space, Politics and Urban Policy (London: Blackwell, 2007), chap. 4
564. Dufresne, Maintien, 82-94, 141-43; "Nicolas Sarkozy: 'La police de proximité,' " Maire-Info, 4 February 2003, http://www.maireinfo.com (accessed 2 February 2009)
565. Kokoreff, Sociologie, 72, 183, 190-91
566. Piotr Smolar, "L'orientation répressive de la police est remise en question," Le Monde, 5 November 2005, 6.
567. Silverstein and Tetreault, "Postcolonial Urban Apartheid," 5, 8; Begag, "La révolte," 115; Roy, "Nature," 1.
568. Luc Bronner and Catherine Simon, "Clichy-sous-bois cristallise les tensions politiques et socials," Le Monde, 2 November 2005, 5; Kokoreff, Sociologie, chap. 5.
569. Excerpt from TF1 News report, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcfUhnnocWI&feature=related (accessed 30 September 2008).
570. Bronner and Simon, "Clichy-sous-bois," 5.
571. Ceaux, "Un jeune à Aulnay-sous-Bois," 9.
572. Mustapha Kessous, " 'L'imam a raison, il faut respecter ce pays!,' " Le Monde, 6-7 November 2005, 7.
573. Patrick Roger, "M. de Villiers, Mme Le Pen et les souverainistes réclament un couvre-feu et l'envoi de l'armée," Le Monde, 6-7 November 2005, 6.
574. Silverstein and Tetreault, "Postcolonial Urban Apartheid," 2; Raphaëlle Bacqué, "Les couvre-feux sont approuvés par la majorité, acceptés à gauche," Le Monde, 10 November 2005, 1.
575. Philippe Bernard, "Banlieues: La provocation coloniale," Le Monde, 19 November 2005, 1-2.
576. The declaration, along with information about the group, is available at http://www.indigenes-republique.org/spip.php?article835 (accessed 15 September 2008)
577. Sadri Khairi, Pour une politique de la racaille (Paris: Textuel, 2006), 7.
578. "Sarkozy: 'Nous ramènerons l'ordre et la tranquilité,' " Le Monde, 6-7 November 2005, 1; Silverstein and Tetreault, "Postcolonial Urban Apartheid," 7.
579. F. Gom, "Les Bleus sont arrivés," France-Antilles, Fort-de-France edition, no. 11643, 8 November 2005, 8. Thuram had recently decided to come out of retirement and rejoin the French team.
580. C. T., "Césaire a échangé avec les Bleus," France-Antilles, Fort-de-France edition, no. 11645, 10-11 November 2005, 2
581. INA, "L'Equipe des Bleus en Martinique," RFO (Radio France Outre- Mer), 9 November 2005.
582. France-Antilles, Fort-de-France edition, no. 11645, 10-11 November 2005, 2.
583. INA, "Le Grand journal de Canal+," 14 November 2005.
584. "Thuram: M. Sarkozy n'a toujours pas compris," Nouvelobs, 14 January 2006, posted on http://www.labanlieusexprime.org (accessed 24 July 2006).
585. INA, "Le Grand journal de Canal+," 14 November 2005.
586. INA, "On a tout essayé," France 2, 17 May 2006.
587. Frédéric Lohézic and Gilles Lhote, Zinedine Zidane: Respect! (Paris: Michel Lafont, 2006), 12-14
588. Renaud Dély, "Politique, religion: Tout à sa transparence," Libération, 8-9 July 2006, 4.
589. C. K., "Franck Ribéry en visite privée à Tlemcen: 'Je me sens bien en Algérie,' " El Watan, 25 July 2006; Dély, "Politique," 4.
590. Interview with Alain Finkielkraut, Ha'aretz, 18 November 2005. An English translation of the Europe 1 interview is presented as "Alain Finkielkraut's Interview on Europe 1," on View from the Right, http://www.amnation.com/vfr/archives/004639.html (accessed 7 July 2006).
591. "Défendre et interroger," interview with Lilian Thuram by Achille Mbembe, 26 July 2006, http://www.africultures.com/index.asp?menu=affiche_article, (accessed 8 August 2006)
592. An English translation of the interview was published in Chimurenga 10 (2006): 235-37.
593. "Thuram," L'Humanité, 30 June 2006.
594. Elie Barth, "Zidane est le dernier Galactique," Le Monde, 3 July 2006;
595. Philippe Delerm, "Le Brésilien," Le Figaro, 3 July 2006, 15.
596. Douglas Gordon and Philippe Parreno, Zidane: A 21st Century Portrait, (Artificial Eye, 2006);
597. Barth, "Zidane."
598. Grégory Schneider, "Donc, y arriver ensemble," in "Mondial 2006," special section of Libération, 8-9 July 2006, 1-2;
599. Institut National de l'Audiovisuel, TF1 20 Heures, 6 July 2006.
600. Luc Bronner, "Les racailles vont nous ramener la Coupe: Si ce n'est pas magnifique!," Le Monde, 6 July 2006; "Réaction," at www.lemonde.fr (accessed 7 July 2006).
601. "La racaille en finale!," http://lmsi.net/spip.php?article565 (accessed 5 November 2007).
602. Thibaut Danancher, "La fièvre du samedi soir," Le Figaro, 3 July 2006, 19.
603. Bronner, "Les racailles"; Yves Bordenave
604. "4,000 CRS et gendarmes supplémentaires pour dimanche," Le Monde, 9-10 July 2006, 6;
605. Stéphane Joahny, "Un besoin de violence qui n'existait pas en 1998," Journal de Dimanche, 9 July 2006.
606. Yves Bordenave, "Pas de retour en prison demandé pour les Français de Guantanamo," Le Monde, 13 July 2006, 8;
607. Jean Chichizola, "Les ex-détenus français de Guantanamo jugés à Paris," Le Figaro, 3 July 2006;
608. Jean-Baptiste de Montvalon et Laetitia Van Eeckhout, "La France résiste au comptage ethnique," Le Monde, 3 July 2006, 2-3;
609. Jean-Pierre Toquoi, "Les pays africains acceptant de s'impliquer dans le contrôle des flux migratoires illegaux," Le Monde, 12 July 2006, 4;
610. Jean-Pierre Perrin, "A Rabat, l'immigration à la Sarkozy fait un flop," Libération, 12 July 2006, 4;
611. Patrick Roger, "Abdallah Boujraf, 19 ans, est le premier lycéen expulse depuis la fin des cours," Le Monde, 9-10 July 2006, 9;
612. "Sans-Papiers: Sarkozy Temporise," Journal de Dimanche, 9 July 2006, 13;
613. Maurice Cling, "Mal à ma République," Libération, 8-9 July 2006, 5.
614. Joahny, "Un besoin de violence"; Bordenave, "4,000 CRS."
615. Gilles Dhers and Christian Losson, "Vénération Zidane," Libération, 8-9 July 2006, 2-3.
616. For another article in a similar vein, see Eric Collier, "Zidane, la touche finale," in "Le Mondial 2006," special section of Le Monde, 9-10 July 2006, 1.
617. Antoine de Gaudemar, "Un homme," Libération, 9 July 2006, 3.
618. Michel Denisot, "Une sorte de code d'honneur," L'Equipe, 13 July 2006, 3.
619. Etgar Keret, "Le geste ultime de Zizou, homme libre," Libération, 13 July 2006, 33.
620. Jean-Philippe Toussaint, La Mélancholie de Zidane (Paris: Les Editions de Minuit, 2006), 16-17.
621. Marie-Claire Pasquier, "La colère du 'Beau Marin' innocent," Libération, 13 July 2006, 4.
622. Roger Cohen, "Camus and Zidane: Views on How Things End," International Herald Tribune, 12 July 2006, 2.
623. Franck Baetens, "Le coup de tête de Zidane: Pour une lecture mythologique," Esprit, November 2007, 127-47, quote p. 133.
624. "Zidane Contre Castro," http://video.google.com (accessed 10 October 2006).
625. Ludovic Blécher, " 'Zidane il a tapé,' la chanson potache se prepare à devenir le tube de l'été," Libération, 12 July 2006, 10.
626. Claude Droussent, "L'Edito," L'Equipe, 10 July 2006, 1.
627. Similar interpretations dominated U.S. coverage of the event. In "Rules of the Game: Can We Forgive Him?," New Yorker, 24 July 2006, 22-23
628. Adam Gopnik worried about the bad example Zidane's action would set for children; in "Why Some Athletes Crack, and Others Don't," New York Times, 16 July 2006
629. Henry Fountain compared Zidane unfavorably to Jackie Robinson; and in "Sad Ending to a Great Career," International Herald Tribune, 11 July 2006, 20
630. Rob Hugues declared, "Shame on the hero."
631. Forcari, "L'extrême droit," 10. Such statements were extreme, but Calderoli does have the sympathy of some of the players on the Italian team, including Gennaro Gattuso, who in 2008 declared
632. "[The Lega Nord, Calderoli's right-wing and anti-immigration party] is raising questions that I think are right." Vikash Dhorasoo and Stéphane Régy
633. "Gattuso," So Foot 56 (June-July 2008), 30-36, quotes pp. 34, 36.
634. Anne Delbée, La 107e minute (Paris: Quatre Chemins, 2006), 94.
635. Toussaint, Mélancholie, 11;
636. Delbée, Minute, 76.
637. Delbée, Minute, 30-31.
638. Mustapha Kessous, "Zidane, héros lointain et décevant de la Castellane," Le Monde, 11 July 2006, 10;
639. Grant Farred, "Zinedine Zidane and the Event of the Secret," Chimurenga 10 (2006): 224-30.
640. Pierre Jaxel-Truer, "Mais qu'a bien pu dire Materazzi à Zidane?," Le Monde, 12 July 2006, 10;
641. "Materazzi le provocateur," Paris-Match, no. 2983 (20-26 July 2006): 46;
642. "Des sanctions pour Zinedine Zidane et Marco Materazzi," Le Monde, 21 July 2006.
643. "Match a fait déchiffrer les vraies injures de Materazzi à Zizou," Paris-Match, no. 2983 (20-26 July 2006): 43.
644. Jaxel-Truer, "Mais qu'a bien pu dire Materazzi à Zidane?"; Lionel Froissart, "Qu'est-ce qu'il lui a dit?," Libération, 11 July 2006, 4.
645. Froissart, "Qu'est-ce qu'il lui a dit?," 4
646. "Materazzi: 'Je n'ai pas insulté sa mere,' " L'Equipe, 13 July 2006, 3
647. Marco Materazzi, Ce que j'ai vraiment dit à Zidane, trans. Denitza Bantcheva (Paris: Editions du Rocher, 2006).
648. Delbée, Minute, 60.
649. Keret, "Le geste," 33.
650. Cohen, "Camus and Zidane," 2.
651. "L'Algérie comprend et defend son champion de coeur," Le Monde, 13 July 2006.
652. "Des mots tellement durs," L'Equipe, 13 July 2006, 3.
653. Claire Lasne, "Vive toi, Zidane," Libération, 13 July 2006, 33.
654. "Des sanctions pour Zinedine Zidane et Marco Materazzi."
655. "Tous ensemble!," Le Monde, 11 July 2006, 2.
656. Reactions to "Des sanctions pour Zinedine Zidane et Marco Materazzi," www.lemonde.fr (accessed 30 July 2006).
657. Serge Quadruppani, "Zidane ne doit pas être le seul amnistié," Libération, 14 July 2006.
658. Dany Laferrière, "Le geste (et la geste) de Zinedine Zidane vus par Dany Laferrière," 12 July 2006, http://www.congopage.com/article.php3?id_article=3791; a translation is at http://www.ranadasgupta.com/notes.asp?note_id=69 (both accessed 25 March 2009).
659. "Des mots tellements durs," L'Equipe, 13 July 2006, 3.
660. See Thuram le defenseur.
661. For a description of Akiyo's work, see http://www.akiyo.org, which includes a video of the 29 July 2006 event with Thuram.
662. "Soccer Man on Display," Science 315 (16 February 2007): 917.
663. Jean-Yves Guérin and Laurent Jaoui, Noirs en bleu: Le football est-il raciste? (Paris: Anne Carrière, 2008), 29-30.
664. Benoit Hopquin and Frédéric Potet, "Les convictions de Lilian Thuram," Le Monde, 4 February 2009. On B-World Connection, see http://bworldconnection.com.