Worldwide distribution and abundance of killer whales

Whales, Whaling, and Ocean Ecosystems

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 145-162

  Forney, Karin A ^a   Wade, Paul R ^b  

^a SOUTHWEST FISHERIES SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^b NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84887792401     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (139)

1. Aguayo, A., R. Bernal, C. Olavarría, V. Vallejos, and R. Hucke-Gaete. 1998. Cetofauna off central Chile, including Easter Island. Revista de Biología de Marina y Oceanografía 33(1): 101-123.
2. Angliss, R. P. and K. L. Lodge. 2002. Alaska marine mammal stock assessments, 2002. U. S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-133. Seattle: Alaska Fisheries Science Center.
3. Baird, R.W. 1994. Foraging behavior and ecology of transient killer whales. Ph.D. thesis, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia.
4. Baird, R.W. 2000. The killer whale: foraging specializations and group hunting, in Cetacean societies: field studies of dolphins and whales. J. Mann, R. C. Connor, P. L. Tyack, and H. Whitehead, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 127-153.
5. Baird, R.W. 2002. Killer whales of the world: natural history and conservation. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press.
6. Baird, R.W., P.A. Abrams, and L.M. Dill. 1992. Possible indirect interactions between transient and resident killer whales: implications for the evolution of foraging specializations in the genus Orcinus. Oecologia 89: 125-132.
7. Baird, R.W., and L. M. Dill. 1995. Occurrence and behaviour of transient killer whales: seasonal and pod-specific variability, foraging behavior, and prey handling. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73: 1300-1311.
8. Baird, R.W. 1996. Ecological and social determinants of group size in transient killer whales. Behavioral Ecology 7(4): 408-416.
9. Baird, R.W., and H. Whitehead. 2000. Social organization of mammal-eating killer whales: group stability and dispersal patterns. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 2096-2105.
10. Balcomb, K. C., and C. A. Goebel. 1976. A killer whale study in Puget Sound. Final Report, Contract No. NASO-6-35330. Seattle: National Marine Fisheries Service.
11. Ballance, L. T, C. R. Anderson, R. L. Pitman, K. Stafford, A. Shaan, Z. Waheed, and R. L. Brownell, Jr. 2001. Cetacean sightings around the Republic of the Maldives, April 1998. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 3: 213-218.
12. Barlow, J. 1995. The abundance of cetaceans in California waters. Part II: Ship surveys in summer and fall of 1991. Fishery Bulletin 93: 1-14.
13. Barlow, J. 2003a. Preliminary estimates of the abundance of cetaceans along the U.S. west coast: 1991-2001. Administrative Report LJ-03-03. La Jolla, CA: Southwest Fisheries Science Center.
14. Barlow, J. 2006. Cetacean abundance in Hawaiian waters during summer/fall 2002. Marine Mammal Science 22: 446-464.
15. Barrat, A., and J. L. Mougin. 1978. The Southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina, of Possession Island, Crozet Archipelago, 46°25' south, 51°45' east. Mammalia 42: 143-174 (in French).
16. Barrett-Lennard, L. G. 2000. Population structure and mating patterns of killer whales as revealed by DNA analysis. Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
17. Barrett-Lennard, L. G., and G. M. Ellis. 2001. Population structure and genetic variability in northeastern Pacific killer whales: towards an assessment of population viability. Research document 2001/065. Nanaimo, BC: Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
18. Berzin, A. A., and V. L. Vladimirov. 1983. A new species of killer whale (Cetacea, Delphinidae) from Antarctic waters. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 62: 287-295 (in Russian).
19. Berzin, A. A. 1989. Recent distribution and abundance of cetaceans in the Sea of Okhotsk. Biologiya morya (Vladivostok) 15(2): 84-90 (in Russian).
20. Bigg, M. A., G. M. Ellis, J. K. B. Ford, and K. C. Balcomb. 1987. Killer whales: A study of their identification, genealogy, and natural history in British Columbia and Washington State. Nanaimo, BC: Phantom Press and Publishers, Inc.
21. Bigg, M. A., P. F. Olesiuk, G. M. Ellis, J. K. B. Ford, and K. C. Balcomb III. 1990. Social organization and genealogy of resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the coastal waters of British Columbia and Washington State. Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue) 12: 386-406.
22. Bisther, A. 2002. Intergroup interactions among killer whales in Norwegian coastal waters; tolerance vs. aggression at feeding areas. Aquatic Mammals 28:14-23.
23. Black, N.A., A. Schulman-Janiger, R.L. Ternullo, and M. Guerrero-Ruiz. 1997. Killer whales of California and Western Mexico: a catalog of photo-identified individuals. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SWFSC-247. La Jolla, CA: Southwest Fisheries Science Center.
24. Braham, H.W., and M. E. Dahlheim. 1982. Killer whales in Alaska documented in the Platforms of Opportunity Program. Report of the International Whaling Commission 32: 643-646.
25. Branch, T. A., and D. S. Butterworth. 2001. Estimates of abundance south of 60 degrees S for cetacean species sighted frequently on the 1978/79 to 1997/98 IWC/IDCR-SOWER sighting surveys. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 3: 251-270.
26. Buckland, S. T., D. R. Anderson, K. P. Burnham, and J. L. Laake. 1993. Distance sampling: estimating abundance of biological populations. London: Chapman and Hall.
27. Budylenko, G. A. 1981. Distribution and some aspects of the biology of killer whales in the South Atlantic. Report of the International Whaling Commission 31: 523-525.
28. Calambokidis, J., and J. Barlow. 2004. Abundance of blue and humpback whales in the eastern North Pacific estimated by capture-recapture and line-transect methods. Marine Mammal Science 20: 63-85.
29. Caldwell, D. K., and M. C. Caldwell. 1969. Addition of the leatherback sea turtle to the known prey of the killer whale, Orcinus orca. Journal of Mammalogy 50(3): 636.
30. Carretta, J.V., J. Barlow, K. A. Forney, M. M. Muto, and J. Baker. 2001. U. S. Pacific marine mammal stock assessments: 2001. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SWFSC-317. La Jolla, CA: Southwest Fisheries Science Center.
31. Carretta, J.V., M. M. Muto, J. Barlow, J. Baker, K. A. Forney, and M. Lowry. 2002. U. S. Pacific marine mammal stock assessments: 2002. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SWFSC-346. La Jolla, CA: Southwest Fisheries Science Center.
32. CeTAP. 1982. A characterization of marine mammals and turtles in the mid-and north Atlantic areas of the U. S. outer continental shelf. Cetacean and Turtle Assessment Program, University of Rhode Island, Final Report AA551-CT8-48. Washington, DC: Bureau of Land Management.
33. Clapham, P., J. Barlow, M. Bessinger, T. Cole, D. Mattila, R. Pace, D. Palka, J. Robbins, and R. Seton. 2003. Abundance and demographic parameters of humpback whales from the Gulf of Maine, and stock definition relative to the Scotian Shelf. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 5: 13-22.
34. Dahlheim, M. E. 1981. A review of the biology and exploitation of the killer whale, Orcinus orca, with comments on recent sightings from Antarctica. Report of the International Whaling Commission 31: 541-546.
35. Dahlheim, M. E. 1997. A photographic catalog of killer whales, Orcinus orca, from the Central Gulf of Alaska to the Southeastern Bering Sea. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131. Seattle: National Marine Fisheries Service.
36. Dahlheim, M. E., D. K. Ellifrit, and J. D. Swenson. 1997. Killer whales of Southeast Alaska: a catalogue of photo-identified individuals. Seattle: National Marine Fisheries Service.
37. Dahlheim, M. E., and J. E. Heyning. 1999. Killer whale, in Handbook of marine mammals, Vol. 6. S. Ridgway and R. Harrison, eds. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 281-322.
38. Dahlheim, M. E., J. S. Leatherwood, and W. E. Perrin. 1982. Distribution of killer whales in the warm temperate and tropical eastern Pacific. Report of the International Whaling Commission 32: 647-653.
39. Estes, J. A., M. T. Tinker, T.M. Williams, and D. F. Doak. 1998. Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems. Science 282: 473-476.
40. Eyre, E. J. 1995. Observations of cetaceans in the Indian Ocean Whale Sanctuary, May-July 1993. Report of the International Whaling Commission 45: 419-426.
41. Fiscus, C.H., and K. Niggol. 1965. Observations of cetaceans off California, Oregon and Washington. Special Scientific Report, Fisheries No. 498. Washington, DC: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
42. Ford, J. K. B., and G. M. Ellis. 1999. Transients: mammal-hunting killer whales of British Columbia, Washington, and southeastern Alaska. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
43. Ford, J. K. B., G. M. Ellis, and K. C. Balcomb. 1994. Killer whales: the natural history and genealogy of Orcinus orca in British Columbia and Washington State. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
44. Ford, J. K. B. 2000. Killer whales: the natural history and genealogy of Orcinus orca in British Columbia and Washington. 2nd edition. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
45. Ford, J. K. B., G. M. Ellis, L. G. Barrett-Lennard, A. B. Morton, R. S. Palm, and K. C. Balcomb. 1998. Dietary specialization in two sympatric populations of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in coastal British Columbia and adjacent waters. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76(8): 1456-1471.
46. Forney, K.A., J. Barlow, and J.V. Carretta. 1995. The abundance of cetaceans in California waters. Part II: Aerial surveys in winter and spring of 1991 and 1992. Fishery Bulletin 93: 15-26.
47. Friday, N., T. D. Smith, P. T. Stevick, J. Allen. 2000. Measurement of photographic quality and individual distinctiveness for the photographic identification of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae. Marine Mammal Science 16: 355-374.
48. Fulling, G. L., K. D. Mullin, and C.W. Hubard. 2003. Abundance and distribution of cetaceans in outer continental shelf waters of the U. S. Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 101: 923-932.
49. Gannier, A. 2000. Distribution of cetaceans off the Society Islands (French Polynesia) as obtained from dedicated surveys. Aquatic Mammals 26.2: 111-126.
50. Garrigue, C., and J. Greaves. 2001. Cetacean records for the New Caledonian area (southwest Pacific Ocean). Micronesica 34: 27-33.
51. Garrison, L. P., S. L. Swartz, A. Martinez, C. Burks, and K. Stamates. 2003. A marine mammal assessment survey of the southeast U. S. continental shelf: February-April 2002. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-492. Miami: Southeast Fisheries Science Center.
52. Gerrodette, T., and D. M. Palacios. 1996. Estimates of cetacean abundance in EEZ waters of the eastern tropical Pacific. SWFSC Administrative Report LJ-96-10. La Jolla, CA: Southwest Fisheries Science Center.
53. Goley, P.D., and J.M. Straley. 1994. Attack on gray whales in Monterey Bay, California, by killer whales previously identified in Glacier Bay, Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 1528-1530.
54. Guerrero-Ruiz, M., D. Gendron, and J. Urbán Ramirez. 1998. Distribution, movements and communities of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Report of the International Whaling Commission 48: 537-543.
55. Guerrero-Ruiz, M., J. Urban-Ramirez, D. Gendron, and V. Flores de Sahagun. 2002. Current knowledge of killer whales in the Mexican Pacific, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Orca Symposium and Workshops, September 23-28, 2002. Villiers en Bois, France: CEBC-CNRS, p. 76.
56. Gunnlaugsson, T., and J. Sigurjónsson. 1990. NASS-87: estimation of whale abundance based on observations made onboard Icelandic and Faroese survey vessels. Report of the International Whaling Commission 40: 571-580.
57. Hammond, P. S. 1984. Abundance of killer whales in Antarctic Areas II, III, IV, and V. Report of the International Whaling Commission 34: 543-548.
58. Hammond, P. S. 1986. Estimating the size of naturally marked whale populations using capture-recapture techniques. Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue) 8: 253-282.
59. Hammond, P. S., and C. Lockyer. 1988. Distribution of killer whales in the eastern North Atlantic. Rit Fiskideildar 11: 24-41.
60. Hammond, P.S., S.A. Mizroch, and G.P. Donovan (editors). 1990. Individual recognition of cetaceans: use of photo-identification and other techniques to estimate population parameters. Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue) 12.
61. Hansen, L. J. 1990. California coastal bottlenose dolphins, in The bottlenose dolphin. S. Leatherwood and R. R. Reeves, eds. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 403-420.
62. Heise, K., G. Ellis, and C. Matkin. 1991. A catalogue of Prince William Sound killer whales. Homer, AK: North Gulf Oceanic Society.
63. Heyning, J. E., and M. E. Dahlheim. 1988. Orcinus orca. Mammalian Species 304: 1-9.
64. Hoelzel, A. R., M. Dahlheim, and S. J. Stern. 1998. Low genetic variation among killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the eastern north Pacific and genetic differentiation between foraging specialists. Journal of Heredity 89(2): 121-128.
65. Hoelzel, A.R., and G.A. Dover. 1991. Genetic differentiation between sympatric killer whale populations. Heredity 66: 191-195.
66. Iñíguez, M. A. 2001. Seasonal distribution of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Aquatic Mammals 27.2: 154-161.
67. Jefferson, T. A., P. J. Stacey, and R.W. Baird. 1991. A review of killer whale interactions with other marine mammals: predation to co-existence. Mammal Review 21: 151-180.
68. Jonsgård, Å., and Lyshoel, P. B. 1970. A contribution to the biology of the killer whale, Orcinus orca. Nytt Magasin for Zoologi 18: 41-48.
69. Kahn, B., and J. Pet. 2003. Long-term visual and acoustic cetacean surveys in Komodo National Park, Indonesia, 1999-2001: management implications for large migratory marine life, in Proceedings and Publications of the World Congress on Aquatic.
70. Protected Areas 2002. Lyneham, Australia: Australian Society for Fish Biology.
71. Kasamatsu, F and G. G. Joyce. 1995. Current status of odontocetes in the Antarctic. Antarctic Science 7: 365-379.
72. Kasuya, T. 1971. Consideration of distribution and migration of toothed whales off the Pacific coast of Japan based upon aerial sighting record. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute 23: 37-60.
73. Katona, S. K., J. A. Beard, P. E. Girton, and F. Wenzel. 1988. Killer whales (Orcinus orca) from the Bay of Fundy to the Equator, including the Gulf of Mexico. Rit Fiskideildar 11: 205-224.
74. Keith, M., M. N. Bester, P. A. Bartlett, and D. Baker. 2001. Killer whales (Orcinus orca) at Marion Island, Southern Ocean. African Zoology 36(2): 163-175.
75. Laran, S., and A. Gannier. 2001. Distribution of cetaceans in the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia) and comparison with a precedent survey. Abstract presented at the 15th Conference of the European Cetacean Society, Rome, 2001.
76. Leatherwood, S., A. E. Bowles, E. Krygier, J. D. Hall, S. Ignell. 1984. Killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Southeast Alaska, Prince William Sound, and Shelikof Strait: a review of available information. Report of the International Whaling Commission 34: 521-530.
77. Leatherwood, S., D. K. Caldwell, and H. E. Winn. 1976. Whales, dolphins and porpoises of the western North Atlantic: a guide to their identification. NOAA Technical Report No. 396. Seattle: National Marine Fisheries Service.
78. Leatherwood, J. S., and M. E. Dahlheim. 1978. Worldwide distribution of pilot whales and killer whales. Report No. 443. San Diego: Naval Ocean Systems Center.
79. Leatherwood, S., C.O. Matkin, J.D. Hall, and G.M. Ellis. 1990. Killer whales, Orcinus orca, photo-identified in Prince William Sound, Alaska 1976 to 1987. Canadian Field-Naturalist 104: 362-371.
80. Lien, J., G. B. Stenson, and P.W. Jones. 1988. Killer whales Orcinus orca in waters off Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, 1978-1986. Rit Fiskideildar 11: 194-201.
81. Ling, J. K. 1991. Recent sightings of killer whales, Orcinus orca (Cetacea: Delphinidae), in South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 115: 95-98.
82. López, A., G.J. Pierce, X. Valeiras, M.B. Santos, and A. Guerra. 2004. Distribution patterns of small cetaceans in Galician waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 84: 283-294.
83. López, J. C., and D. López. 1985. Killer whales (Orcinus orca) of Patagonia and their behavior of intentional stranding while hunting nearshore. Journal of Mammalogy 66: 181-183.
84. Lowry, L. F., R. R. Nelson, and K. J. Frost. 1987. Observations of killer whales, Orcinus orca, in Western Alaska: sightings, strandings, and predation on other marine mammals. Canadian Field-Naturalist 101: 6-12.
85. MacLeod, K., M. P. Simmonds, and E. Murray. 2003. Summer distribution and relative abundance of cetacean populations off north-west Scotland. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 83: 1187-1192.
86. Matkin, C., G. Ellis, E. Saulitis, L. Barrett-Lennard, and D. Matkin. 1999. Killer whales of southern Alaska. Homer, AK: North Gulf Oceanic Society.
87. Matthews, J. N., L. Steiner, and J. Gordon. 2001. Mark-recapture analysis of sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) photo-ID data from the Azores (1987-1995). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 3: 219-226.
88. Merlen, G. 1999. The orca in Galápagos: 135 sightings. Noticias de Galápagos 60: 2-8.
89. Mikhalev, Y. A., M.V. Ivashin, V. P. Savusin, and F. E. Zelenaya. 1981. The distribution and biology of killer whales in the Southern Hemisphere. Report of the International Whaling Commission 31: 551-566.
90. Mironova, A. M., A. M. Burdin, E. Hoyt, E. L. Jikiya, V. S. Nikulin, N. N. Pavlov, H. Sato, K. K. Tarasyan, and O. A. Filatova. 2002. O. orca abundance, distribution, seasonal presence, predation and strandings in the waters around Kamchatka and the Kommander Islands: an assessment based on reported sightings 1992-2000, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Orca Symposium and Workshops, September 23-28, 2002. Villiers en Bois, France: CEBC-CNRS, pp. 106-108.
91. Mitchell, E., and R. R. Reeves. 1988. Records of killer whales in the western North Atlantic, with emphasis on eastern Canadian waters. Rit Fiskideildar 11: 161-193.
92. Miyashita, T., H. Kato, and T. Kasuya (editors). 1995. Worldwide map of cetacean distribution based on Japanese sighting data, Vol. 1. Shimizu, Japan: National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries.
93. Miyashita, T., T. Kishiro, N. Higashi, F. Sata, K. Mori, and H. Kato. 1996. Winter distribution of cetaceans in the western North Pacific inferred from sighting cruises 1993-1995. Report of the International Whaling Commission 46: 437-441.
94. Mobley, J. R., L. Mazzuca, A. S. Craig, M.W. Newcomer, and S. S. Spitz. 2001. Killer whales (Orcinus orca) sighted west of Niihau, Hawaii. Pacific Science 55: 301-303.
95. Mullin, K. D., and G. L. Fulling. 2003. Abundance of cetaceans in the southern U. S. North Atlantic Ocean during summer 1998. Fishery Bulletin 101: 603-613.
96. Mullin, K. D. 2004. Abundance of cetaceans in the oceanic northern Gulf of Mexico, 1996-2001. Marine Mammal Science 20: 787-807.
97. Mullin, K. D., and W. Hoggard. 2000. Visual surveys of cetaceans and sea turtles from aircraft and ships, in Cetaceans, sea turtles and seabirds in the northern Gulf of Mexico: distribution, abundance and habitat associations. Volume 2: Technical report. R.W. Davis, W. E. Evans, and B. Würsig, eds. New Orleans: Minerals Management Service, pp. 111-171.
98. Murie, O. J. 1959. Fauna of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula. North American fauna. Report No. 61. Washington, DC: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
99. Nishiwaki, M., and C. Handa. 1958. Killer whales caught in coastal waters off Japan. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute 13: 85-96.
100. Norris, K. S., and J. H. Prescott. 1961. Observations of Pacific cetaceans of Californian and Mexican waters. University of California Publications in Zoology 63: 291-402.
101. Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, G. 1987. Killer whale Orcinus-orca in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Mammal Science 3: 356-360.
102. Ohsumi, S. 1975. Review of Japanese small-type whaling. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32(7): 1111-1121.
103. Ohsumi, S. 1981. Distribution and abundance of killer whales in the Southern Hemisphere. Paper SC/Jn81/KW10 submitted to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission.
104. Øien, N. 1990. Sightings surveys in the Northeast Atlantic in July 1988: distribution and abundance of cetaceans. Report of the International Whaling Commission 40: 499-511.
105. Olesiuk, P.F., M.A. Bigg, and G.M. Ellis. 1990. Life history and population dynamics of resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the coastal waters of British Columbia and Washington State. Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue) 12: 209-244.
106. Osborne, R., J. Calambokidis, and E. M. Dorsey. 1988. A guide to marine mammals of greater Puget Sound. Friday Harbor, WA: Island Publishers.
107. O'Sullivan, S., and K.D. Mullin. 1997. Killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Mammal Science 13: 141-147.
108. Pinedo, M.C., T. Polacheck, A.S. Barreto, and M.P. Lammardo. 2002. A note on vessel of opportunity sighting surveys for cetaceans in the shelf edge region off the southern coast of Brazil. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 4: 323-329.
109. Pistorius, P. A., F. E. Taylor, C. Louw, B. Hanise, M. N. Bester, C. De Wet, A. du Plooy, N. Green, S. Klasen, P. Podile, and J. Schoeman. 2002. Distribution, movement and estimated populations of killer whales at Marion Island, December 2000. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 32: 86-92.
110. Pitman, R. L., and P. Ensor. 2003. Three forms of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Antarctic waters. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 5(2): 131-139.
111. Poncelet, E., C. Guinet, S. Mangin, and C. Barbraud. 2002. Life history and decline of killer whales in the Crozet Archipelago, Southern Indian Ocean. Poster presentation. 4th International Orca Symposium and Workshops, September 23-28, 2002. Available at http://www.circe-asso.org/files/poster_orque_crozet_en.PDF.
112. Read, A. J., K.W. Urian, B. Wilson, and D. M. Waples. 2003. Abundance of bottlenose dolphins in the bays, sounds, and estuaries of North Carolina. Marine Mammal Science 19: 59-73.
113. Reeves, R. R., and E. Mitchell. 1988a. Distribution and seasonality of killer whales in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Rit Fiskideildar 11: 136-160.
114. Reeves, R. R. 1988b. Killer whale sightings and takes by American pelagic whalers in the North Atlantic. Rit Fiskideildar 11: 7-23.
115. Rice, D.W. 1968. Stomach contents and feeding behaviour of killer whales in the eastern North Pacific. Norsk Hvalfangsttidende 57: 35-38.
116. Rice, D.W. 1974. Whales and whale research in the eastern North Pacific, in The whale problem: a status report. W.E. Schevill, ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 170-195.
117. Saulitis, E., C. Matkin, L. Barrett-Lennard, K. Heise, and G. Ellis. 2000. Foraging strategies of sympatric killer whale (Orcinus orca) populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Marine Mammal Science 16: 94-109.
118. Scammon, C. M. 1874. The marine mammals of the northwestern coast of North America. San Francisco: John H. Carmany and Co. Reprint, New York: Dover Publications.
119. Scheffer, V. B. 1967. The killer whale. Pacific Search 1(7): 2.
120. Seber, G. A. F. 1982. The estimation of animal abundance and related parameters. 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
121. Secchi, E. R., L. Dalla Rosa, P. G. Kinas, M. C. O. Santos, A. N. Zerbini, M. Bassoi, and I. B. Moreno. 2002. Encounter rates of whales around the Antarctic Peninsula with special reference to humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, in the Gerlache Strait: 1997/98 to 1999/2000. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 47(2): 571-578.
122. Secchi, E.R., and T. Vaske, Jr. 1998. Killer whale (Orcinus orca) sightings and depredation on tuna and swordfish longline catches in southern Brazil. Aquatic Mammals 24.2: 117-122.
123. Shimada, H., and L.A. Pastene. 1995. Report of a sighting survey off the Solomon Islands with comments on Bryde's whale distribution. Report of the International Whaling Commission 45: 413-418.
124. Sigurjónsson, J., T. Gunnlaugsson, and M. Payne. 1989. NASS-87: Shipboard sighting surveys in Icelandic and adjacent waters June-July 1987. Report of the International Whaling Commission 39: 395-409.
125. Sigurjónsson, J., and S. Leatherwood, eds. 1988. North Atlantic killer whales. Rit Fiskideildar 11: 1-317.
126. Sigurjónsson, J., T. Lyrholm, S. Leatherwood, E. Jonsson, and G. Vikingsson. 1988. Photo-identification of killer whales, Orcinus orca, off Iceland 1981 through 1986. Rit Fiskideildar 11: 99-114.
127. Silber, G.K., M.W. Newcomer, and M.H. Perez-Cortes. 1990. Killer whales (Orcinus orca) attack and eat a Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni). Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 1603-1606.
128. Similä, T., J. C. Holst, and I. Christensen. 1996. Occurrence and diet of killer whales in northern Norway: seasonal patterns relative to distribution and abundance of Norwegian springspawning herring. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53: 769-779.
129. Sivasubramanian, K. 1965. Predation of tuna longline catches in the Indian Ocean, by killer whales and sharks. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Station, Ceylon 17: 221-236.
130. Springer, A. M., J. A. Estes, G. B. van Vliet, T.M. Williams, D. F. Doak, E. M. Danner, K. A. Forney, and B. Pfister. 2003. Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: an ongoing legacy of industrial whaling? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100: 12223-12228.
131. Stevens, T. A., D. A. Duffield, E. D. Asper, K. G. Hewlett, A. Bolz, L. J. Gage, and G. D. Bossart. 1989. Preliminary findings of restriction fragment differences in mitochondrial DNA among killer whales, Orcinus orca. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: 2592-2595.
132. Stone, C. J. 1997. Cetacean observations during seismic surveys in 1996. JNCC Report No. 228. Totnes, UK: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Available at http://www.jncc.gov.uk/pdf/cetaceous%20observations%201996.pdf.
133. Tomilin, A. G. 1967. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries. Mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia. Vol. IX. Cetacea. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, trans. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations.
134. Visser, I.N. 2000. Orca (Orcinus orca) in New Zealand waters. Doctoral dissertation, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
135. Wade, P.R., and T. Gerrodette. 1993. Estimates of cetacean abundance and distribution in the eastern tropical Pacific. Report of the International Whaling Commission 43: 477-493.
136. Waite, J.M., N.A. Friday, and S.E. Moore. 2002. Killer whale (Orcinus orca) distribution and abundance in the central and southeastern Bering Sea, July 1999 and June 2000. Marine Mammal Science 18: 779-786.
137. Wang, P. 1985. Distribution of cetaceans in Chinese waters. Administrative Report No. LJ-85-24. La Jolla, CA: Southwest Fisheries Center.
138. Wilson, B., P. S. Hammond, and P. M. Thompson. 1999. Estimating size and assessing trends in a coastal bottlenose dolphin population. Ecological Applications 9: 288-300.
139. Zerbini, A.N., J.M. Waite, J.W. Durban, R. LeDuc, M.E. Dahlheim, and P.R. Wade. 2006. Estimating abundance of killer whales in the nearshore waters of the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands using line transect sampling. Marine Biology (in press).