A bulk parametrization of melting snowflakes with explicit liquid water fraction for the COSMO model

Geoscientific Model Development

Volumn 6, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 1925-1939

  Frick, C ^a,b   Seifert, A ^b,c   Wernli, H ^a  

^a ETH Zurich   (Switzerland)

^b DEUTSCHER WETTERDIENST   (Germany)

^c Hans Ertel Centre for Weather Research   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE MODELING; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; FREEZING; HYDROMETEOROLOGY; HYDROSTATICS; MELTING; MELTWATER; PARAMETERIZATION; PRECIPITATION ASSESSMENT; RADAR; SNOW COVER; SNOWMELT; WEATHER FORECASTING; WIND TUNNEL;

GERMANY;

EID: 84887695127     PISSN: 1991959X     EISSN: 19919603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/gmd-6-1925-2013     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Austin, P. M. and Bemis, A. C.: A quantitative study of the "bright band" in radar precipitation echoes, J. Meteor., 7, 145-151, 1950.
2. Barthazy, E., Waldvogel, A., Urban, U., and Randeu, W.: Melt distances of snowflakes, Preprints, Conf. on Cloud Physics, Amer. Met. Soc., 140-141, 1998.
3. Berry, E. X. and Reinhardt, R. L.: An analysis of cloud drop growth by collection: Part I. Double distributions, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1814-1824, 1974.
4. Bocchieri, J. R.: The objective use of upper air soundings to specify precipitation type, Mon. Weather Rev., 108, 596-603, 1980.
5. Brandes, E. A., Ikeda, K., Zhang, G., Schönhuber, M., and Rasmussen, R. M.: A statistical and physical description of hydrometeor distributions in Colorado snowstorms using a video disdrometer, J. Appl. Meteor., 46, 634-650, 2007. (Pubitemid 46909488)
6. Braun, S. A. and Houze: Melting and freezing in a mesoscale convective system, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 121, 55-77, 1995.
7. Cotton, W. R., Tripoli, G. J., Rauber, R. M., and Mulvihill, E. A.: Numerical simulation of the effects of varying ice crystal nucleation rates and aggregation processes on orographic snowfall, J. Clim. Appl. Met., 25, 1658-1680, 1986.
8. Czys, R. R., Scott, R. W., Tang, K. C., Przybylinski, R. W., and Sabones, M. E.: A physically based, nondimensional parameter for discriminating between locations of freezing rain and sleet, Weather Forecast., 11, 591-598, 1996.
9. Doms, G. and Schättler, U.: A description of the nonhydrostatic regional Mmdel LM, Part I: Dynamics and numerics, Offenbach, Germany, 2002.
10. Fabry, F. and Szyrmer, W.: Modeling of the Melting Layer. Part II: Electromagnetic, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3593-3600, 1999. (Pubitemid 30081276)
11. Fabry, F. and Zawadzki, I.: Long-term radar observations of the melting layer of precipitation and their interpretation, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 838-851, 1995. (Pubitemid 26436727)
12. Ferrier, B. S.: A double-moment multiple-phase four-class bulk ice scheme. Part I: Description, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 249-280, 1994.
13. Field, P., Hogan, R., Brown, P., Illingworth, A., Choularton, T., and Cotton, R.: Parametrization of ice-particle size distributions for mid-latitude stratiform cloud, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 131, 1997-2017, 2005.
14. Field, P. R., Heymsfield, J., Bansemer, A., and Twohy, C. H.: Determination of the combined ventilation factor and capacitance for ice crystal aggregates from airborne observations in a tropical anvil cloud, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 376-391, 2008. (Pubitemid 351411357)
15. Frick, C. and Wernli, H.: A case study of high-impact snowfall in NW Germany (25-27 Nov 2005): Observations, dynamics and forecast performace, Weather Forecast., 27, 1217-1234, 2012.
16. Fujiyoshi, Y.: Melting snowflakes, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 307-311, 1986.
17. Gunn, K. and Marshall, J.: The distribution with size of aggregate snowflakes, J. Appl. Met., 15, 452-461, 1958.
18. Hall, W. D. and Pruppacher, H. R.: The survival of ice particles falling from cirrus clouds in subsaturated air, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1995-2006, 1976.
19. Khvorostyanov, V. and Curry, J.: Terminal velocities of droplets and crystals: Power laws with continuous parameters over the size spectrum, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1872-1884, 2002. (Pubitemid 34657901)
20. Khvorostyanov, V. and Curry, J.: Fall velocities of hydrometeors in the atmosphere: Refinements to a continuous analytical power law, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 4343-4357, 2005. (Pubitemid 43125945)
21. Knight, C. A.: Observations of the morphology of melting snow, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1123-1132, 1979.
22. Lim, K.-S. S. and Hong, S.-Y.: Development of an effective double-moment cloud microphysics scheme with prognostic cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) for weather and climate models, Mon. Weather Rev., 138, 1587-1612, 2010.
23. Lin, C. A. and Stewart, R. E.: Mesoscale circulations initiated by melting snow, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 299-302, 1986.
24. Lin, Y.-L., Farley, R. D., and Orville, H.: Bulk parametrization of the snow field in a cloud model, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 22, 1065-1092, 1983. (Pubitemid 13603571)
25. Matsuo, T. and Sasyo, Y.: Melting of snowflakes below freezing level in the atmosphere, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 59, 10-25, 1981.
26. Meyers, M. P., Walko, R. L., Harrington, J. Y., and Cotton, W. R.: New RAMS cloud microphysics parametrization. Part II: The two-moment scheme, Atmos. Res., 45, 3-39, 1997.
27. Mitra, S. K., Vohl, O., Ahr, M., and Pruppacher, H. R.: A wind tunnel and theoretical study of the melting behaviour of atmospheric ice particles. IV: Experiment and theory for snow flakes, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 584-591, 1990.
28. Mölders, N., Laube, M., and Kramm, G.: On the parametrization of ice microphysics in a mesoscale alpha weather forecast model, Atmos. Res., 38, 207-235, 1995. (Pubitemid 26442053)
29. Morrison, H., Curry, J., and Khvorostyanov, V.: A new doublemoment microphysics parametrization for application in cloud and climate models. Part I: Description, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 1665-1677, 2005. (Pubitemid 41135960)
30. Phillips, V. T. J., Pokrovsky, A., and Khain, A.: The influence of time-dependent melting on the dynamics and precipitation production in maritime and continental storm clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 338-359, 2007. (Pubitemid 46351618)
31. Press,W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., Vetterling,W. T., and Flannery, B. P.: Numerical recipes in FORTRAN, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992.
32. Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: Microphysics of clouds and precipitation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1997.
33. Raga, G. B., Stewart, R. E., and Donaldson, N. R.: Microphysical characteristics through the melting region of a midlatitude winter storm, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 843-855, 1991.
34. Rauber, R. M., Olthoff, L. S., Ramamurthy, M. K., and Kunkel, K. E.: Further investigation of a physically based, nondimensional parameter for discriminating between locations of freezing rain and ice pellets, Weather and Forecasting, 16, 185-191, 2001. (Pubitemid 32386862)
35. Reisner, J., Rasmussen, R. M., and Bruintjes, R. T.: Explicit forecasting of supercooled liquid water in winter storms using the MM5 mesoscale model, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 124, 1071-1107, 1998.
36. Roches, A. and Fuhrer, O.: Tracer module in the COSMO model, Consortium for Small-Scale Modelling. Technical report No. 20, 2012.
37. Rutledge, S. A. and Hobbs, P. V.: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones XII: A diagnostic modeling study of precipitation development in narrow cold-frontal rainbands, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2949-2972, 1984.
38. Seifert, A. and Beheng, K.: A two-moment cloud microphysics parametrization for mixed-phase clouds. Part I: Model Description, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 92, 45-66, 2006. (Pubitemid 43280472)
39. Szyrmer, W. and Zawadzki, I.: Modeling of the melting layer. Part I: Dynamics and Microphysics, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3573-3592, 1999. (Pubitemid 30081275)
40. Szyrmer, W. and Zawadzki, I.: Snow studies. Part II: Average relationship between mass of snowflakes and their terminal fall velocity, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3319-3335, 2010.
41. Thériault, J. M., Steward, R. E., Milbrandt, J. A., and Yau, M. K.: On the simulation of winter precipitation types, J. Geophys. Res., 111, doi:10.1029/2005JD006665, 2006.
42. Thompson, G., Field, P. R., Rasmussen, R. M., and Hall,W. D.: Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. part ii: implementation of a new snow parametrization, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 5095-5115, 2008.
43. Walko, R. L., Cotton, W. R., Meyers, M. P., and Harrington, J. Y.: New RAMS cloud microphysics parametrization. Part I: The single-moment scheme, Atmos. Res., 38, 29-62, 1995. (Pubitemid 26442019)
44. Westbrook, C., Ball, R., Field, P., and Heymsfield, A.: Universality in snowflake aggregation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, doi:10.1029/2004GL020363, 2004a. (Pubitemid 39428315)
45. Westbrook, C., Ball, R., Field, P., and Heymsfield, A.: Theory of growth by differential sedimentation, with application to snowflake formation, Phys. Rev. E, 70, doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.70.021403, 2004b.
46. Willis, P. T. and Heymsfield, A. J.: Structure of the melting layer in mesoscale convective system stratiform precipitation, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2008-2025, 1989.
47. Wilson, D. R. and Ballard, S. P.: A microphysically based precipitation for the UK Meteorological Office Unified Model, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 125, 1607-1636, 1999. (Pubitemid 29524315)
48. Woods, C. P., Stoelinga, M. T., and Locatelli, J. D.: The improve-1 storm of 1-2 february 2001. part III: Sensitivity of a mesoscale model simulation to the representation of snow particle types and testing of a bulk microphysical scheme with snow habit prediction, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 3927-3948, 2007. (Pubitemid 350285865)
49. Yokoyama, T. and Tanaka, H.: Microphysical processes of melting snowflakes detected by 2-wavelength radar, Part I: Principle of measurement based on model calculation, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 62, 650-667, 1984.