China's evolving regional security strategy

Power Shift: China and Asia's New Dynamics

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 247-265

  Gill, Bates ^a  

^a CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES   (United States)

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EID: 84887658356     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (54)

1. These principles are: mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual nonaggression, mutual noninterference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence.
2. "Chinese President Calls for New Security Concept," summary of a March 26, 1999, speech by Jiang Zemin before the United Nations Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, available at http://nti.org/db/china/engdocs/jzm0399.htm.
3. These principles are reiterated in China's National Defense 2000 (Beijing: Information Office of the State Council, October 2000), 8.
4. An early presentation of the new security concept in China's National Defense (Beijing: Information Office of the State Council, July 1998), 6-7.
5. David M. Finkelstein provides an excellent analysis of the new security concept in his "China's New Security Concept: Reading Between the Lines," Washington Journal of Modern China 5, no. 1 (Spring 1999): 37-49.
6. China's National Defense 2000, 3.
7. Such views identified by Michael Pillsbury, China Debates the Future Security Environment (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 2000), 44-45, 64-65.
8. Discussion of this concept draws from David Finkelstein, China Reconsiders Its National Security: "The Great Peace and Development Debate of 1999" (Alexandria, VA: CNA Corporation, December 2000), 21-23.
9. China's National Defense 2000, 6.
10. Quotations in this paragraph are from China's National Defense in 2002 (Beijing: Information Office of the State Council, December 2002).
11. Quotations in this paragraph are from China's National Defense in 2004 (Beijing: Information Office of the State Council, December 2004).
12. On China's more confident diplomacy,
13. Evan S. Medeiros and M. Taylor Fravel, "China's New Diplomacy," Foreign Affairs (November/December 2003).
14. "Chinese Premier Meets African Leaders at China-Africa Forum," Xinhua, December 16, 2003, available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003-12/ 16/content_1234649.htm
15. "President Hu Proposes Principles for Developing China-Arab Relations," January 30, 2004, available at http://www.china-embassy .org/eng/xw/t61176.htm.
16. For an English translation of the treaty,
17. "Treaty of Good Neighborly Friendship and Cooperation between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation," in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, document CPP20010716000104, July 16, 2001.
18. "Joint Declaration of the Heads of State/Government of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the People's Republic of China on Strategic Partnership for Peace and Prosperity," October 8, 2003, available at http://www .aseansec.org/15265.htm.
19. Documents, joint statements, and other materials on the EU-China summit at http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/china/summit/index.htm.
20. "Hu Jintao Proposes Steps to Boost Strategic Partnership with France," People's Daily, January 29, 2004, available at http://english.people.com.cn/200401/ 29/eng20040129_133455.shtml.
21. "Declaration Conjointe Franco-Chinoise," January 27, 2004, available at http://www.elysee.fr/cgi-bin/auracom/ aurweb/search/file?aur_file = discours/2004/DC040127.html.
22. On the SCO and China's relations with Central Asia more generally
23. Bates Gill and Matthew Oresman, China's New Journey to the West: China's Emergence in Central Asia and Implications for U.S. Interests (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, August 2003).
24. "Yearender: Joint Military Drills Draw Attention Worldwide," People's Liberation Army Daily, December 15, 2003, available at http://english.pladaily.com.cn/ english/pladaily/2003/12/15/20031215001011_TodayHeadlines.html.
25. The CSCAP Web site, http://www.cscap.org.
26. "Chinese Delegation Submits Position Document on New Security Concept to ASEAN Forum," Beijing Xinhua Domestic Service, August 1, 2002, translated in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, document CPP20020801000128, August 1, 2002.
27. A summary of the November 2003 ARF ISG meeting at http://www .dfat.gov.au/arf/intersessional/report_interses_03_04.html.
28. "FM Stresses Asian Security Issues in ASEAN Forum," Xinhua, June 19, 2003, available at http://www.china.org.cn/english/international/67429.htm.
29. Zhang quoted in "China Rejects ASEAN 'Code of Conduct' for Spratlys," Kyodo News International, August 2, 1999.
30. "Joint Declaration of the Heads of State/Government."
31. The "Instrument of Accession to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia," October 8, 2003, available at http://www.aseansec.org/15271.htm
32. "Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia," February 24, 1976, available at http://www.aseansec.org/1217.htm.
33. "China, Southeast Asia Conclude Strategic Partnership Pact," Xinhua, October 8, 2003, available at http:// www1.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-10/08/content_270030.htm. For a further discussion on China joining the Treaty on Amity and Cooperation,
34. The chapter by Zhang Yunling and Tang Shiping in this volume.
35. Cobra Gold, the largest multinational exercise and movement of peacetime forces in the Pacific, is held annually by the United States, Thailand, and Singapore.
36. In 2002, observers of the exercise included Australia, Cambodia, China, France, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Russia, South Korea, Sri Lanka, and Tonga.
37. "Foreign Observers Attend Chinese War Games for the First Time," Xinhuanet, August 25, 2003, available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/ 2003-08/25/content_1044252.htm.
38. From China's National Defense in 2002 (Beijing: Information Office of the State Council, December 2002).
39. "Chinese Navy Fleet Back at Port after Overseas Visit," Xinhuanet, November 21, 2003, available at http://news.xinhuanet .com/english/2003-11/21/content_1192547.htm.
40. "China's Military Diplomacy in 2003," PLA Daily, December 29, 2003, available at http://english.pladaily.com.cn/english/pladaily/2003/12/29/ 20031229001013_MilitaryNews.html.
41. From China National Defense 2002, Appendix III.
42. "China's Military Diplomacy in 2003." On China's military diplomacy more broadly,
43. Kenneth W. Allen and Eric A. McVadon, China's Foreign Military Relations (Washington, DC: Stimson Center, October 1999)
44. David Shambaugh, Modernizing China's Military: Progress, Problems and Prospects (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).
45. "China Formally Joins U.S. Container Security Initiative," Department of Homeland Security press release, July 29, 2003, available at http://usinfo.state.gov/ topical/pol/terror/texts/03072900.htm.
46. For more details on China's military modernization effort,
47. Michael Swaine's chapter in this volume.
48. Medeiros and Fravel, "China's New Diplomacy."
49. China's National Defense in 2002; China's National Defense in 2004.
50. Quotes drawn from China National Defense 2002 and China's National Defense 2000 (emphasis added).
51. From a speech by Qian Qichen, "The International Situation and Sino-US Relations Since the 11 September Incident," in Waijiao Xueyuan Xuebao [Foreign affairs college journal] 3 (September 25, 2002): 1-6, translated in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, document CPP20021015000192, October 15, 2002.
52. With regard to Chinese inroads in Southeast Asia at the expense of U.S. influence,
53. Evelyn Goh, "A Chinese Lesson for the US: How to Charm South-east Asia," Straits Times, October 31, 2003, appearing in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, document SEP20031031000027, October 31, 2003
54. Wayne Bert, The United States, China, and Southeast Asian Security: A Changing of the Guard? (Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).