Introduction to flame retardancy of polymer–clay nanocomposites

Thermally Stable and Flame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites

Volumn 9780521190756, Issue , 2011, Pages 161-185

  Lan, Tie ^a   Beyer, Günter ^b  

^a Nanocor Inc   (United States)

^b Kabelwerk Eupen AG   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCIDENT PREVENTION; BUILDING MATERIALS; MATERIALS TESTING; PACKAGING MATERIALS; PLASTIC RECYCLING; PLASTICS; SAFETY ENGINEERING; SAFETY TESTING; STANDARDS;

CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES; INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS; INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION; MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT; TRADE ORGANIZATIONS; TRADITIONAL MATERIALS; UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES;

AUTOMOBILE MATERIALS;

EID: 84887637934     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511842412.008     Document Type: Chapter

References (43)

1. M. Hirschler, Fire performance of organic polymers, thermal, decomposition, and chemical decomposition. Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering, 83 (2000), 79–80
2. V. Babrauskas, The generation of CO in bench scale fire tests and the prediction for real scale fires. Fire and Materials, 19 (1995), 205–13
3. Amcol International Corporation, Method of Manufacturing Polymer-Grade Clay for Use in Nanocomposites, United States Patent 6,050,509 (2000)
4. A. Usuki, Synthesis of Nylon-6 clay hybrid. Journal of Materials Research, 8 (1993), 1179–84
5. Amcol International Corporation, Intercalates Formed with Polypropylene/Maleic Anhydride-Modified Polypropylene Intercalants, United States Patent 6,462,122(2002)
6. Y. Liang, G. Qian, J. Cho, V. Psihogios, and T. Lan, Applications of Plastic Nanocomposites(Clearwater Beach, FL: Additives, 2002)
7. NIST-IR 6312, Interactions of Polymers with Fillers and Nanocomposites, 1998
8. G. Beyer, Nanocomposites offer new way forward for flame retardants. Plastics Additives and Compounding, 7 (2005), 32–5
9. G. Camino, M. Zanetti, A. Riva, M. Braglia, and L. Falqui, Thermal degradation andrheological behaviour of EVA/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 77 (2002), 299–304
10. Y. Hu, Y. Tang, S.Wang, Z. Gui, andW. Fan, Preparation and flammability of ethylenevinyl acetate copolymer/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 78 (2002), 555–9
11. G. Camino, R. Mulhaupt, M. Zanetti, and R. Thomann, Synthesis and thermal behavior of layered silicate/EVA nanocomposites. Polymer, 42 (2001), 4501–7
12. M. Zanetti, G. Camino, and R. Mulhaupt, Combustion behaviour of EVA/fluorohectorite nanocomposites. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 74 (2001), 413– 17
13. Y. Hu, H. Lu, Q. Kong, Y. Cai, Z. Chen, andW. Fan, Influence of gamma irradiation on high density polyethylene/ethylene-vinyl acetate/clay nanocomposites. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 15 (2004), 601–5
14. Y. Hu, H. Lu, Q. Kong, Z. Chen, and W. Fan, Gamma irradiation of high density poly (ethylene)/ethylene-vinyl acetate/clay nanocomposites: Possible mechanism of the influence of clay on irradiated nanocomposites. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 16 (2005), 688–92
15. U. Sundararaj and F. Zhang, Nanocomposites of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and organoclay prepared by twin-screw melt extrusion. Polymer Composites, 25 (2004), 535–42
16. G. Camino, W. Gianelli, N. Dintcheva, S. Verso, and F. Mantia, EVA-montmorillonite nanocomposites: Effect of processing conditions. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 289 (2005), 238–44
17. Y. Hu, Y. Tang, J.Wang, Z. Gui, Z. Chen, Y. Zhuang, W. Fan, and R. Zong, Influence of organophilic clay and preparation methods on EVA/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 91 (2005), 2416–21
18. A. Morgan, L. Chu, and J. Harris, A flammability performance comparison between synthetic and natural clays in polystyrene nanocomposites: Thermal degradation of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer nanocomposites. Fire and Materials, 29 (2005), 213– 29
19. C. Wilkie, M. Costache and D. Jiang, Thermal degradation of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer nanocomposites. Polymer46 (2005), 6947–58
20. C. Wilkie, M. Costache, and B. Jang, The relationship between thermal degradation behavior of polymer and the fire retardancy of polymer/clay nanocomposites. Polymer, 46 (2005), 10678–87
21. A. Frache, U. Constantino, A. Gallipoli, M. Nchetti, G. Camino and F. Bellucci, New nanocomposites constituted of polyethylene and organically modified ZnAl hydrotalcites. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 90 (2005), 586–90
22. G. Nelson, R. Yngard, and F. Yang, Flammability of polymer–clay and polymer–silica nanocomposites. Journal of Fire Sciences, 23 (2005), 209–26
23. M. Zammarano, M. Franceschi, S. Bellayer, J. Gilman and S. Meriani, Preparation and flame resistance properties of revolutionary self-extinguishing epoxy nanocomposites based on layered double hydroxides. Polymer, 46 (2005), 9314–28
24. M. Zammarano, M. Franceschi, F. Mantovani, A. Minigher, M. Celotto, and S. Meriani, Flame resistance properties of layered-double-hydroxides/epoxy nanocomposites. In: Proceedings of the 9th European Meeting on Fire Retardancy and Protection ofMaterials, ed. M. Le Bras (Villeneuve D’Ascq, France: USTL Pub., 2003), pp. 17–19
25. J. Jho, C. Hong, Y. Lee, J. Bae, B. Nam, G. Nam, and K. Lee, Tensile and flammability properties of polypropylene-based RTPO/clay nanocomposites for cable insulating material. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 97 (2005), 2375–81
26. C. Wilkie, Nanocomposite formation as a component of a fire retardant system. In: Proceedings of the 10th European Meeting on Fire Retardancy and Protection ofMaterials, ed. Bernhard Schartel (Berlin: Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing [BAM], 2005), pp. 35–45
27. S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, F. Dabrowski, J. Gilman, and T. Kashiwagi, PA-6 clay nanocomposite hybrid as char forming agent in intumescent formulations. Fire and Materials, 24 (2000), 201–8
28. Y. Hu, Y. Tang, J. Xiao, J. Wang, L. Song, and W. Fan, PA-6 and EVA alloy/clay nanocomposites as char forming agents in poly(propylene) intumescent formulations. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 16 (2005), 338–43
29. Y. Hu, L. Song, Z. Lin, S. Xuan, S.Wang, Z. Chen, and W. Fan, Preparation and properties of halogen-free flame-retarded polyamide 6/organoclay nanocomposite. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 86 (2004), 535–40
30. E. Leroy, L. Ferry, and J. Cuesta, Intumescence in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer filled with magnesium hydroxide and organoclays. In: Fire Retardancy of Polymers, ed. Michel Le Bras (London: The Royal Chemical Society, 2005), pp. 302–12
31. R. Horrocks, B. Kondola, and S. Padbury, Interactions between nanoclays and flame retardant additives in polyamide 6, and polyamide 6,6 films. In: Fire Retardancyof Polymers, ed. Michel Le Bras (London: The Royal Chemical Society, 2005), pp. 223–37
32. P. Whaley, J. Cogen, T. Lin, and K. Bolz, Nanocomposite flame retardant performance: Laboratory testing methodology. In: Proceedings of the 53rd International Wire andCable Symposium(Philadelphia, PA: InternationalWire and Cable Symposium, 2004), pp. 605–11
33. K. Shen and E. Olsen, eds., Borates as FR in Halogen-Free Polymers: Proceedings of the 15th Annual BCC Conference on Flame Retardancy(Stamford, CT: BCC Research,2004)
34. K. Shen and E. Olsen, eds., Recent Advances on the Use of Borates as Fire Retardants in Halogen-Free Systems: Proceedings of the 16th Annual BCC Conference on Flame Retardancy (Stamford, CT: BCC Research, 2005)
35. N. Ristolainen, U. Hippi, J. Seppala, A. Nykanen, and J. Ruokolainen, Properties of polypropylene/aluminum trihydroxide composites containing nanosized organoclay. Polymer Engineering and Science, 45 (2005), 1568–75
36. C.Wilkie and J. Zhang, Fire retardancy of polyethylene–alumina trihydrate containing clay as a synergist. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 16 (2005), 549–53
37. P. Cusack, M. Cross, and P. Hornsby, Effects of tin additives on the flammability and smoke emission characteristics of halogen-free ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 79 (2003), 309–18
38. G. Beyer, M. Alexandre, C. Henrist, R. Cloots, A. Rulmont, R. Jerome, and P. Dubois. Preparation, morphology, mechanical and flame retardant properties of EVA/layered silicate nanocomposites. Presented at: World Polymer Congress, IUPAC Macro 2000, 38th Macromolecular IUPAC Symposium, Warsaw, 2000
39. G. Beyer, M. Alexandre, C. Henrist, R. Cloots, A. Rulmont, R. Jerome, and P. Dubois, Preparation and properties of layered silicate nanocomposites based on ethylene vinyl acetate. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 22 (2001), 643–6
40. S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, R. Leeuwendal, K. Shen, and D. Schubert, Recent advances in the use of zinc borates in flame retardancy of EVA. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 64 (1999), 419–25
41. G. Beyer, Flame retardancy of nanocomposites from research to technical products. Journal of Fire Sciences, 23 (2005), 75–87
42. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 60332–3-24, Tests on Electrical Cables under Fire Conditions – Part 3–24: Test for Vertical Flame Spread of Vertically- Mounted Bunched Wires or Cables; Category C, 2000–10-0040
43. W. Xie, N. Whitely, W. Nathan, and W. Pan, Thermal stability of cationic surfactants modified layered silicates. Proceedings of the NATAS Annual Conference on Thermal Analysis and Applications30 (2002), 137–42