Sympathetically cooled molecular ions: From principles to first applications

Cold Molecules: Theory, Experiment, Applications

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 651-704

  Roth, Bernhard ^a   Schiller, Stephan ^a  

^a HEINRICH HEINE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84887508650     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (120)

1. DeMille, D., Quantum computation with trapped polar molecules, Phys. Rev. Lett., 88, 067901, 2002.
2. Schiffer, J.P., Melting of crystalline confined plasmas, Phys. Rev. Lett., 88, 205003, 2002.
3. Schiller, S. and Korobov, V., Tests of time independence of the electron and nuclear masses with ultracold molecules, Phys. Rev. A, 71, 032505, 2005.
4. Ziskind, M., Daussy, C., Marrel, T., and Chardonnet, Ch., Improved sensitivity in the search for a parity-violating energy difference in the vibrational spectrum of the enantiomers of CHFClBr, Eur. Phys. J. D, 20, 219, 2002.
5. Crassous, J., Chardonnet, Ch., Saue, T., and Schwerdtfeger, P., Recent experimental and theoretical developments towards the observation of parity violation (PV) effects in molecules by spectroscopy, Org. Biomol. Chem., 3, 2218, 2005.
6. Müller, H., Herrmann, S., Saenz, A., Peters, A., and Lämmerzahl, C., Tests of Lorentz invariance using hydrogen molecules, Phys. Rev. D, 70, 076004, 2004.
7. Gerlich, D., Herbst, E., and Roueff, E., H+ 3 + HD ↔ H2D+ + H2: Low-temperature laboratory measurements and interstellar implications, Planetary and Space Science, 50, 1275, 2002
8. Asvany, O., Savic, I., Schlemmer, S., and Gerlich, D., Variable temperature ion trap studies of CH+ 4 +H2, HD and D2: Negative temperature dependence and significant isotope effects, Chem. Phys., 298, 97, 2004.
9. Glenewinkel-Meyer, T. and Gerlich, D., Single and merged beam studies of the reaction H+ 2 (v = 0, 1; j = 0, 4) + H2 →H+ 3 + H, Israel J. Chem., 37, 343, 1997.
10. Smith, W.W., Makarov, O.P., and Lin, J., Cold ion-neutral collisions in a hybrid trap, J. Mod. Opt., 52, 2253, 2005.
11. Pearson, J.C., Oesterling, L.C., Herbst, E., and De Lucia, F.C., Pressure broadening of gas phase molecular ions at very low temperature, Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, 2940, 1995.
12. Gerlich, D., Inhomogeneous rf fields: A versatile tool for the study of processes with slow ions, in Advances in Chemical Physics: State-selected and state-to-state ion molecule reaction dynamics, Vol. LXXXII, JohnWiley & Sons, NewYork, 1992, p. 1.
13. Mikosch, J., Kreckel, H., Wester, R., Plail, R., Glosik, J., Gerlich, D., Schwalm, D., and Wolf, A., Action spectroscopy and temperature diagnostics of H+ 3 by chemical probing, J. Chem. Phys., 121, 11030, 2004.
14. Asvany, O., Kumar, P., Redlich, B., Hegemann, I., Schlemmer, S., and Marx, D., Understanding the infrared spectrum of bare CH+ 5, Science, 309, 1219, 2005.
15. Asvany, O., Hugo, E., Müller, F., Kühnemann, F., Schiller, S., Tennyson, J., and Schlemmer, S., Overtone spectroscopy of H2D+ and D2H+ using laser induced reactions, J. Chem. Phys., 127, 154317, 2007.
16. Boyarkin, O.V., Mercier, S.R., Kamariotis, A., and Rizzo, T.R., Electronic spectroscopy of cold, protonated tryptophan and tyrosine, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 128, 2816, 2006.
17. Khoury, J.T., Rodriguez-Cruz, S., and Parks, J.H., Pulsed fluorescence measurements of trapped molecular ions with zero background detection, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 13, 696, 2002.
18. Asvany, O., Ricken, O., Müller, H.S.P., Wiedner, M.C., Giesen, T.F., and Schlemmer, S., High-resolution rotational spectroscopy in a cold ion trap: H2D+ and D2H+, Phys. Rev. Lett., 100, 233004, 2008.
19. Larson, D.J., Bergquist, J.C., Bollinger, J.J., Itano, W.M., and Wineland, D.J., Sympathetic cooling of trapped ions: A laser-cooled two-species nonneutral ion plasma, Phys. Rev. Lett., 57, 70, 1986.
20. Drullinger, R.E., Wineland, D.J., and Bergquist, J.C., High-resolution optical spectra of laser cooled ions, Appl. Phys., 22, 365, 1980.
21. Raizen, M.G., Gilligan, J.M., Bergquist, J.C., Itano, W.M., andWineland, D.J., Ionic crystals in a linear Paul trap, Phys. Rev. A, 45, 6493, 1992.
22. Waki, I., Kassner, S., Birkl, G., andWalther, H., Observation of ordered structures of laser-cooled ions in a quadrupole storage ring, Phys. Rev. Lett., 68, 2007, 1992.
23. Bowe, P., Hornekær, L., Brodersen, C., Drewsen, M., Hangst, J.S., and Schiffer, J.P., Sympathetic crystallization of trapped ions, Phys. Rev. Lett., 82, 2071, 1999.
24. Gruber, L., Holder, J.P., Schneider, D., Formation of strongly coupled plasmas from multicomponent ions in a penning trap, Physica Scripta, 71, 60, 2005.
25. Hasegawa, T. and Shimizu, T., Resonant oscillation modes of sympathetically cooled ions in a radio-frequency trap, Phys. Rev. A, 66, 063404, 2002.
26. van Eijkelenborg, M.A., Storkey, M.E.M., Segal, D.M., and Thompson, R.C., Sympathetic cooling and detection of molecular ions in a Penning trap, Phys. Rev. A, 60, 3903, 1999.
27. Imajo, H., Hayasaka, K., Ohmukai, R., Tanaka, U., Watanabe, M., and Urabe, S., High-resolution ultraviolet spectra of sympathetically-laser-cooled Cd+ ions, Phys. Rev. A, 53, 122–125, 1996.
28. Kai, Y., Toyoda, K., Watanabe, M., and Urabe, S., Motional resonances of sympathetically cooled 44Ca+, Zn+, or Ga+ ions in a linear paul trap, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 40, 5136, 2001.
29. Blinov, B.B., Deslauriers, L., Lee, P., Madsen, M.J., Miller, R., and Monroe, C., Sympathetic cooling of trapped Cd+ isotopes, Phys. Rev. A, 65, 040304(R), 2002.
30. Baba, T. andWaki, I., Laser-cooled fluorescence mass spectrometry using laser-cooled barium ions in a tandem linear ion trap, J. Appl. Phys. 89, 4592, 2001.
31. Molhave, K. and Drewsen, M., Formation of translationally cold MgH+ and MgD+ molecules in an ion trap, Phys. Rev. A, 62, 011401, 2000.
32. Drewsen, M., Mortensen, A., Martinussen, R., Staanum, P., and Sorensen, J.L., Nondestructive identification of cold and extremely localized single molecular ions, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 243201, 2004.
33. Hornekær, L., Single and multi-species coulomb ion crystals: structures, dynamics and sympathetic cooling, Ph.D. thesis, Aarhus University, 2000.
34. Baba, T. and Waki, I., Cooling and mass-analysis of molecules using laser-cooled atoms, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 35, L1134, 1996.
35. Wineland, D.J., Monroe, C., Itano, W.M., Leibfried, D., King, B.E., and Meekhof, D.M., Experimental issues in coherent quantum-state manipulation of trapped atomic ions, J. Res. Natl Inst. Stand. Technol., 103, 259, 1998.
36. Ryjkov, V.L., Zhao, X.Z., and Schuessler, H.A., Sympathetic cooling of fullerene ions by laser-cooled Mg+ ions in a linear rf trap, Phys. Rev. A, 74, 023401, 2006.
37. Offenberg, D., Wellers, Ch., Zhang, C.B., Roth, B., and Schiller, S., Measurement of small photodestruction rates of cold, charged biomolecules in an ion trap, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 42, 035101, 2009; Zhang, C., Ph.D. thesis, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 2008.
38. Offenberg, D., Zhang, C.B., Wellers, Ch., Roth, B., and Schiller, S., Translational cooling and storage of protonated proteins in an ion trap at sub-Kelvin temperatures, Phys. Rev. A, 78, 061401(R), 2008.
39. Baba, T. and Waki, I., Chemical reaction of sympathetically laser-cooled molecular ions, J. Chem. Phys., 116, 1858, 2002.
40. Gosh, P.K., Ion Traps, Oxford University Press, NewYork, 1995.
41. Prestage, J.D., Dick, G.J., and Maleki, L., New ion trap for frequency standard applications, J. Appl. Phys. 66, 1013, 1989.
42. Ostendorf, A., SympathetischeKühlung von Molekülionen durch lasergekühlte Bariumionen in einer linearen Paulfalle, Ph.D. thesis, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 2006.
43. Schnitzler, H., Development of an experiment for trapping, cooling and spectroscopy of molecular hydrogen ions, Ph.D. thesis, Konstanz University, 2001.
44. Dubin, D.H.E. and O’Neil, T.M., Trapped nonneutral plasmas, liquids, and crystals (the thermal equilibrium states), Rev. Mod. Phys., 71, 87, 1999.
45. Schnitzler, H., Fröhlich, U., Boley, T.K.W., Clemen, A.E.M., Mlynek, J., Peters, A., and Schiller, S., All-solid-state tunable continuous-wave ultraviolet source with high spectral purity and frequency stability, Appl. Optics, 41, 7000, 2002.
46. Roth, B., Ostendorf, A., Wenz, H., and Schiller, S., Production of large molecular ion crystals via sympathetic cooling by laser-cooled Ba+, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 38, 3673, 2005.
47. Roth, B., Fröhlich, U., and Schiller, S., Sympathetic cooling of 4He+ ions in a radiofrequency trap, Phys. Rev. Lett., 94, 053001, 2005.
48. Blythe, P., Roth, B., Fröhlich, U., Wenz, H., and Schiller, S., Production of ultracold trapped molecular hydrogen ions, Phys. Rev. Lett., 95, 183002, 2005.
49. Roth, B., Blythe, P., Wenz, H., Daerr, H., and Schiller, S., Ion-neutral chemical reactions between ultracold localized ions and neutral molecules with single-particle resolution, Phys. Rev. A, 73, 042712, 2006.
50. Roth, B., Blythe, P., Daerr, H., Patacchini, L., and Schiller, S., Production of ultracold diatomic and triatomic molecular ions of spectroscopic and astrophysical interest, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 39, S1241 2006.
51. Schiffer, J.P., Layered structure in condensed, cold, one-component plasmas confined in external fields, Phys. Rev. Lett., 61, 1843, 1988.
52. Prestage, J.D., Williams, A., Maleki, L., Djomehri, M.J., and Harabetian, E., Dynamics of charged particles in a Paul radio-frequency quadrupole trap, Phys. Rev. Lett., 66, 2964, 1991.
53. Ostendorf, A., Zhang, C.B., Wilson, M.A., Offenberg, D., Roth, B., and Schiller, S., Sympathetic cooling of complex molecular ions to millikelvin temperatures, Phys. Rev. Lett., 97, 243005, 2006; Phys. Rev. Lett., 100, 019904(E), 2008.
54. Zhang, C.B., Offenberg, D., Roth, B., Wilson, M.A., and Schiller, S., Molecular dynamics simulations of cold multi-species ion ensembles in a linear Paul trap, Phys. Rev. A, 76, 012719, 2007.
55. Hornekaer, L., Kjaergaard, N., Thommesen, A.M., and Drewsen, M., Structural properties of two-component coulomb crystals in linear Paul traps, Phys. Rev. Lett., 86, 1994, 2001.
56. Donko, Z., Kalman, G.J., and Golden, K.I., Caging of particles in one-component plasmas, Phys. Rev. Lett., 88, 225001, 2002.
57. Slattery, W.L., Doolen, G.D., and DeWitt, H.E., Improved equation of state for the classical one-component plasma, Phys. Rev. A, 21, 2087, 1980.
58. Schätz, T., Schramm, U., and Habs, D., Crystalline ion beams, Nature, 412, 717, 2001.
59. Ryjkov, V.L., Zhao, X.Z., and Schuessler, H.A., Simulations of the rf heating rates in a linear quadrupole ion trap, Phys. Rev. A, 71, 033414, 2005.
60. Zhao, X.Z., Ryjkov, V.L., and Schuessler, H.A., Fluorescence profiles and cooling dynamics of laser-cooled Mg+ ions in a linear rf trap, Phys. Rev. A, 73, 033412, 2006.
61. Wineland, D.J., Ion traps for large storage capacity, in Proceedings of the Cooling, Condensation, and Storage of Hydrogen Cluster Ions Workshop, Bahns, J.T., Ed., Menlo Park, 1987, p. 181.
62. Banks, P., Collision frequency and energy transfer: ions, Planet. Space Sci., 14, 1105, 1966.
63. Bussmann, M., Schramm, U., Habs, D., Kolhinen, V.S., and Szerpypo, J., Stopping highly charged ions in a laser-cooled one component plasma of 24Mg+ ions, Int. J. Mass. Spectrom., 251, 179, 2006.
64. Brewer, L.R., Prestage, J.D., Bollinger, J.J., Itano, W.M., Larson, D.J., andWineland, D.J., Static properties of a non-neutral 9Be+-ion plasma, Phys. Rev. A, 38, 859, 1988.
65. Dubin, D.H.E., Equilibrium and dynamics of uniform density ellipsoidal non-neutral plasmas, Phys. Fluids B, 5, 295, 1992.
66. Huang, X.-P., Bollinger, J.J., Mitchell, T.B., Itano, W.M., and Dubin, D.H.E., Precise control of the global rotation of strongly coupled ion plasmas in a Penning trap, Phys. Plasmas, 5, 1656, 1998 and references therein.
67. Fröhlich, U., Roth, B., and Schiller, S., Ellipsoidal Coulomb crystals in a linear radiofrequency trap Phys. Plasmas, 12, 073506, 2005.
68. Berkeland, D.J., Miller, J.D., Bergquist, J.C., Itano, W.M., and Wineland, D.J., Minimization of ion micromotion in a Paul trap, J. Appl. Phys., 83, 5025, 1998.
69. In the group of Parks et al. (see Ref. [16]), laser-induced fluorescence detection of trapped molecular ions (singly charged Rhodamine 640 andAlexaFluor350 ions) in the presence of helium buffer was implemented. The ions were exposed to Nd:YAG laser pulses at 532 nm and 355 nm. The technique was used to measure the laser-induced fragmentation of AlexaFluor350 ions.
70. Welling, M., Schuessler, H.A., Thompson, R.I., and Walther, H., Ion/molecule reactions, mass spectrometry and optical spectroscopy in a linear ion trap, Int. J. Mass. Spectr. Ion Proc., 172, 95, 1998.
71. Roth, B., Blythe, P., and Schiller, S., Motional resonance coupling in cold multi-species Coulomb crystals, Phys. Rev. A, 75, 023402, 2007.
72. McDaniel, E.W., Cermak, V., Dalgarno, A., Ferguson, E.E., and Friedman, L., Ion-Molecule Reactions, JohnWiley & Sons, Inc., NewYork, 1970.
73. Herbst, E., The astrochemistry of H+ 3, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 358, 2523, 2000.
74. Takeshi Oka, Astronomy, physics and chemistry of H+ 3, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 358, 1774, 2000.
75. Hasted, J.B. Physics of Atomic Collisions, Butterworths, London 1964.
76. Church, D.A. Charge-changing collisions of stored, multiply-charged ions, J. Mod. Optics, 39(2), 423, 1992.
77. Bertelsen, A., Vogelius, I.S., Jorgensen, S., Kosloff, R., and Drewsen, M. Photodissociation of Cold MgH+ ions, Eur. Phys. J. D, 31, 403, 2004.
78. Geballe, T.R. and Oka, T. A key molecular ion in the universe and in the laboratory, Science, 312, 1610, 2006.
79. Roth, B., Production, manipulation and spectroscopy of cold trapped molecular ions, habilitation thesis, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, 2007.
80. Vogelius, I.S., Madsen, L.B., and Drewsen, M., Rotational cooling of heteronuclear molecular ions with 1Σ, 2Σ, 3Σ, and 2Π electronic ground states, Phys. Rev. A, 70, 053412, 2004.
81. Vogelius, I.S., Madsen, L.B., and Drewsen, M., Blackbody-radiation-assisted laser cooling of molecular ions", Phys. Rev. Lett., 89, 173003, 2002.
82. Fröhlich, U., Roth, B., Antonini, P., Lämmerzahl, C., Wicht, A., and Schiller, S., Ultracold trapped molecules: Novel systems for tests of the time-independence of the electron-to-proton mass ratio, Lect. Notes Phys., 648, 297, 2004.
83. Kim, J.K., Theard, L.P., and Huntress W.T., Jr., Proton transfer reactions from H+ 3 ions to N2, O2, and CO molecules, Chem. Phys. Lett., 32, 610, 1975
84. Roche, A.E., Sutton, M.M., Rohme, D.K., and Schiff, H.I., Determination of proton affinity from the kinetics of proton transfer reactions. I. Relative proton affinities, J. Chem. Phys., 55, 5840, 1971.
85. Adams, N.G. and Smith, D., A further study of the near-thermoneutral reactions O2H+ ↔H+ 3 + O2, Chem. Phys. Lett., 105, 604, 1984.
86. Balakrishnan, N., Alekseyev, A.B., and Buenker, R.J., Ab initio quantum mechanical investigation of the photodissociation of HI and DI, Chem. Phys. Lett., 341, 594, 2001
87. Kokh, D.B., Alekseyev, A.B., and Buenker, R.J., Theoretical study of the UV absorption in Cl2: Potentials, transition moments, extinction coefficients, and Cl*/Cl branching ratio, J. Chem. Phys., 120, 11549, 2004.
88. Mercier, S.R., Boyarkin, O.V., Kamariotis, A., Guglielmi, M., Tavernelli, I., Cascella, M., Rothlisberger, U., and Rizzo, T.R., Microsolvation effects on the excited-state dynamics of protonated tryptophan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 16938, 2006.
89. Stearns, J.A., Mercier, S., Seaiby, C., Guidi, M. Boyarkin, O.V., and Rizzo, T.R., Conformation-specific spectroscopy and photodissociation of cold, protonated tyrosine and phenylalanine, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, 11814, 2007.
90. Gottfried, J.L., McCall, B.J., Oka, T., Near-infrared spectroscopy of H+ 3 above the barrier to linearity, J. Chem. Phys., 118, 10890, 2003.
91. Wing, W.H., Ruff, G.A., Lamb, W.E., Spezeski, J.J., Observation of the infrared spectrum of the hydrogen molecular ion HD+, Phys. Rev. Lett., 36, 1488, 1976.
92. Kroto, H.W., Molecular Rotation Spectra, Dover Publications, Inc., NewYork, 1992.
93. Roth, B., Koelemeij, J.C.J., Daerr, H., and Schiller, S., Rovibrational spectroscopy of trapped molecular hydrogen ions at millikelvin temperatures, Phys. Rev. A, 74, 040501(R), 2006.
94. Roth, B., Koelemeij, J., Schiller, S., Hilico, L., Karr, J.-P., Korobov, V., and Bakalov, D., Precision spectroscopy of molecular hydrogen ions: Towards frequency metrology of particle masses, Precision Physics of Simple Atoms and Molecules, Lect. Notes Phys., 745, 205, 2008.
95. Calmet, X. and Fritsch, H., The cosmological evolution of the nucleon mass and the electroweak coupling constants, Eur. Phys. J. C, 24, 639, 2002.
96. Langacker, P., Segre, G., and Strassler, M., Implications of gauge unification for time variation of the fine structure constant, Phys. Lett. B, 528, 121, 2002.
97. Flambaum, V.V., Leinweber, D.B., Thomas, A.W., andYoung, R.D., Limits on variations of the quark masses, QCD scale, and fine structure constant, Phys. Rev. D, 69, 115006, 2004.
98. Webb, J.K., Murphy, M.T., Flambaum, V.V., Dzuba, V.A., Barrow, J.D., Churchill, C.W., Prochaska, J.X., andWolfe, A.M., Further evidence for cosmological evolution of the fine structure constant, Phys. Rev. Lett., 87, 091301, 2001.
99. Srianand, R., Chand, H., Petitjean, P., and Aracil, B., Limits on the time variation of the electromagnetic fine-structure constant in the low energy limit from absorption lines in the spectra of distant quasars, Phys. Rev. Lett., 92, 121302, 2004.
100. Quast, R., Reimers, D., and Levshakov, S., Probing the variability of the fine-structure constant with the VLT/UVES, Astron. Astrophys., 415, L7, 2004.
101. Reinhold, E., Buning, R., Hollenstein, U., Ivanchik, A., Petitjean, P., and Ubachs, W., Indication of a cosmological variation of the proton–electron mass ratio based on laboratory measurement and reanalysis of H2 spectra, Phys. Rev. Lett., 96, 151101, 2006.
102. Mohr, P.J. and Taylor, B.N., CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2002, Rev. Mod. Phys., 77, 1, 2005.
103. Verdu, J., Djekic, S., Stahl, S., Valenzuela, T., Vogel, M., Werth, G., Beier, T., Kluge, H.J., and Quint, W., Electronic g factor of hydrogenlike oxygen 16O7+, Phys. Rev. Lett., 92, 093002, 2004.
104. Roth, B., Koelemeij, J.C.J., Daerr, H., Ernsting, I., Jorgensen, S., Okhapkin, M., Wicht, A., Nevsky, A., and Schiller, S., Trapped ultracold molecular ions: Candidates for an optical molecular clock for a fundamental physics mission in space, in Proc. of the 6th Internat. Conf. on Space Optics, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, ESA-SP 621, 2006.
105. Watanabe, T., Koike, F., Tsunematsu, T., Vibrational and rotational excitations of HD+ by collision with positive ions, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn, 29, 1335, 1970.
106. Bertelsen, A., Jorgensen, S., and Drewsen, M., The rotational temperature of polar molecular ions in Coulomb crystals, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 39, L83, 2006.
107. Koelemeij, J.C.J., Roth, B., and Schiller, S., Cold molecular ions for blackbody thermometry and possible application to ion-based frequency standards, Phys. Rev. A, 76, 023413, 2007.
108. Roth, B., Daerr, H., Koelemeij, J., Nevsky, A., and Schiller, S., Ultracold molecular hydrogen ions in a linear radiofrequency trap: Novel systems for molecular frequency metrology, Proc. 20th European Frequency an Time Forum EFTF, Braunschweig, Germany, 2006.
109. Bernath, P.F. and McLeod, S., DiRef, A database of references associated with the spectra of diatomic molecules, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 207, 287, 2001. see e.g., the DIREF database, http://diref.uwaterloo.ca.
110. Babb, J.F., The hyperfine structure of the hydrogen molecular ion, in Current Topics in Physics, Cho, Y.M., Hong, J.B., andYang, C.N., eds., World Scientific, Singapore, 1998, p. 531.
111. Uzan, J.P., The fundamental constants and their variation: observational and theoretical status, Rev. Mod. Phys., 75, 403, 2003.
112. Jefferts, K.B., Hyperfine structure in the molecular ion H+ 2, Phys. Rev. Lett., 23, 1476, 1969.
113. Carrington, A., Microwave spectroscopy at the dissociation limit, Science, 274, 1327, 1996.
114. Critchley, A.D.J., Hughes, A.N., and McNab, I.R., Direct measurement of a pure rotation transition in H+ 2, Phys. Rev. Lett., 86, 1725, 2001.
115. Spezeski, J.J., Ph.D. thesis, Yale University, 1977.
116. Zhang, Y.P., Cheng, C.H., Kim, J.T., Stanojevic, J., and Eyler, E.E., Dissociation energies of molecular hydrogen and the hydrogen molecular ion, Phys. Rev. Lett., 92, 203003, 2004, and references therein.
117. Korobov, V.I., Leading-order relativistic and radiative corrections to the rovibrational spectrum of H+ 2 and HD+ molecular ions, Phys. Rev. A, 74, 052506, 2006.
118. Bakalov, D., Korobov, V.I., and Schiller, S., High-precision calculation of the hyperfine structure of the HD+ ion, Phys. Rev. Lett., 97, 243001, 2006.
119. Koelemeij, J., Roth, B., Ernsting, I., Wicht, A., and Schiller, S., Vibrational spectroscopy of cold HD+ with 2 ppb accuracy, Phys. Rev. Lett., 98, 173002, 2007.
120. Döringshoff, K., Ernsting, I., Rinkleff, R.-II., Schiller, S., and Wicht, A., Low-noise tunable diode laser for ultra-high-resolution spectroscopy, Opt. Lett., 32, 2876, 2007.