Social stratification in transitional economies: Property rights and the structure of markets

Theory and Society

Volumn 42, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 561-588

  Walder, Andrew G ^a   Luo, Tianjue ^a   Wang, Dan ^b  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

China reforms; Market reform; Post communist transition; Privatization

Indexed keywords

EID: 84887383801     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: 15737853     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11186-013-9203-2     Document Type: Article

References (149)

1. Agence France Presse. (2005). China amending construction law in bid to help migrant workers get back pay. Agence France Presse 31 January.
2. Alchian, A. A., & Demsetz, H. (1973). The property rights paradigm. Journal of Economic History, 33, 16-27.
3. Amsden, A., Kochanowicz, J., & Taylor, L. (1994). The market meets its match: Restructuring the economies of Eastern Europe. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
4. Appel, H. (2004). A new capitalist order: Privatization and ideology in Russian and Eastern Europe. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
5. Asia Times. (2005). Anben merger a watershed for Chinese steel. Asia Times, August 18. Accessed Online: http://www. atimes. com/atimes/China/GH18Ad01. html.
6. Åslund, A. (2007). How capitalism was built: The transformation of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7. Associated Press. (2005). Despite government pledges to help, Chinese construction projects still owe workers billions. Associated Press Newswires: 14 January.
8. Baosteel Group. (2010). Baosteel Group corporate website. Accessed Online 22 July: http://www. baosteel. com/group_e/02about/ShowArticle. asp?ArticleID=1.
9. Bernstein, T. P., & Lü, X. (2003). Taxation without representation in contemporary rural China. New York: Cambridge University Press.
10. Bian, Y., & Logan, J. R. (1996). Market transition and the persistence of power: the changing stratification system in urban China. American Sociological Review, 61, 739-758.
11. Bian, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2002). Marketization and income distribution in Urban China, 1988 and 1995. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 19, 377-415.
12. Blasi, J. R., Kroumova, M., & Kruse, D. (1997). Kremlin capitalism: The privatization of the Russian economy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
13. Brown, J. D., & Earle, J. S. (2002). Gross job flows in Russian industry before and after reforms: has destruction become more creative? Journal of Comparative Economics, 30, 96-133.
14. Brown, J. D., Earle, J. S., & Telegdy, Á. (2010). Employment and wage effects of privatization: evidence from Hungary, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine. Economic Journal, 120, 638-708.
15. Cai, Y. (2002). The resistance of Chinese laid-off workers in the reform period. China Quarterly, 170, 327-344.
16. Cai, Y. (2003). Collective ownership or cadres' ownership? The nonagricultural use of farmland in China. China Quarterly, 175, 662-680.
17. Cai, Y. (2005). China moderate middle class: the case of homeowners' resistance. Asian Survey, 45, 777-799.
18. Cai, Y. (2007). Civil resistance and rule of law in China: The defense of homeowners' rights. In E. J. Perry & M. Goldman (Eds.), Grassroots political reform in contemporary China (pp. 174-195). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
19. Cai, Y. (2008). Local governments and the suppression of popular resistance in China. China Quarterly, 193, 24-42.
20. Carruthers, B. G., & Ariovich, L. (2004). The sociology of property rights. Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 23-46.
21. Chan, N. (1999). Land-use rights in Mainland China: problems and recommendations for improvement. Journal of Real Estate Literature, 7, 53-63.
22. Chen, F. (2000). Subsistence crises, managerial corruption, and labour protests in China. China Journal, 44, 41-63.
23. Chen, F. (2006). Privatization and its discontents in Chinese factories. China Quarterly, 185, 42-60.
24. China Agriculture Newsnet. (2008). 2002 nian quanguo nongcun xinwen renwu-Wu Dongcai (China Rural News Personality of 2002-Wu Dongcai). Zhongguo nongye xinwen gang, 27 February. Accessed online 22 July 2010: http://union. china. com. cn/gaige/txt/2008-02/27/content_2084105. htm.
25. China Daily. (2008a). Large steel group emerges in Hebei. China Daily, June 6. Accessed Online: http://www. chinadaily. com. cn/bizchina/2008-06/12/content_6756099. htm.
26. China Daily. (2008b). Tender heart, steel spirit. China Daily, 18 August. Accessed Online: http://www. chinadaily. com. cn/bw/2008-08/18/content_6944557. htm.
27. China Mining Association. (2009). China's top steel producers in 2008. China Mining Association, 19 February. Accessed Online 20 July 2010: http://www. chinamining. org/News/2009-02-19/1235014000d21668. html.
28. China Real Estate Statistics. (2000). Zhongguo fangdichan tongji nianjian 2000 (China real estate statistics yearbook 2000). Beijing: Zhongguo chengshi chubanshe.
29. China Real Estate Statistics. (2008). Zhongguo fangdichan tongji nianjian 2008 (China real estate statistics yearbook 2008). Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.
30. China Statistical Yearbook. (2009). Zhongguo tongji nianjian 2008 (China statistical yearbook 2008). Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.
31. China Steel Statistics. (1994). Zhongguo gangtie tongji 1994 (China steel statistics 1994). Beijing: Yejin gongye bu fanzhan guihua ju.
32. China Steel Statistics. (2000). Zhongguo gangtie tongji 2000 (China steel statistics 2000). Beijing: Guojia yejin gongye ju guihua fazhan si.
33. China Steel Statistics. (2002). Zhongguo gangtie tongji 2002 (China steel statistics 2002). Beijing: Zhongguo gangtie xiehui xinxi tongji bu.
34. China Steel Statistics. (2008). Zhongguo gangtie tongji 2008 (China steel statistics 2008). Beijing: Zhongguo gangtie xiehui xinxi tongji bu.
35. China Steel Yearbook. (1996). Zhongguo 1996 gangtie gongye nianjian (China steel yearbook 1996). Beijing: Zhongguo gangtie gongye chubanshe.
36. China Steel Yearbook. (1999). Zhongguo 1999 gangtie gongye nianjian (China steel yearbook 1999). Beijing: Zhongguo gangtie gongye chubanshe.
37. China Steel Yearbook. (2002). Zhongguo 2002 gangtie gongye nianjian (China steel yearbook 2002). Beijing: Zhongguo gangtie gongye chubanshe.
38. China Steel Yearbook. (2008). Zhongguo 2008 gangtie gongye nianjian (China steel yearbook 2008). Beijing: Zhongguo gangtie gongye chubanshe.
39. China Valin. (2010). Company profile. China Valin Website. Accessed Online (July 20, 2010): http://www. chinavalin. com/about/gsjj. asp.
40. China. org. (2008). Merger yields new iron-steel Group in Shandong, China. org. cn, March 27. Accessed Online: http://www. china. org. cn/business/2008-03/27/content_13700076. htm.
41. Chiu, B., & Lewis, M. K. (2006). Reforming China's state-owned enterprises and banks. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
42. Cook, L. J. (1993). The soviet social contract and why it failed: Welfare policy and workers' politics from Brezhnev to Yeltsin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
43. Demsetz, H. (1983). The structure of ownership and the theory of the firm. Journal of Law and Economics, 26, 375-390.
44. Dubois, L. (2004). Avengers of the new world: The story of the Haitian revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
45. Duckett, J. (1998). The entrepreneurial state in China: Real estate and commerce departments in reform Era Tianjin. London: Routledge.
46. Eyal, G., Szelényi, I., & Townsley, E. (1998). Making capitalism without capitalists: Class formation and elite struggles in post-communist Central Europe. London: Verso.
47. Fligstein, N. (2001). The architecture of markets: An economic sociology of twenty-first century capitalist societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
48. Fligstein, N., & Freeland, R. (1995). Theoretical and comparative perspectives on corporate organization. Annual Review of Sociology, 21, 21-43.
49. Foner, E. (1988). Reconstruction: America's unfinished revolution, 1863-1977. New York: Harper and Row.
50. Furubotn, E. G., & Pejovich, S. (Eds.). (1974). The economics of property rights. Cambridge: Ballinger.
51. Gerber, T. P. (2004). Tightening up: declining class mobility during Russia's market transition. American Sociological Review, 69, 677-703.
52. Gerber, T. P. (2006). Getting paid: wage arrears and stratification in Russia. American Journal of Sociology, 111, 1816-1870.
53. Gerber, T. P., & Hout, M. (1995). More shock than therapy: market transition, employment, and incomes in Russia, 1991-1995. American Journal of Sociology, 104, 1-50.
54. Giles, J., Park, A., & Cai, F. (2006). How has economic restructuring affected China's urban workers? China Quarterly, 185, 61-95.
55. Gimpelson, V., & Kapeliushnikov, R. (2011). Labor market adjustment: Is Russia different? Discussion paper no. 5588. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor.
56. Granick, D. (1987). Job rights in the soviet union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
57. Guo, X. (2001). Land expropriation and rural conflicts in China. China Quarterly, 166, 422-439.
58. Guriev, S., & Rachinsky, A. (2008). The evolution of personal wealth in the Former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe. In J. B. Davies (Ed.), Personal Wealth from a Global Perspective (pp. 134-149). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
59. Hanley, E., Yershova, N., & Anderson, R. (1995). Russia-old wine in a new bottle? The circulation and reproduction of Russian Elites, 1983-1993. Theory and Society, 24, 639-668.
60. Hanley, E., King, L., & János, I. T. (2002). The state, international agencies, and property transformation in postcommunist Hungary. American Journal of Sociology, 108, 129-167.
61. Hauser, S., & Xie, Y. (2005). Temporal and regional variation in earnings inequality: urban China in transition between 1988 and 1995. Social Science Research, 34, 44-79.
62. Ho, P. (2001). Who owns China's land? Policies, property rights, and deliberate institutional ambiguity. China Quarterly, 166, 394-421.
63. Ho, P. (2005). Land ownership, property rights, and social conflict in China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
64. Hurst, W., & O'Brien, K. (2002). China's contentious pensioners. China Quarterly, 170, 345-360.
65. Hurun Report. (2009). China rich list 2009. Accessed online 20 July 2010: http://hurun. net/listcn162. aspx.
66. Hurun Report. (2010). Zhang Zhixiang yu Ningbo Jianlong (Zhang Zhixiang and Ningbo's Jianlong). Accessed Online 20 July: http://www. hurun. net/shownews1350. aspx.
67. Khan, A. R., & Riskin, C. (2005). Chinese household income and its distribution, 1995 and 2002. China Quarterly, 182, 356-384.
68. King, L. P., & Sznajder, A. (2006). The state-led transition to liberal capitalism: neoliberal, organizational, world-systems, and social structural explanations of Poland's economic success. American Journal of Sociology, 112, 751-801.
69. Kornai, J. (1986). The Hungarian reform process: visions, hopes, and reality. Journal of Economic Literature, 24, 1687-1737.
70. Kornai, J. (1992). The socialist system: The political economy of communism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
71. Lee, C. K. (2007). Against the law: Labor protests in China's rustbelt and sunbelt. Berkeley: University of California Press.
72. Li, H., & Rozelle, S. (2004). Insider privatization with a tail: the screening contract and performance of privatized firms in rural China. Journal of Development Economics, 75, 1-26.
73. Li, B., & Walder, A. G. (2001). Career advancement as party patronage: sponsored mobility into the Chinese administrative elite. American Journal of Sociology, 106, 1371-1408.
74. Liu, Y., Pan, W., Shen, M., Song, G., Bertrand, V., Child, M., et al. (2006). The politics and ethics of going green in China: Air pollution control in Benxi City and wetland preservation in Sanjiang Plain. In J. R. Bauer (Ed.), Forging environmentalism: Justice, livelihood, and contested environments (pp. 31-102). Armonk: M. E. Sharpe.
75. Luwan District Annals. (2008). Luwan qu zhi: 1994-2003 (Luwan district annals: 1994-2003). Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe.
76. McFaul, M. (1995). State power, institutional change, and the politics of privatization in Russia. World Politics, 47, 210-243.
77. Meng, X. (2007). Wealth accumulation and distribution in urban China. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 55, 761-791.
78. Ministry of Civil Affairs. (2009). Zhongguo minzheng tongji nianjian 2009 (Chinese civil affairs statistics 2009). Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.
79. Murrell, P. (1991). Conservative political philosophy and the strategy of economic transition. East European Politics and Societies, 6, 3-16.
80. Nee, V. (1989). A theory of market transition: from redistribution to markets in state socialism. American Sociological Review, 68, 663-681.
81. Nee, V. (1991). Social inequalities in reforming state socialism: between redistribution and markets in China. American Sociological Review, 56, 267-282.
82. Nee, V. (1992). Organizational dynamics of market transition: hybrid forms, property rights, and mixed economy in China. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 1-27.
83. Nee, V. (1996). The emergence of a market society: changing mechanisms of stratification in China. The American Journal of Sociology, 101, 908-949.
84. Nee, V., & Cao, Y. (1999). Path dependent societal transformation: stratification in hybrid mixed economies. Theory and Society, 28, 799-834.
85. Nee, V., & Stark, D. (Eds.). (1989). Remaking the economic institutions of socialism: China and Eastern Europe. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
86. New York Times. (2009a). China steel executive killed as workers and police clash. New York Times, 26 July, A10.
87. New York Times. (2009b). Bowing to protests, China halts sale of steel mill. New York Times, 16 August, B3.
88. Oi, J. C. (1989). State and peasant in contemporary China: The political economy of village government. Berkeley: University of California Press.
89. Oi, J. C. (1998). The evolution of local state corporatism. In A. G. Walder (Ed.), Zouping in transition: The process of reform in rural North China (pp. 62-85). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
90. Olson, M. (2000). Power and prosperity: Outgrowing communist and capitalist dictatorships. New York: Basic Books.
91. Parish, W. L., & Michelson, E. (1996). Politics and markets: dual transformations. The American Journal of Sociology, 101(4), 1042-1059.
92. Parish, W. L., & Whyte, M. K. (1978). Village and family in contemporary China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
93. Polanyi, K. (1944). The great transformation. New York: Farrar and Rinehart.
94. Polanyi, K. (1957). The economy as instituted process. In K. Polanyi, C. M. Arensberg, & H. W. Pearson (Eds.), Trade and market in the early empires (pp. 243-270). New York: Free Press.
95. Price, A. H., Brightbill T. C., Weld C. B., & Scott Nance D. (2007). Money for metal: A detailed examination of Chinese government subsidies to its steel Industry. Wiley Rein LLP Report.
96. Reddaway, P., & Glinski, D. (2001). The tragedy of Russia's reforms: Market Bolshevism against democracy. Washington D. C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.
97. Reuters. (2008). China's Rizhao, Shandong steel agree to consolidate, November 5. Accessed Online: http://www. reuters. com/article/idUSSHA2680120081106.
98. Rizhao City Newsnet. (2007). Du Shuanghua-Rizhao gangtie jituan dongshizhang. Du Shanghua: CEO of Rizhao Steel Group. Rizhao Information Website, 1 January. Accessed Online 22 July 2010): http://www. rz114. cn/manager/qyj107. html.
99. Róna-Tas, Á. (1994). The first shall be last? Entrepreneurship and communist cadres in the transition from socialism. American Journal of Sociology, 100, 40-69.
100. Roy, W. G. (1997). Socializing capital: The rise of the large industrial corporation in America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
101. Sachs, J. (1993). Poland's jump to the market economy. Cambridge: MIT Press.
102. Shleifer, A., & Treisman, D. (2001). Without a map: Political tactics and economic reform in Russia. Cambridge: MIT Press.
103. Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1998). The grabbing hand: Government pathologies and their cures. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
104. Stark, D. (1990). Privatization in Hungary: from plan to market or from plan to clan? East European Politics and Societies, 4, 351-392.
105. Stark, D. (1992). Path dependence and privatization strategies in Eastern Europe. East European Politics and Societies, 6, 17-54.
106. Stark, D. (1996). Recombinant property in East European capitalism. American Journal of Sociology, 101, 993-1027.
107. Steinfeld, E. S. (1998). Forging reform in China: The fate of state-owned industry. New York: Cambridge University Press.
108. Szelényi, I. (1978). Social inequalities in state socialist redistributive economies. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 19, 63-87.
109. Szelényi, I., & Kostello, E. (1996). The market transition debate: toward a synthesis? American Journal of Sociology, 101, 1082-1096.
110. Szelényi, S., Szelényi, I., & Kovách, I. (1995). The making of the Hungarian postcommunist elite: circulation in politics, reproduction in the economy. Theory and Society, 24, 697-722.
111. Tang, W., & Parish, W. L. (2000). Chinese urban life under reform: The changing social contract. New York: Cambridge University Press.
112. Tilly, C., Tilly, L., & Tilly, R. (1975). The rebellious century, 1830-1930. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
113. Walder, A. G. (1986). Communist neo-traditionalism: Work and authority in Chinese industry. Berkeley: University of California Press.
114. Walder, A. G. (1987). Wage reform and the web of factory interests. China Quarterly, 109, 22-41.
115. Walder, A. G. (1989). Factory and manager in an era of reform. China Quarterly, 118, 242-264.
116. Walder, A. G. (1992). Property rights and stratification in socialist redistributive economies. American Sociological Review, 57, 524-539.
117. Walder, A. G. (1994). Evolving property rights and their political consequences. In D. S. G. Goodman & B. Hooper (Eds.), China's quiet revolution: New interactions between state and society (pp. 3-18). Melbourne: Longman Cheshire.
118. Walder, A. G. (1995a). The quiet revolution from within: Economic reform as a source of political decline. In A. G. Walder (Ed.), The waning of the communist state: Economic origins of political decline in China and Hungary (pp. 1-24). Berkeley: University of California Press.
119. Walder, A. G. (1995b). Local governments as industrial firms: an organizational analysis of China's transitional economy. American Journal of Sociology, 101, 263-301.
120. Walder, A. G. (1995c). Career mobility and the communist political order. American Sociological Review, 60, 309-328.
121. Walder, A. G. (1996). Markets and inequality in transitional economies: toward testable theories. American Journal of Sociology, 101, 1060-1073.
122. Walder, A. G. (2002). Markets and income inequality in rural China: political advantage in an expanding economy. American Sociological Review, 67, 231-253.
123. Walder, A. G. (2003). Elite opportunity in transitional economies. American Sociological Review, 68, 899-916.
124. Walder, A. G. (2011). Transitions from state socialism: A property rights perspective. In M. Granovetter & R. Swedberg (Eds.), The sociology of economic life (3rd ed., pp. 503-525). Boulder: Westview.
125. Walder, A. G., & He, X. (2013). Public housing into private assets: wealth creation in urban China.
126. Walder, A. G., & Hu, S. (2009). Revolution, reform, and status inheritance: urban China, 1949-1996. American Journal of Sociology, 114, 1395-1427.
127. Walder, A. G., & Nguyen, G. H. (2008). Ownership, organization, and income inequality: market transition in rural Vietnam. American Sociological Review, 73, 251-269.
128. Walder, A. G., & Oi, J. C. (1999). Property rights in the Chinese economy: Contours of the process of change. In J. C. Oi & A. G. Walder (Eds.), Property rights and economic reform in China (pp. 1-24). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
129. Walder, A. G., & Zhao, L. (2006). Political office and household wealth: rural china in the Deng Era. China Quarterly, 186, 357-376.
130. Walder, A. G., Li, B., & Treiman, D. J. (2000). Politics and life chances in a state socialist regime: dual career paths into the urban Chinese elite. American Sociological Review, 65, 191-209.
131. Walter, C. E. (2010). The struggle over ownership: how the reform of state enterprises changed China. Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies, 28, 83-108.
132. Wang, Y. P., & Murie, A. (1996). The process of commercialisation of urban housing in China. Urban Studies, 33, 971-989.
133. World Steel Association. (2009). Steel statistical yearbook 2008. Brussels: Worldsteel Committee on Economic Studies.
134. Wu, F. (1999). The game of landed-property production and capital circulation in China's transitional economy. Environment and Planning A, 31, 1757-1771.
135. Wu, X. (2002). Work units and income inequality: the effect of market transition in urban China. Social Forces, 80, 1069-1099.
136. Wu, X. (2006). Communist cadres and market opportunities: entry into self-employment in China, 1978-1996. Social Forces, 85, 389-411.
137. Wu, X., & Treiman, D. A. (2007). Inequality and equality under Chinese socialism: the Hukou system and intergenerational occupational mobility. American Journal of Sociology, 113, 415-445.
138. Wu, X., & Xie, Y. (2003). Does the market pay off? Earnings returns to education in urban China. American Sociological Review, 68, 425-442.
139. Xie, Y., & Hannum, E. (1996). Regional variation in earnings inequality in reform-era urban China. American Journal of Sociology, 101, 950-992.
140. Xie, Q., Ghanbari Parsa, A. R., & Redding, B. (2002). The emergence of urban land markets in China: evolution, structure, constraints and perspectives. Urban Studies, 39, 1375-1398.
141. Yang, D. (2007). Baoshan guoziwei jieru Dahua shijian, chengzhen shixing you dai jinyibu chazheng (Baoshan Asset Management Comission Takes Up Dahua Affair, City Investigates Further). Shanghai xinwen wanbao November 11.
142. Yemtsov, R. (2008). Housing privatization and household wealth in Transition. In J. B. Davies (Ed.), Personal wealth from a global perspective (pp. 312-333). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
143. Zhang, L., Jin, S., Rozelle, S., Deininger, K., & Huang, J. (2010). Rights and rental: Are rural cultivated land policy and management constraining or facilitating china's modernization? In J. C. Oi, S. Rozelle, & X. Zhou (Eds.), Growing pains: Tensions and opportunity in China's transformation (pp. 87-113). Stanford: Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center.
144. Zhou, X. (2000). Economic transformation and income inequality in urban China: evidence from panel data. American Journal of Sociology, 105, 1135-1174.
145. Zhou, M., & Logan, J. R. (1996). Market transition and the commodification of housing in urban China. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 20, 400-421.
146. Zhou, X., Tuma, N. B., & Moen, P. (1996). Stratification dynamics under state socialism: the case of urban China, 1949-1993. Social Forces, 74, 759-796.
147. Zhou, X., Tuma, N. B., & Moen, P. (1997). Institutional change and job-shift patterns in urban China, 1949 to 1994. American Sociological Review, 62, 339-365.
148. Zhu, J. (1999). Local growth coalition: the context and implications of China's gradualist urban land reforms. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23, 534-548.
149. Zhu, J. (2004). From land use right to land development right: institutional change in China's urban development. Urban Studies, 41, 1249-1267.