Progress in thermal comfort research over the last twenty years

Indoor Air

Volumn 23, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 442-461

  De Dear, R J ^a   Akimoto, T ^b   Arens, E A ^c   Brager, G ^c   Candido, C ^a   Cheong, K W D ^d   Li, B ^e   Nishihara, N ^f   Sekhar, S C ^d   Tanabe, S ^g   Toftum, J ^h   Zhang, H ^c   Zhu, Y ⁱ  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b SHIBAURA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^e CHONGQING UNIVERSITY   (China)

^f University of the Sacred Heart   (Japan)

^g WASEDA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^h TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

ⁱ TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Adaptive comfort model; Air movement; Multinode models; Personal comfort systems; PMV PPD; Thermal comfort

Indexed keywords

AIR; CLIMATE CHANGE; ENERGY EFFICIENCY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ADAPTIVE COMFORT MODELS; AIR MOVEMENT; BUILT ENVIRONMENT; DECARBONISING; LITERATURE REVIEWS; MULTI-NODES; MULTINODE MODEL; PERSONAL COMFORT SYSTEM; PMV/PPD; TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION;

THERMAL COMFORT;

BIOLOGICAL MODEL; HEATING; HUMAN; PERCEPTION; PRODUCTIVITY; RESEARCH; TEMPERATURE SENSE; TRENDS;

EFFICIENCY; HEATING; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PERCEPTION; RESEARCH; THERMOSENSING;

EID: 84887201408     PISSN: 09056947     EISSN: 16000668     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/ina.12046     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Alamdari, F., Butler, D.J.G., Grigg, P.F. and Shaw, M.R. (1998) Chilled ceilings and displacement ventilation, Renew. Energy, 15, 300-305.
2. Arens, E., Xu, T., Miura, K., Zhang, H., Fountain, M. and Bauman, F. (1998) A study of occupant cooling by personally controlled air movement, Energy Build. 27, 45-59.
3. Arens, E., Zhang, H. and Huizenga, C. (2006a) Partial- and whole-body thermal sensation and comfort - Part I: uniform environmental conditions, J. Therm. Biol, 31, 53-59.
4. Arens, E., Zhang, H. and Huizenga, C. (2006b) Partial- and whole-body thermal sensation and comfort - Part II: non-uniform environmental conditions, J. Therm. Biol, 31, 60-66.
5. Arens, E., Zhang, H., Kim, D.-E., Buchberger, E., Bauman, F. and Huizenga, C. (2008) Impact of a task-ambient ventilation system on perceived air quality. Proceedings of Indoor Air 2008, Copenhagen, Denmark.
6. Arens, E., Turner, S., Zhang, H. and Paliaga, G. (2009) Moving air for comfort, ASHRAE J., 51, 18-28.
7. Arens, E., Zhang, H., Pasut, W., Warneke, A., Bauman, F. and Higuchi, H. (2011) Thermal comfort and perceived air quality of a PEC system. Proceedings of Indoor Air 2011, Austin, TX, USA.
8. ASHRAE (2004) Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy, ASHRAE Standard 55-2004, Atlanta, Georgia, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
9. ASHRAE (2010) Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy, ASHRAE Standard 55-2010, Atlanta, Georgia, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
10. Attia, M. (1984) Thermal pleasantness and temperature regulation in man, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 8, 335-342.
11. Attia, M. and Engel, P. (1981) Thermal alliesthesial response in man is independent of skin location stimulated, Physiol. Behav., 27, 439-444.
12. Aynsley, R. (1999) Estimating summer wind driven natural ventilation potential for indoor thermal comfort, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 83, 515-525.
13. Aynsley, R. (2008) Quantifying the cooling sensation of air movement, Int. J. Vent., 7, 67-76.
14. Bauman, F.S., Carter, T.G., Baughman, A.V. and Arens, E. (1998) Field study of the impact of a desktop task/ambient conditioning system in office buildings, ASHRAE Trans., 104, 1153-1171.
15. Brager, G. (2006) Mixed-mode cooling, ASHRAE J., 48, 30-37.
16. Brager, G. and Baker, L. (2009) Occupant satisfaction in mixed-mode buildings, Build. Res. Info., 37, 369-380.
17. Brager, G.S., Paliaga, G. and de Dear, R. (2004) Operable windows, personal control and occupant comfort, ASHRAE Trans., 110(Pt 2), 17-35.
18. BRE (2001) BREEAM New Construction: Technical Manual, Watford, UK, Building Research Establishment Global.
19. Busch, J.F. (1992) A tale of two populations: thermal comfort in air-conditioned and naturally-ventilated offices in Thailand, Energy and Buildings, 18, 235-249.
20. Cabanac, M. (1971) Physiological role of pleasure, Science, 17, 1103-1007.
21. Cândido, C., de Dear, R.J., Lamberts, R. and Bittencourt, L. (2010) Air movement acceptability limits and thermal comfort in Brazil's hot humid climate zone, Build. Environ., 45, 222-229.
22. Cândido, C., Lamberts, R., de Dear, R., Bittencourt, L. and de Vecchi, R. (2011) Towards a Brazilian standard for naturally ventilated buildings: guidelines for thermal and air movement acceptability, Build. Res. Info., 39, 145-153.
23. Cao, B., Zhu, Y., Ouyang, Q., Zhou, X. and Huang, L. (2011a) Field study of human thermal comfort and thermal adaptability during the summer and winter in Beijing, Energy and Buildings, 43, 1051-1056.
24. Cao, B., Zhu, Y.X. and Ouyang, Q. (2011b) Study on the effects of local climate and life style to thermal comfort in China. Proceedings of Indoor Air 2012, Austin, TX, USA.
25. CEN (2007) Indoor Environmental Input Parameters for Design and Assessment of Energy Performance of Buildings: Addressing Indoor Air Quality, Thermal Environment, Lighting and Acoustics, EN15251, Brussels, Comite Europe en de Normalisation.
26. Cheong, K.W.D., Yu, W.J., Sekhar, S.C., Tham, K.W. and Kosonen, R. (2006) Assessment of thermal environment using a thermal manikin in a field environment chamber served by displacement ventilation system, Build. Environ., 41, 1661-1670.
27. Chow, W.K. and Fung, W.Y. (1994) Investigation of the subjective response to elevated air velocities: climate chamber experiments in Hong Kong, Energy and Buildings, 20, 187-192.
28. Chow, T.T., Fong, K.F., Givoni, B., Zhang, L. and Chan, A.L.S. (2010) Thermal sensation of Hong Kong people with increased air speed, temperature and humidity in air-conditioned environment, Build. Environ., 45, 2177-2183.
29. CIBSE (1999) Environmental Factors Affecting Officer Worker Performance: A Review of the Evidence, Technical Memorandum 24, London, UK, Chartered Institute of Building Service Engineers.
30. de Dear, R.J. (1998) A global database of thermal comfort field experiments, ASHRAE Trans., 104, 1141-1152.
31. de Dear, R. (2011) Revisiting an old hypothesis of human thermal perception: alliesthesia, Build. Res. Info., 39, 108-117.
32. de Dear, R.J. and Brager, G. (1998) Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference, ASHRAE Trans., 104, 145-167.
33. de Dear, R.J., Ring, J.W. and Fanger, P.O. (1993) Thermal sensations resulting from sudden ambient temperature changes, Indoor Air, 3, 181-192.
34. de Dear, R.J., Arens, E.A., Zhang, H. and Oguro, M. (1997) Convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients for individual human body segments, Int. J. Biometeorol., 40, 141-156.
35. Deuble, M.P. and de Dear, R.J. (2012) Mixed-mode buildings: a double standard in occupants' comfort expectations, Build. Environ., 54, 53-60.
36. Emmerich, S.J. (2006) Simulated performance of natural and hybrid ventilation systems in an office building, HVAC&R Res., 12, 975-1004.
37. Fanger, P.O. (1970) Thermal Comfort, Copenhagen, Danish Technical Press.
38. Fanger, P.O. and Christensen, N.K. (1986) Perception of draught in ventilated spaces, Ergonomics, 29, 215-235.
39. Fanger, P.O., Melikov, A.K., Hanzawa, H. and Ring, J. (1988) Air turbulence and sensation of draught, Energy and Buildings, 12, 21-39.
40. Ferrari, S. and Zanotto, V. (2012) Adaptive comfort: analysis and application of the main indices, Build. Environ., 49, 25-32.
41. Fiala, D., Lomas, J.K. and Stohrer, M. (1999) A computer model of human thermoregulation for a wide range of environmental conditions: the passive system, J. Appl. Physiol., 87, 1957-1972.
42. Fiala, D., Lomas, K.J. and Stohrer, M. (2001) Computer prediction of human thermoregulatory and temperature responses to a wide range of environmental conditions, Int. J. Biometeorol., 45, 143-159.
43. Fisk, W.J. and Rosenfeld, J. (1997) Estimates of improved productivity and health from better indoor environments, Indoor Air, 7, 158-172.
44. Fountain, M.E., Arens, E., de Dear, R., Bauman, F. and Miura, K. (1994) Locally controlled air movement preferred in hot isothermal environments, ASHRAE Trans., 100, 937-952.
45. Fredriksson, J., Sandberg, M. and Moshfegh, B. (2001) Experimental investigation of the velocity field and airflow pattern generated by cooling ceiling beams, Build. Environ., 36, 891-899.
46. Gagge, A.P., Stolwijk, J.A.J. and Hardy, J.D. (1967) Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses at various ambient temperatures, Environ. Res., 1, 1-20.
47. Gagge, A.P., Fobelets, A.P. and Berglund, L.G. (1986) Standard Predictive Index of human response to the thermal environment, ASHRAE Trans., 92, 709-731.
48. Gao, N., Niu, J. and Zhang, H. (2006) Coupling CFD and human body thermoregulation model for the assessment of personalized ventilation, HVAC&R Res., 12, 497-518.
49. Gao, N.P., Zhang, H. and Niu, J.L. (2007) Investigating indoor air quality and thermal comfort using a numerical thermal manikin, Indoor Built Environ., 16, 7-17.
50. GBCA (2010) Technical Manual: Green Star Office Design and Office as Built v3, Sydney, Australia, Green Building Council of Australia.
51. Gong, N., Tham, K.W., Melikov, A.K., Wyon, D.P., Sekhar, S.C. and Cheong, K.W. (2006) The acceptable air velocity range for local air movement in the tropics, HVAC&R Res., 12, 1065-1076.
52. Goto, T., Mitamura, T., Yoshino, H., Tamura, A. and Inomata, E. (2007) Long-term field survey on thermal adaptation in office buildings in Japan, Build. Environ., 42, 3944-3954.
53. Haldi, F. and Robinson, D. (2011) The impact of occupants' behaviour on building energy demand, J. Build. Perf. Simul., 4, 323-338.
54. Hanzawa, H., Melikov, A.K. and Fanger, P.O. (1987) Airflow characteristics in the occupied zone of ventilated spaces, ASHRAE Trans., 93, 524-539.
55. Hensel, H. (1981) Thermoreception and Temperature Regulation, London, UK, Academic Press.
56. Hensen, J.L.M. (1990) Literature review on thermal comfort in transient conditions, Build. Environ., 25, 309-316.
57. Ho, S.H., Rosario, L. and Rahman, M.M. (2009) Thermal comfort enhancement by using a ceiling fan, Appl. Therm. Eng., 29, 1648-1656.
58. Holmes, M.J. and Hacker, J.N. (2007) Climate change, thermal comfort and energy: meeting the design challenges of the 21st century, Energy and Buildings, 39, 802-814.
59. van Hoof, J., Mazej, M. and Hensen, J.L.M. (2010) Thermal comfort: research and practice, Front. Biosci., 15, 765-788.
60. Hoyt, T., Zhang, H. and Arens, E. (2009) Draft or breeze? Preferences for air movement in office buildings and schools from the ASHRAE database. Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2009, Syracuse, NY, USA.
61. Hu, S., Xin, Y., Liu, G., Wang, G., Zhou, J., Liu, K., Chen, M. and Zhou, A.G. (2009) Preliminary study on influences of plateau low-pressure environment on human thermal comfort, HVAC&R., 39, 18-21.
62. Huizenga, C., Zhang, H., Arens, E. and Duan, T. (2001) A model of human physiology and comfort for assessing complex thermal environments, Build. Environ., 36, 691-699.
63. Huizenga, C., Zhang, H., Arens, E. and Wang, D. (2004) Skin and core temperature response to partial- and whole-body heating and cooling, J. Therm. Biol, 29, 549-558.
64. ISO (1984) Determination of the PMV and PPD indices and specifications of conditions for thermal comfort, ISO Standard 7730: Moderate Thermal Environments, Geneva, Switzerland, International Organization for Standardization.
65. ISO (2005) Determination of the PMV and PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort, ISO Standard 7730: Moderate Thermal Environments, Geneva, Switzerland, International Organisation for Standardisation.
66. Ji, X., Wang, B., Liu, S. and Dai, Z. (2004) Study on thermal comfort in non-air-conditioned buildings in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, J. Beijing Inst. Technol., 24, 1100-1103.
67. Jiang, Y.T., Yang, C.Z., Li, W. and Wang, H. (2006) Relation of sexes and thermal comfort in non-air-conditioned environment, Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning, 36, 17-21.
68. JSBC (2011) CASBEE for New Construction: Technical Manual, Tokyo, Japan, Japan Sustainable Building Consortium.
69. Khedari, J., Yamtraipat, N., Pratintong, N. and Hirunlabh, J. (2000) Thailand ventilation comfort chart, Energy and Buildings, 32, 245-249.
70. Kolarik, J., Toftum, J., Olesen, B.W. and Shitzer, A. (2009) Occupant responses and office work performance in environments with moderately drifting operative temperatures (RP-1269), HVAC&R Res., 15, 931-960.
71. Kroner, W., Stark-Martin, J.A. and Willemain, T. (1992) Using Advanced Office Technology to Increase Productivity: The Impact of Environmentally Responsive Workstations (ERWs) on Productivity and Worker Attitude, Troy, New York, Rensselaer Institute of Technology.
72. Kwok, A.G. (1998) Thermal comfort in tropical classrooms, ASHRAE Trans., 104, 1031-1047.
73. Kwok, A.G. and Rajkovich, N.B. (2010) Addressing climate change in comfort standards, Build. Environ., 45, 18-22.
74. Lan, L. and Lian, Z. (2009) Use of neurobehavioral tests to evaluate the effects of indoor environment quality on productivity, Build. Environ., 44, 2208-2217.
75. Lan, L., Lian, Z., Pan, L. and Ye, Q. (2009) Neurobehavioral approach for evaluation of office workers' productivity: the effects of room temperature, Build. Environ., 44, 1578-1588.
76. Langevin, J., Wen, J. and Gurian, P.L. (2012) Relating occupant perceived control and thermal comfort: statistical analysis on the ASHRAE RP-884 database, HVAC&R Res., 18, 179-184.
77. Leaman, A. and Bordass, B. (1999) Productivity in buildings: the 'killer' variables, Build. Res. Info., 27, 4-19.
78. Leaman, A. and Bordass, B. (2001) Assessing building performance in use 4: the Probe occupant surveys and their implications, Build. Res. Info., 29, 129-143.
79. Levine, M., Ürge-Vorsatz, D., Blok, K., Geng, L., Harvey, D., Lang, S., Levermore, G., Mehlwana, A.M., Mirasgedis, S., Novikova, A., Rilling, J. and Yoshino, H. (2007) Residential and commercial buildings. In: Metz, B., Davidson, O.R., Bosch, P.R., Dave, R. and Meyer, L.A. (eds) Climate Change 2007: Mitigation, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
80. Li, H., Chen, X., Ouyang, Q. and Zhu, Y. (2007) Wavelet analysis on fluctuating characteristics of airflow in building environments, Build. Environ., 42, 4028-4033.
81. Li, B., Li, W., Liu, H., Yao, R., Tan, M., Jing, S. and Ma, X. (2010) Physiological expression of human thermal comfort to indoor operative temperature in the non-HVAC environment, Indoor Built Environ., 19, 221-229.
82. Lian, Z. and Wang, H. (2002) Experimental study of factors that affect thermal comfort in an upward-displacement air-conditioned room, HVAC&R Res., 8, 191-200.
83. Liu, W., Lian, Z. and Liu, Y. (2008) Heart rate variability at different thermal comfort levels, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 103, 361-366.
84. Liu, J., Yao, R., Wang, J. and Li, B. (2012) Occupants' behavioural adaptation in workplaces with non-central heating and cooling systems, Appl. Therm. Eng., 35, 40-54.
85. Loudermilk, K. (2009) Designing chilled beams for thermal comfort, ASHRAE J., 51, 58-64.
86. McCartney, K.J. and Nicol, J.F. (2002) Developing an adaptive control algorithm for Europe: results of the SCATs project, Energy and Buildings, 34, 623-635.
87. Melikov, A.K. and Kaczmarczyk, J. (2012) Air movement and perceived air quality, Build. Environ., 47, 400-409.
88. Melikov, A. and Knudsen, G.L. (2007) Human response to individually controlled environment, HVAC&R Res., 13, 645-660.
89. Melikov, A.K., Hanzawa, H. and Fanger, P.O. (1988) Airflow characteristics in the occupied zone of unventilated spaces, ASHRAE Trans., 94, 52-70.
90. Melikov, A.K., Langkilde, G. and Derbiszewski, B. (1990) Airflow characteristics in the occupied zone of rooms with displacement ventilation, ASHRAE Trans., 96, 555-563.
91. Melikov, A., Popiolek, Z., Finkelstein, W., Sefker, T. and Care, I. (1998) Requirements and guidelines for low-velocity measurements, ASHRAE Trans., 104, 1529-1539.
92. Melikov, A., Pitchurov, G., Naydenov, K. and Langkilde, G. (2005) Field study on occupant comfort and the office thermal environment in rooms with displacement ventilation, Indoor Air, 15, 205-214.
93. Mower, D.M. (1976) Perceived intensity of peripheral thermal stimuli is independent of internal body temperature, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 90, 1152-1155.
94. Nazaroff, W. (2008) Climate change, building energy use, and indoor environmental quality, Indoor Air, 18, 259-260.
95. Nicol, J.F. and Humphreys, M.A. (2004) A stochastic approach to thermal comfort: occupant behaviour and energy use in buildings, ASHRAE Trans., 110, 554.
96. Nicol, F. and Humphreys, M.A. (2010) Derivation of the adaptive equations for thermal comfort in free-running buildings in European standard EN15251, Build. Environ., 45, 11-17.
97. Nishihara, N. and Tanabe, S. (2010) Management of indoor climate (Productivity), Ku-uki Eiseik. Bir., 5, 562.
98. Novoselac, A. and Srebric, J. (2002) A critical review on the performance and design of combined cooled ceiling and displacement ventilation systems, Energy and Buildings, 34, 497-509.
99. Ouyang, Q., Dai, W., Hongjun, L. and Zhu, Y. (2006) Study on dynamic characteristics of natural and mechanical wind in built environment using spectral analysis, Build. Environ., 41, 418-426.
100. Parsons, K.C. (1993) Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of Hot, Moderate and Cold Environments on Human Health, Comfort and Performance. The Principles and the Practice, London, Taylor and Francis.
101. Pepler, R.D. and Warner, R.E. (1968) Temperature and learning: an experimental study, ASHRAE Trans., 74, 211-219.
102. Pilcher, J.J., Nadler, E. and Busch, C. (2002) Effects of hot and cold temperature exposure on performance: a meta-analytic review, Ergonomics, 45, 682-698.
103. Rijal, H.B., Tuohy, P., Humphreys, M.A., Nicol, J.F., Samuel, A. and Clarke, J. (2007) Using results from field surveys to predict the effects of open windows on thermal comfort and energy use in buildings, Energy and Buildings, 39, 823-836.
104. Rijal, H.B., Humphreys, M.A. and Nicol, F.J. (2009) Understanding occupant behaviour: the use of controls in mixed-mode office buildings, Build. Res. Info., 37, 381-396.
105. Ring, J.W., de Dear, R.J. and Melikov, A. (1993) Human thermal sensation: frequency response to sinusoidal stimuli at the surface of the skin, Energy and Buildings, 20, 159-165.
106. Roaf, S., Nicol, F., Humphreys, M., Tuohy, P. and Boerstra, A. (2010) Twentieth century standards for thermal comfort: promoting high energy buildings, Archit. Sci. Rev., 53, 65-77.
107. Rohles, F.H. Jr, Woods, J.E. and Nevins, R.G. (1974) Effects of air movement and temperature on the thermal sensations of sedentary man, ASHRAE Trans., 80, 101-119.
108. Rowe, D. (2004) Thermal comfort in a naturally-ventilated environment with supplementary cooling and heating, Archit. Sci. Rev., 47, 131-140.
109. Scheatzle, D., Wu, H. and Yellott, J. (1989) Expanding the summer comfort envelope with ceiling fans in hot, arid climates, ASHRAE Trans., 95, 269-280.
110. Schiavon, S. and Melikov, A.K. (2008) Energy saving and improved comfort by increased air movement, Energy and Buildings, 40, 1954-1960.
111. Seppanen, O. and Fisk, W. (2001) Association of ventilation system type with sick building symptoms in office workers, Indoor Air, 12, 98-112.
112. Seppänen, O.A. and Fisk, W. (2006) Some quantitative relations between indoor environmental quality and work performance or health, HVAC&R Res., 12, 957-973.
113. Smith, C.E. (1991) A Transient, Three-Dimensional Model of the Human Thermal System. PhD Thesis, Kansas State University, Mechanical Engineering.
114. Stolwijk, J.A.J. (1971) A mathematical model of physiological temperature regulation in man, NASA contractor report, NASA CR-1855, August 1971, Washington, DC, NASA.
115. Stolwijk, J.A.J. (1980) Mathematical models of thermal regulation, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 335, 98-106.
116. Stolwijk, J.A.J. and Hardy, J.D. (1966) Temperature regulation in man - a theoretical study, Pflugers Arch. Gesamte Physiol. Menschen Tiere, 291, 129-162.
117. Tanabe, S. (1988) Thermal comfort requirements in Japan. Doctoral Thesis, Waseda University.
118. Tanabe, S. and Kimura, K. (1994) Effects of air temperature, humidity and air movement on thermal comfort under hot and humid conditions, ASHRAE Trans., 100, 953-969.
119. Tanabe, S., Narita, C., Ozeki, Y. and Konishi, M. (2000) Effective radiation area of human body calculated by a numerical simulation, Energy and Buildings, 32, 205-215.
120. Tanabe, S. and Nishihara, N. (2004) Productivity and fatigue, Indoor Air, 14(Suppl. 7), 126-133.
121. Tanabe, S., Kobayashi, K., Nakano, J., Ozeki, Y. and Konishi, M. (2002) Evaluation of thermal comfort using combined multi-node thermoregulation (65MN) and radiation models and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), Energy and Buildings, 34, 637-646.
122. Toftum, J. (2004) Air movement - good or bad?, Indoor Air, 14(Suppl. 7), 40-45.
123. Toftum, J. (2010) Central automatic control or distributed occupant control for better indoor environmental quality in the future, Build. Environ., 45, 23-28.
124. Toftum, J. and Nielsen, R. (1996) Draught sensitivity is influenced by general thermal sensation, Int. J. Ind. Ergon., 18, 295-305.
125. Toftum, J., Melikov, A.K., Tynel, A., Bruzda, M. and Fanger, P.O. (2002) Human preference for air movement. Proceedings of ROOMVENT 2002, Copenhagen, Denmark.
126. Toftum, J., Melikov, A., Tynel, A., Bruzda, M. and Fanger, P.O. (2003) Human response to air movement - evaluation of ASHRAE's draft criteria (RP-843), HVAC&R Res., 9, 187-202.
127. 2 emissions from energy use in the world's buildings, Build. Res. Info., 35, 379-398.
128. USGBC (2009) Green Building Design and Construction: LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction, Washington, DC, US Green Building Council.
129. Wang, H., Hu, S., Liu, G. and Li, A. (2010) Experimental study of human thermal sensation under hypobaric conditions in winter clothes, Energy and Buildings, 42, 2044-2048.
130. Wang, Y., Lian, Z. and Lan, L. (2011) The effect of turbulence intensity on local skin temperature and subjective responses to draft, Energy and Buildings, 43, 2678-2683.
131. Werner, J., Buse, M. and Foegen, A. (1989) Lumped versus distributed thermoregulatory control: Results from a three-dimensional dynamic model, Biological Cybernetics, 62, 63-73.
132. Wissler, E.H. (1964) A mathematical model of the human thermoregulatory system, Bull. Math. Biophys., 26, 147-166.
133. Wyon, D.P. and Sandberg, M.H. (1990) Thermal manikin prediction of discomfort due to the displacement ventilation, ASHRAE Trans., 96, 67-75.
134. Wyon, D.P. and Sandberg, M. (1996) Discomfort due to vertical thermal gradients, Indoor Air, 6, 48-54.
135. Wyon, D.P. and Wargocki, P. (2006) Room temperature effects on office work, In: Clements-Croome, D. (ed.) Creating the Productive Workplace, 2nd edn, London, UK, Taylor and Francis, 181-192.
136. Xia, Y.Z., Niu, J.L., Zhao, R.Y. and Burnett, J. (2000) Effects of turbulent air on human thermal sensations in a warm isothermal environment, Indoor Air, 10, 289-296.
137. Yang, L., Li, J., Qi, X. and Liu, D. (2007) Study on thermal comfort adaptive model of natural ventilated residential buildings in hot-summer and cold-winter area. Proceedings of The 6th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation & Energy Conservation in Buildings IAQVEC 2007, Sendai, Japan
138. Yao, Y., Lian, Z., Liu, W. and Shen, Q. (2007) Experimental study on skin temperature and thermal comfort of the human body in a recumbent posture under uniform thermal environments, Indoor Built Environ., 16, 505-518.
139. Yao, Y., Lian, Z., Liu, W. and Shen, Q. (2008) Experimental study on physiological responses and thermal comfort under various ambient temperatures, Physiol. Behav., 93, 310-321.
140. Yao, R., Li, B. and Liu, J. (2009a) A theoretical adaptive model of thermal comfort - Adaptive Predicted Mean Vote (aPMV), Build. Environ., 44, 2089-2096.
141. Yao, Y., Lian, Z., Liu, W., Jiang, C., Liu, Y. and Lu, H. (2009b) Heart rate variation and electroencephalograph - the potential physiological factors for thermal comfort study, Indoor Air, 19, 93-101.
142. Yao, R., Liu, J. and Li, B. (2010) Occupants' adaptive responses and perception of thermal environment in naturally conditioned university classrooms, Appl. Energy, 87, 1015-1022.
143. Yu, J., Ouyang, Q., Cao, G., Cui, W.L., Zhu, Y. and Shen, H.G. (2011) A comparison of thermal perception and physiological responses between people living in the heating region and the non-heating region of China: an example study in Beijing and Shanghai. Proceedings of The 7th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (ISHVAC), Shanghai, China.
144. Yu, J., Ouyang, Q., Zhu, Y., Shen, H., Cao, G. and Cui, W. (2012) A comparison of the thermal adaptability of people accustomed to air-conditioned environments and naturally ventilated environments, Indoor Air, 22, 110-118.
145. Zhang, Y. and Zhao, R. (2007) Effect of local exposure on human responses, Build. Environ., 42, 2737-2745.
146. Zhang, Y. and Zhao, R. (2008) Overall thermal sensation, acceptability and comfort, Build. Environ., 43, 44-50.
147. Zhang, G., Zheng, C., Yang, W., Zhang, Q. and Moschandreas, D.J. (2007a) Thermal comfort investigation of naturally ventilated classrooms in a subtropical region, Indoor Built Environ., 16, 148-158.
148. Zhang, H., Arens, E., Fard, S.A., Huizenga, C., Paliaga, G., Brager, G. and Zagreus, L. (2007b) Air movement preferences observed in office buildings, Int. J. Biometeorol., 51, 349-360.
149. Zhang, L., Chow, T.T., Tsang, C.F., Kong, K.F. and Chan, L.S. (2009) Stratum ventilation - a potential solution to elevated indoor temperatures, Build. Environ., 44, 2256-2259.
150. Zhang, H., Arens, E., Huizenga, C. and Han, T. (2010a) Thermal sensation and comfort models for non-uniform and transient environments, Part I: local sensation of individual body parts, Build. Environ., 45, 380-388.
151. Zhang, H., Arens, E., Huizenga, C. and Han, T. (2010b) Thermal sensation and comfort models for non-uniform and transient environments, Part II: local comfort of individual body parts, Build. Environ., 45, 389-398.
152. Zhang, H., Arens, E., Huizenga, C. and Han, T. (2010c) Thermal sensation and comfort models for non-uniform and transient environments, Part III: whole-body sensation and comfort, Build. Environ., 45, 399-410.
153. Zhang, H., Arens, E., Kim, D.-E., Buchberger, E., Bauman, F. and Huizenga, C. (2010d) Comfort, perceived air quality, and work performance in a low-power task-ambient conditioning system, Build. Environ., 45, 29-39.
154. Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Chen, H., Zhang, J. and Meng, Q. (2010e) Thermal comfort in naturally ventilated buildings in hot-humid area in China, Build. Environ., 45, 2562-2570.
155. Zhang, H., Arens, E. and Pasut, W. (2011) Air temperature thresholds for indoor comfort and perceived air quality, Build. Res. Info., 39, 134-144.
156. Zhao, R. (2007) Investigation of transient thermal environments, Build. Environ., 42, 3926-3932.
157. Zhou, X., Ouyang, Q., Lin, G. and Zhu, Y. (2006) Impact of dynamic airflow on human thermal response, Indoor Air, 16, 348-355.
158. Zhu, Y. and Ouyang, Q. (2003) Airflow fluctuations and thermal environment: A literature review (Keynote). Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on HVAC (ISHVAC'03), Beijing, China.