CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade: A South African perspective

Energy Policy

Volumn 63, Issue , 2013, Pages 1042-1050

  Kohler, Marcel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

CO2 emissions; Foreign trade; Income

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC GROWTHS; ENERGY ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVES; ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY; GRANGER CAUSALITY TEST; INCOME; LIBERALISATION;

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS; ENERGY UTILIZATION; INTERNATIONAL TRADE;

CARBON DIOXIDE;

CARBON EMISSION; ECONOMETRICS; ECONOMIC GROWTH; EMISSION CONTROL; ENERGY USE; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; GRANGER CAUSALITY TEST; INCOME; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; KUZNETS CURVE; TRADE LIBERALIZATION;

SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 84887183856     PISSN: 03014215     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.022     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. 2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France. Energy Policy 2007, 35:4772-4778.
2. Antweiler W., Copeland B.R., Taylor M.S. Is free trade good for the environment?. American Economic Review 2001, 91:877-908.
3. Baek J., Kim H.S. Trade liberalisation, economic growth, energy consumption and the environment: time series evidence from G-20 economies. Journal of East Asian Economic Integration 2011, 15(1):3-31.
4. Baek J., Cho Y., Koo W.W. The environmental consequences of globalization: a country-specific time-series analysis. Ecological Economics 2009, 68:2255-2264.
5. Bahmani-Oskooee M., Chomsisengphet S. Stability of M2 demand functions in industrial countries. Applied Economics 2002, 34:2075-2083.
6. Bildirici M.E., Bakirtas T., Kayikci F. Economic growth and electricity consumption: auto regressive distributed lag analysis. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 2012, 23(4):29-45.
7. Birdsall N., Wheeler D. Trade policy and industrial pollution in Latin America: where are the pollution havens?. Journal of Environment and Development 1993, 2:137-149.
8. Blaine S. Consumer 'paying for lack of energy research'. Business Day Live 2013, 2013. (21 February).
9. Blanford J.G. R&D investment strategy for climate change. Energy Economics 2009, 31:S27-S36.
10. Brooks C. Introductory Econometrics for Finance 2010, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. third ed.
11. Brown R.L., Durbin J., Evans J.M. Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relations over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 1975, 37:149-163.
12. Chow G. Test of equality between sets of coefficients in two linear regressions. Econometrica 1960, 28:591-605.
13. Cole M.A., Elliott J.R.J., Azhar A.K. The Determinants of Trade in Pollution Intensive Industries: North-South Evidence 2000, University of Birmingham, UK, Mimeo.
14. Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA)., 2010. South Africa's Second Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
15. Dasgupta S., Laplante B., Wang H., Wheeler D. Confronting the environmental Kuznets curve. Journal of Economic Perspectives 2002, 16(1):147-168.
16. Dean J. Does trade liberalization harm the environment? A new test. Canadian Journal of Economics 2002, 35(4):819-842.
17. Dickey D. A. and Fuller W.A., Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root, Econometrica 49, 1981, 1057-1072.
18. Dinda S. Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: a survey. Ecological Economics 2004, 49:431-455.
19. Dinda S., Coondoo D. Income and emission: a panel data-based cointegration analysis. Ecological Economics 2006, 57(2):167-181.
20. Energy Information Administration (EIA)., 2010. Energy Statistics for Countries.
21. Fine B., Rustomjee Z. The Political Economy of South Africa: From Minerals-energy Complex to Industrialisation 1996, Hurst, London.
22. Frankel J., Rose A. Is trade good or bad for the environment? Sorting out the causality. Review of Economics and Statistics 2005, 87(1):85-91.
23. Grether J.M. and de Melo J., Globalization and dirty industries: do pollution havens matter?, Department d'economie and Politique, Neuchatel, Switzerland, 2002, Mimeo.
24. Grossman, G., Krueger, A., 1991. Environmental Impacts of the North America Free Trade Agreement. NBER Working Paper No. 3914.
25. 2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy 2009, 37:1156-1164.
26. Hansen, H., Johansen, S., 1993. Recursive Estimation in Cointegrated VAR Models. Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Preprint no. 1, January, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen.
27. Harbaugh W., Levinson A. and Wilson D.M., Reexamining the empirical evidence for an environmental Kuznets curve, Review of Economics and Statistics, 84, 2002, 541-551.
28. Inglesi-Lotz R., Pouris A. Energy efficiency in South Africa: a decomposition exercise. Energy 2012, 42:113-120.
29. Johansen S., Juselius K. Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration-with application to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 1990, 52:169-210.
30. Kraft J., Kraft A. On the relationship between energy and GNP. Journal of Energy and Development 1978, 3:401-403.
31. Kuznets S. Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review 1955, 45:1-28.
32. Lucas, R.E.B., Wheeler, D., Hettige, H., 1992. Economic Development, Environmental Regulation and the International Migration of Toxic industrial Pollution: 1960-1988. In: Low, P. (Eds.), International Trade and the Environment, World Bank Discussion Paper 159, 67-87.
33. Menyah K., Wolde-Rufael Y. Energy consumption, pollutant emissions and economic growth in South Africa. Energy Economics 2010, 32:1374-1382.
34. Miller S.M., Russek F.S. Cointegration and error-correction model: the temporal causality between government Taxes and Spending. Southern Economic Journal 1990, 57(1):221-229.
35. Nahman A., Antrobus G. Trade and the environmental Kuznets curve: is Southern Africa a pollution heaven?. South African Journal of Economics 2005, 73:803-814.
36. Narayan P.K. The saving and investment Nexus for China: evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics 2005, 37:1979-1990.
37. National Treasury. 2010. Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions: the Carbon Tax Option. Discussion Paper for Public Comment, December 2010.
38. OECD OECD Economic Surveys: South Africa 2013 2013, OECD Publishing.
39. Odhiambo N.M. Electricity consumption and economic growth in South Africa: a trivariate causality test. Energy Economics 2009, 31(5):123-145.
40. Ozturk I. A literature survey on energy-growth Nexus. Energy Policy 2010, 38:340-349.
41. Pesaran M.H., Shin Y., Smith S. Bounds testing approach to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics 2001, 16:289-326.
42. 2 embodied in international trade with implications for Global Climate Policy. Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 42(5):446-487.
43. Phillips P.C.B. and Perron P., Testing for a unit root in time series regression, Biometrika 75, 1988, 335-346.
44. Pouris A. The State of Energy Research in South Africa-2009 2010, Institute for Technological Innovation, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
45. Shahbaz, M., Tiwari, A.K., Nasir, M., 2011. The Effects of Financial Development, Economic Growth, Coal Consumption and Trade Openness on Environment Performance in South Africa. MPRA: Munich Personal RePEc Archive.
46. Soytas U., Sari R. Energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emission: challenges faced by an EU candidate member. Ecological Economics 2009, 68:1667-1675.
47. Soytas U., Sari R., Ewing T. Energy consumption, income, and carbon emissions in the United States. Ecological Economics 2007, 62:482-489.
48. Suri V., Chapman D. Economic growth, trade and energy: implications for the environmental Kuznets curve. Ecological Economics 1998, 25:195-208.
49. Wolde-Rufael Y. Electricity consumption and economic growth: a time series experience for 17 African countries. Energy Policy 2006, 34:1106-1114.
50. Wolde-Rufael Y. Energy consumption and economic growth: the African experience revisited. Energy Economics 2009, 31:217-224.
51. Zhang X.P., Cheng X.M. Energy consumption, carbon emission, and economic growth in China. Ecological Economics 2009, 68(10):2706-2712.
52. Ziramba E. The demand for residential electricity in South Africa. Energy Policy 2009, 36:3460-3466.