Distribution and sources of organic matter in surface marine sediments across the North American Arctic margin

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 118, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 4017-4035

  Goñi, Miguel A ^a   O'Connor, Alison E ^b   Kuzyk, Zou Zou ^c   Yunker, Mark B ^d   Gobeil, Charles ^e   Macdonald, Robie W ^f  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^d Université du Québec ^*

^e CENTRE EAU TERRE ENVIRONNEMENT   (Canada)

^f INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES   (Canada)

Author keywords

Arctic margins; organic biomarkers; radiocarbon; sedimentary organic matter

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; ICE; ISOTOPES; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; SEDIMENTS; SUBMARINE GEOLOGY;

ARCTIC MARGINS; COMPOSITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS; INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR; PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS; RADIOCARBON; SEDIMENTARY ORGANIC MATTER; STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES; TERRESTRIAL ORGANIC MATTER;

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY;

BEDROCK; BIOMARKER; CARBON ISOTOPE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CONTINENTAL MARGIN; MARINE SEDIMENT; ORGANIC MATTER; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY; TERRIGENOUS DEPOSIT;

ARCTIC OCEAN; NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 84887108346     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jgrc.20286     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Alling, V., et al. (2010), Nonconservative behavior of dissolved organic carbon across the Laptev and East Siberian seas, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 24, GB4033, doi: 10.1029/2010GB003834.
2. Amon, R. M. W., (2004), The role of dissolved organic matter for the organic carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean, in The Arctic Ocean Organic Carbon Cycle, edited by, R. Stein, and, R. W. Macdonald, pp. 83-99, Springer, Berlin.
3. Anderson, L. G., and, S. Kaltin, (2001), Carbon fluxes in the Arctic Ocean-Potential impact by climate change, Polar Res., 20 (2), 225-232.
4. Andrews, J. T., A. E. Jennings, B. MacLean, P. J. Mudie, D. Praeg, and, G. Vilks, (1991), The surficial geology of the Canadian eastern Arctic and Polar continental shelves, Cont. Shelf Res., 11 (8-10), 791-819.
5. Arrigo, K. R., G. van Dijken, and, S. Pabi, (2008), Impact of a shrinking Arctic ice cover on marine primary production, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19603, doi: 10.1029/2008GL035028
6. Arrigo, K. R., et al. (2012), Massive phytoplankton blooms under Arctic sea ice, Science, 336 (6087), 1408-1408.
7. Belicka, L. L., and, H. R. Harvey, (2009), The sequestration of terrestrial organic carbon in Arctic Ocean sediments: A comparison of methods and implications for regional carbon budgets, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 73 (20), 6231-6248.
8. Benner, R., and, Kaiser, K., (2011), Biological and photochemical transformations of amino acids and lignin phenols in riverine dissolved organic matter, Biogeochemistry, 102 (1-3), 209-222.
9. Bianchi, T. S., J. J. Galler, and, M. A. Allison, (2007), Hydrodynamic sorting and transport of terrestrially derived organic carbon in sediments of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 73 (1-2), 211-222.
10. Bischof, J. F., and, D. A. Darby, (1999), Quaternary ice transport in the Canadian Arctic and extent of Late Wisconsinan Glaciation in the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Can. J. Earth Sci., 36, 2007-2022.
11. Blair, N. E., and, R. C. Aller, (2012), The fate of terrestrial organic carbon in the marine environment, Annu. Rev. Marine Sci., 4, 17.11-17.23.
12. Carmack, E., and, P. Wassmann, (2006), Food webs and physical-biological coupling on pan-Arctic shelves: Unifying concepts and comprehensive perspectives, Prog. Oceanogr., 71 (2-4), 446-477.
13. Carmack, E., D. Barber, J. Christensen, R. Macdonald, B. Rudels, and, E. Sakshaug, (2006), Climate variability and physical forcing of the food webs and the carbon budget on panarctic shelves, Prog. Oceanogr., 71 (2-4), 145-181.
14. Carmack, E. C., F. A. McLaughlin, S. Vagle, H. Melling, and, W. Williams, (2010), Structures and property distributions in the three oceans surrounding Canada in 2007: A basis for a long-term ocean climate monitoring strategy, Atmos. Ocean, 48, 211-224.
15. Christensen, J. P., K. Shimada, I. Semiletov, and, P. A. Wheeler, (2008), Chlorophyll response to shelf-break upwelling and winds in the Chukchi Sea, Alaska, in autumn, Open Oceanogr. J., 2, 34-53.
16. Connelly, T. L., D. Deibel, and, C. C. Parrish, (2012), Biogeochemistry of near-bottom suspended particulate matter of the Beaufort Sea shelf (Arctic Ocean): C, N, P, δ13C and fatty acids, Cont. Shelf Res., 43, 120-132.
17. Cooper, L. W., C. Lalande, R. Pirtle-Levy, I. L. Larsen, and, J. M. Grebmeier, (2009), Seasonal and decadal shifts in particulate organic matter processing and sedimentation in the Bering Strait Shelf region, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 56 (17), 1316-1325.
18. Crow, S. E., K. Lajtha, T. R. Filley, C. W. Swanston, R. D. Bowden, and, B. A. Caldwell, (2009a), Sources of plant-derived carbon and stability of organic matter in soil: Implications for global change, Global Change Biol., 15 (8), 2003-2019.
19. Crow, S. E., T. R. Filley, M. McCormick, K. Szlavecz, D. E. Stott, D. Gamblin, and, G. Conyers, (2009b), Earthworms, stand age, and species composition interact to influence particulate organic matter chemistry during forest succession, Biogeochemistry, 92 (1-2), 61-82.
20. Davis, J., and, R. Benner, (2005), Seasonal trends in the abundance, composition and bioavailability of particulate and dissolved organic matter in the Chukchi/Beaufort Seas and western Canada Basin, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 52 (24-26), 3396-3410.
21. Dethleff, D., (2005), Entrainment and export of Laptev Sea ice sediments, Siberian Arctic, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C07009, doi: 10.1029/2004JC002740.
22. Drenzek, N. J., D. B. Montluçon, M. B. Yunker, R. W. Macdonald, and, T. I. Eglinton, (2007), Constraints on the origin of sedimentary organic carbon in the Beaufort Sea from coupled molecular 13C and 14C measurements, Marine Chem., 103 (1-2), 146-162.
23. Dunton, K. H., T. Weingartner, and, E. C. Carmack, (2006), The nearshore western Beaufort Sea ecosystem: Circulation and importance of terrestrial carbon in arctic coastal food webs, Prog Oceanogr., 71 (2-4), 362-378.
24. Eicken, H., (2004). The role of Arctic sea ice in transporting and cycling terrestrial organic matter, in The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean, edited by, R. Stein, and, R. W. Macdonald, pp. 45-53, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany.
25. Eicken, H., I. Dmitrenko, K. Tyshko, A. Darovskikh, W. Dierking, U. Blahak, J. Groves, and, H. Kassens, (2005), Zonation of the Laptev Sea land fast ice cover and its importance in a frozen estuary, Global Planet. Change, 48 (1-3), 55-83.
26. Fabry, V. J., J. B. McClintock, J. T. Mathis, and, J. M. Grebmeier, (2009), Ocean acidification at high latitudes: The Bellweather, Oceanography, 22 (4), 160-171.
27. Feely, R. A., S. C. Doney, and, S. R. Cooley, (2009), Ocean acidification: Present conditions and future changes in a high-CO2 world, Oceanography, 22 (4), 36-47.
28. Forest, A., S. Bélanger, M. Sampei, H. Sasaki, C. Lalande, and, L. Fortier, (2010), Three-year assessment of particulate organic carbon fluxes in Amundsen Gulf (Beaufort Sea): Satellite observations and sediment trap measurements, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 57 (1), 125-142.
29. Forest, A., et al. (2011), Biogenic carbon flows through the planktonic food web of the Amundsen Gulf (Arctic Ocean): A synthesis of field measurements and inverse modeling analyses, Prog. Oceanogr., 91 (4), 410-436.
30. Geladi, P., and, B. R. Kowalski, (1986), Partial least-squares regression-A tutorial, Anal. Chim. Acta, 185, 1-17.
31. Goñi, M. A., and, J. I. Hedges, (1990), Potential applications of cutin-derived Cuo reaction products for discriminating vascular plant tissues in natural environments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54, 3073-3081.
32. Goñi, M. A., and, J. H. Hedges, (1992), Lignin dimers: Structures, distribution and potential geochemical applications, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 4025-4043.
33. Goñi, M. A., and, J. I. Hedges, (1995), Sources and reactivities of marine-derived organic matter in coastal sediments as determined by alkaline CuO oxidation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 2965-2981.
34. Goñi, M., and, S. Montgomery, (2000), Alkaline CuO oxidation with a microwave digestion system: Lignin analyses of geochemical samples, Anal. Chem., 72 (14), 3116-3121.
35. Goñi, M., M. Yunker, R. Macdonald, and, T. Eglinton, (2000), Distribution and sources of organic biomarkers in arctic sediments from the Mackenzie River and Beaufort Shelf, Mar. Chem., 71 (1-2), 23-51.
36. Goñi, M. A., M. J. Teixeira, and, D. W. Perkey, (2003), Sources and distribution of organic matter in a river-dominated estuary (Winyah Bay, SC, USA), Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 57 (5-6), 1023-1048.
37. Goñi, M. A., M. B. Yunker, R. W. Macdonald, and, T. I. Eglinton, (2005), The supply and preservation of ancient and modem components of organic carbon in the Canadian Beaufort Shelf of the Arctic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 93 (1), 53-73.
38. Goñi, M. A., N. Monacci, R. Gisewhite, A. Ogston, J. Crockett, and, C. Nittrouer, (2006), Distribution and sources of particulate organic matter in the water column and sediments of the Fly River Delta, Gulf of Papua (Papua New Guinea), Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 69 (1-2), 225-245.
39. Goñi, M. A., N. Monacci, R. Gisewhite, J. Crockett, C. Nittrouer, A. Ogston, S. R. Alin, and, R. Aalto, (2008), Terrigenous organic matter in sediments from the Fly River delta-clinoform system (Papua New Guinea), J. Geophys. Res., 113, F01S10, doi: 10.1029/2006jf000653.
40. Goñi, M. A., H. Aceves, B. Benitez-Nelson, E. Tappa, R. Thunell, D. E. Black, F. Muller-Karger, Y. Astor, and, R. Varela, (2009), Oceanographic and climatologic controls on the compositions and fluxes of biogenic materials in the water column and sediments of the Cariaco Basin over the Late Holocene, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 56 (4), 614-640.
41. Goñi, M. A., J. A. Hatten, R. A. Wheatcroft, and, J. C. Borgeld, (2013), Particulate organic matter export by two contrasting small mountainous rivers from the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A., J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 118, 112-134, doi: 10.1002/jgrg.20024.
42. Grebmeier, J. M., L. W. Cooper, H. M. Feder, and, B. I. Sirenko, (2006), Ecosystem dynamics of the Pacific-influenced Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas in the Amerasian Arctic, Prog. Oceanogr., 71 (2-4), 331-361.
43. Griffith, D. R., A. P. McNichol, L. Xu, F. A. McLaughlin, R. W. Macdonald, K. A. Brown, and, T. I. Eglinton, (2012), Carbon dynamics in the western Arctic Ocean: Insights from full-depth carbon isotope profiles of DIC, DOC, and POC, Biogeosciences, 9 (3), 1217-1224.
44. 15N) composition of dissolved, colloidal, and particulate phases, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 20, GB2011, doi: 10.1029/2005GB002593.
45. Guo, L., C.-L. Ping, and, R. W. Macdonald, (2007), Mobilization pathways of organic carbon from permafrost to arctic rivers in a changing climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13603, doi: 10.1029/2007GL030689.
46. Guo, L., T. Tanaka, D. Wang, N. Tanaka, and, A. Murata, (2004), Distributions, speciation and stable isotope composition of organic matter in the southeastern Bering Sea, Mar. Chem., 91 (1-4), 211-226.
47. Hamilton, P. B., K. Gajewski, D. E. Atkinson, and, D. R. S. Lean, (2001), Physical and chemical limnology of 204 lakes from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Hydrobiologia, 457, 133-148.
48. Hartnett, H. E., R. G. Keil, J. I. Hedges, and, A. H. Devol, (1998), Influence of oxygen exposure time on organic carbon preservation in continental margin sediments, Nature, 391, 572-574.
49. Hastings, R. H., M. A. Goñi, R. A. Wheatcroft, and, J. C. Borgeld, (2012), A terrestrial organic matter depocenter adjacent to a low-sediment-yield river: The Umpqua River system, Oregon, Cont. Shelf Res., 39-40, 78-91.
50. Hatten, J. A., M. A. Goni, and, R. A. Wheatcroft, (2012), Chemical characteristics of particulate organic matter from a small, mountainous river system in the Oregon Coast Range, USA, Biogeochemistry, 107 (1-3), 43-66.
51. Hedges, J. I., and, D. C. Mann, (1979), The characterization of plant tissues by their cupric oxide oxidation products, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 43, 1803-1807.
52. Hedges, J. I., and, R. G. Keil, (1995), Sedimentary organic matter preservation: An assessment and speculative synthesis, Mar. Chem., 49, 81-115.
53. Hedges, J. I., F. S. Hu, A. H. Devol, H. E. Hartnett, E. Tsamakis, and, R. G. Keil, (1999), Sedimentary organic matter preservation: a test for selective degradation under oxic conditions, Am. J. Sci., 299, 529-555.
54. Holmes, R. M., J. W. McClelland, P. A. Raymond, B. B. Frazer, B. J. Peterson, and, M. Stieglitz, (2008), Lability of DOC transported by Alaskan rivers to the arctic ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03402, doi: 10.1029/2007GL032837.
55. Honjo, S., R. A. Krishfield, T. I. Eglinton, S. J. Manganini, J. N. Kemp, K. Doherty, J. Hwang, T. K. McKee, and, T. Takizawa, (2010), Biological pump processes in the cryopelagic and hemipelagic Arctic Ocean: Canada Basin and Chukchi Rise, Prog. Oceanogr., 85 (3-4), 137-170.
56. Iken, K., B. Bluhm, and, K. Dunton, (2010), Benthic food-web structure under differing water mass properties in the southern Chukchi Sea, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 57 (1-2), 71-85.
57. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 996 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
58. Jorgenson, M. T., and, J. Brown, (2005), Classification of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea Coast and estimation of carbon and sediment inputs from coastal erosion, Geo Mar. Lett., 25 (2-3), 69-80.
59. Keil, R. G., D. B. Montlucon, F. G. Prahl, and, J. I. Hedges, (1994), Sorptive preservation of labile organic matter in marine sediments, Nature, 370, 549-552.
60. Keil, R. G., A. F. Dickens, T. Arnarson, B. L. Nunn, and, A. H. Devol, (2004), What is the oxygen exposure time of laterally transported organic matter along the Washington margin?, Mar. Chem., 92 (1-4), 157-165.
61. Knies, J., S. Brookes, and, C. J. Schubert, (2007), Re-assessing the nitrogen signal in continental margin sediments: New insights from the high northern latitudes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 253, 471-484.
62. Kuzyk, Z. A., M. A. Goni, G. A. Stern, and, R. W. Macdonald, (2008), Sources, pathways and sinks of particulate organic matter in Hudson Bay: Evidence from lignin distributions, Mar. Chem., 112, 215-229.
63. Kuzyk, Z. A., R. W. Macdonald, S. C. Johannessen, C. Gobeil, and, G. A. Stern, (2009), Towards a sediment and organic carbon budget for Hudson Bay, Mar. Geol., 264, 190-208.
64. Lalande, C., J. M. Grebmeier, P. Wassmann, L. W. Cooper, M. V. Flint, and, V. M. Sergeeva, (2007), Export fluxes of biogenic matter in the presence and absence of seasonal sea ice cover in the Chukchi Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 27 (15), 2051-2065.
65. Lantuit, H., et al. (2012), The Arctic coastal dynamics database: A new classification scheme and statistics on Arctic permafrost coastlines, Estuaries Coasts, 35 (2), 383-400.
66. Lavoie, D., R. W. Macdonald, and, K. L. Denman, (2009), Primary productivity and export fluxes on the Canadian shelf of the Beaufort Sea: A modelling study, J. Mar. Syst., 75 (1-2), 17-32.
67. Letscher, R. T., D. A. Hansell, and, D. Kadko, (2011), Rapid removal of terrigenous dissolved organic carbon over the Eurasian shelves of the Arctic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 123 (1-4), 78-87.
68. Lewan, M. D., 1986. Stable carbon isotopes of amorphous kerogens from Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 50, 1583-1591.
69. Macdonald, R., and, C. Gobeil, (2012), Manganese sources and sinks in the Arctic Ocean with reference to periodic enrichments in basin sediments, Aquat. Geochem., 18 (6), 565-591.
70. Macdonald, R. W., A. S. Naidu, M. B. Yunker, and, C. Gobeil, (2004), The Beaufort Sea: Distribution, sources, variability and burial of carbon, in The Arctic Ocean Organic Carbon Cycle, edited by, R. Stein, and, R. W. Macdonald, pp. 177-1998, Springer, Berlin.
71. Macdonald, R. W., L. G. Anderson, J. P. Christensen, L. A. Miller, I. P. Semiletov, and, R. Stein, (2010), Polar margins: The Arctic Ocean, in Carbon and Nutrient Fluxes in Continental Margins: A Global Synthesis, edited by, K. K. Liu, et al., pp. 291-303, Springer, New York.
72. Magen, C., G. Chaillou, S. A. Crowe, A. Mucci, B. Sundby, A. G. Gao, R. Makabe, and, H. Sasaki, (2010), Origin and fate of particulate organic matter in the southern Beaufort Sea-Amundsen Gulf region, Canadian Arctic, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 86 (1), 31-41.
73. Mathis, J. T., N. R. Bates, D. A. Hansell, and, T. Babila, (2009), Net community production in the northeastern Chukchi Sea, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 56 (17), 1213-1222.
74. Mayer, L. M., (1994), Surface area control of organic carbon accumulation in continental shelf sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 1-14.
75. McGuire, A. D., L. G. Anderson, T. R. Christensen, S. Dallimore, L. D. Guo, D. J. Hayes, M. Heimann, T. D. Lorenson, R. W. Macdonald, and, N. Roulet, (2009), Sensitivity of the carbon cycle in the Arctic to climate change, Ecol. Monogr., 79 (4), 523-555.
76. McLaughlin, F. A., and, E. C. Carmack, (2010), Deepening of the nutricline and chlorophyll maximum in the Canada Basin interior, 2003-2009, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L24602, doi: 10.1029/2010GL045459.
77. McNichol, A. P., A. R. Gagnon, G. A. Jones, and, E. A. Osborne, (1992), Illumination of a black box: Analysis of gas composition during graphite target preparation, Radiocarbon, 34, 321-329.
78. Mead, R. N., and, M. A. Goñi, (2008), Matrix protected organic matter in a river dominated margin: A possible mechanism to sequester terrestrial organic matter?, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72 (11), 2673-2686.
79. Meglen, R. R., (1992), Examining large databases: A chemometric approach using principal component analysis, Mar. Chem., 39, 217-237.
80. Meile, C., and, P. van Cappellen, (2005), Particle age distributions and O2 exposure times: Timescales in bioturbated sediments, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, GB3013, doi: 10.1029/2004GB002371.
81. Moline, M. A., N. J. Karnovsky, Z. Brown, G. J. Divoky, T. K. Frazer, C. A. Jacoby, J. J. Torrese, and, W. R. Fraser, (2008), High latitude changes in ice dynamics and their impact on polar marine ecosystems, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1134, 267-319.
82. Moran, S. B., et al. (2005), Seasonal changes in POC export flux in the Chukchi Sea and implications for water column-benthic coupling in Arctic shelves, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 52 (24-26), 3427-3451.
83. Mundy, C. J., et al. (2009), Contribution of under-ice primary production to an ice-edge upwelling phytoplankton bloom in the Canadian Beaufort Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L17601, doi: 10.1029/2009GL038837.
84. Naidu, A., L. Cooper, B. Finney, R. Macdonald, C. Alexander, and, I. Semiletov, (2000), Organic carbon isotope ratios (delta C-13) of Arctic Amerasian Continental shelf sediments, Int. J. Earth Sci., 89 (3), 522-532.
85. Niessen, F., J. Matthiessen, and, R. Stein, (2010), Sedimentary environment and glacial history of the Northwest Passage (Canadian Arctic Archipelago) reconstructed from high-resolution acoustic data, Polarforschung, 79, 65-80.
86. O'Brien, M. C., R. W. Macdonald, H. Melling, and, K. Iseki, (2006), Particle fluxes and geochemistry on the Canadian Beaufort Shelf: Implications for sediment transport and deposition, Cont. Shelf Res., 26 (1), 41-81.
87. O'Brien, M. C., H. Melling, T. F. Pedersen, and, R. W. Macdonald, (2011), The role of eddies and energetic ocean phenomena in the transport of sediment from shelf to basin in the Arctic, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C08001, doi: 10.1029/2010JC006890.
88. O'Brien, M. C., H. Melling, T. F. Pedersen, and, R. W. Macdonald, (2013), The role of eddies on particle flux in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 71, 1-20.
89. Pasqual, C., C. Lee, M. Goni, T. Tesi, A. Sanchez-Vidal, A. Calafat, M. Canals, and, S. Heussner, (2011), Use of organic biomarkers to trace the transport of marine and terrigenous organic matter through the southwestern canyons of the Gulf of Lion, Mar. Chem., 126 (1-4), 1-12.
90. Pelletier, B. R., (1986), Seafloor morphology and sediments, in Canadian Inland Seas, edited by, I. P. Martini, chap. 8, pp. 143- 162, Elsevier, New York.
91. Pelletier, B. R. E., (Ed.) (1987), Marine Science Atlas of the Beaufort Sea: Sediments, Geol. Surv. of Canada, Ottawa.
92. Peulve, S., M. A. Sicre, A. Saliot, J. W. D. Leeuw, and, M. Baas, (1996), Molecular characterization of suspended and sedimentary organic matter in an Arctic delta, Limnol. Oceanogr., 41 (3), 488-497.
93. Pickart, R. S., T. J. Weingartner, L. J. Pratt, S. Zimmermann, and, D. J. Torres, (2005), Flow of winter-transformed Pacific water into the Western Arctic, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 52 (24-26), 3175-3198.
94. Pickart, R. S., G. W. K. Moore, D. J. Torres, P. S. Fratantoni, R. A. Goldsmith, and, J. Y. Yang, (2009), Upwelling on the continental slope of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Storms, ice, and oceanographic response, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C00A13, doi: 10.1029/2008JC005009.
95. Pickart, R. S., M. A. Spall, G. W. K. Moore, T. J. Weingartner, R. A. Woodgate, K. Aagaard, and, K. Shimada, (2011), Upwelling in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Atmospheric forcing and local versus non-local response, Prog. Oceanogr., 88 (1-4), 78-100.
96. Ping, C. L., G. J. Michaelson, L. D. Guo, M. T. Jorgenson, M. Kanevskiy, Y. Shur, F. G. Dou, and, J. J. Liang, (2011), Soil carbon and material fluxes across the eroding Alaska Beaufort Sea coastline, J. Geophys. Res., 116, G02004, doi: 10.1029/2010JG001588.
97. Rachold, V., M. N. Grigoriev, F. E. Are, S. Solomon, E. Reimnitz, H. Kassens, and, M. Antonov, (2000), Coastal erosion vs riverine sediment discharge in the Arctic shelf seas, Int. J. Earth Sci., 89, 450-460.
98. Rachold, V., H. Eicken, V. V. Gordeev, M. N. Grigoriev, H. W. Hubberten, A. P. Lisitzin, V. P. Shevchenko, and, L. Schirmeister, (2004), Modern terrigenous organic carbon input to the Arctic Ocean, in The Arctic Ocean Organic Carbon Cycle, edited by, R. Stein, and, R. W. Macdonald, pp. 33-54, Springer, Berlin.
99. Ransom, B., D. Kim, M. Kastner, and, S. Wainwright, (1998), Organic matter preservation on continental slopes: Importance of mineralogy and surface area, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62 (8), 1329-1345.
100. Richter-Menge, J., et al. (2006), State of the Arctic Report, NOAA OAR Special Report, 36 pp., NOAA/OAR/PMEL, Seattle, Wash.
101. Sanchez-Garcia, L., V. Alling, S. Pugach, J. Vonk, B. van Dongen, C. Humborg, O. Dudarev, I. Semiletov, and, O. Gustafsson, (2011), Inventories and behavior of particulate organic carbon in the Laptev and East Siberian seas, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 25, GB2007, doi: 10.1029/2010GB0038625.
102. Schubert, C. J., and, S. E. Calvert, (2001), Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of marine and terrestrial organic matter in Arctic Ocean sediments: Implications for nutrient utilization and organic matter composition, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 48 (3), 789-810.
103. Sella, G. F., S. Stein, T. H. Dixon, M. Craymer, T. S. James, S. Mazzotti, and, R. K. Dokka, (2007), Observation of glacial isostatic adjustment in "stable" North America with GPS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L02306, doi: 10.1029/2006GL027081.
104. Serreze, M. C., M. M. Holland, and, J. Stroeve, (2007), Perspectives on the Arctic's shrinking sea-ice cover, Science, 315 (5818), 1533-1536.
105. Serreze, M. C., A. P. Barrett, J. C. Stroeve, D. N. Kindig, and, M. M. Holland, (2009), The emergence of surface-based Arctic amplification, Cryosphere, 3 (1), 11-19.
106. Shroyer, E. L., (2012), Turbulent kinetic energy dissipation in Barrow Canyon, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 1012-1021, doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-11-0184.1.
107. Stein, R., and, R. W. Macdonald (Eds.), (2004), The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean, 363 pp., Springer, Berlin.
108. Steinacher, M., F. Joos, and, T. L. Frolicher, (2009), Box 5. Modeling ocean acidification in the Arctic Ocean, Oceanography, 22 (4), 198-199.
109. Stokes, C. R., C. D. Clark, D. A. Darby, and, D. A. Hodgson, (2005), Late pleistocene ice export events into the Arctic Ocean from the M'Clure Strait Ice Stream, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Global Planet. Change, 49 (3-4), 139-162.
110. Stuiver, M., G. W. Pearson, and, T. Braziunas, (1986), Radiocarbon age calibration of marine samples back to 9000 CAL Yr BP, Radiocarbon, 28, 980-1021.
111. Tesi, T., L. Langone, M. A. Goñi, M. Turchetto, S. Miserocchi, and, A. Boldrin, (2008), Source and composition of organic matter in the Bari canyon (Italy): Dense water cascading versus particulate export from the upper ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 55 (2008), 813-831.
112. Tesi, T., P. Puig, A. Palanques, and, M. A. Goñi, (2010), Lateral advection of organic matter in cascading-dominated submarine canyons, Prog. Oceanogr., 84 (3-4), 185-203.
113. Tesi, T., L. Langone, M. A. Goñi, R. A. Wheatcroft, S. Miserocchi, and, L. Bertotti, (2012), Early diagenesis of recently deposited organic matter: A 9-yr time-series study of a flood deposit, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 83, 19-36.
114. Turner, E. C., and, B. S. Kamber, (2012), Arctic bay formation, Borden Basin, Nunavut (Canada): Basin evolution, black shale, and dissolved metal systematics in the Mesoproterozoic ocean, Precambrian Res., 208, 1-18.
115. Vare, L. L., G. Massé, T. R. Gregory, C. W. Smart, and, S. T. Belt, (2009), Sea ice variations in the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago during the Holocene, Quat. Sci. Rev., 28 (13-14), 1354-1366.
116. Vogel, J. J., J. R. Southen, and, D. E. Nelson, (1987), Catalyst and binder effects in the use of filamentous graphite for AMS, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, 29, 50-56.
117. Vogt, C., and, J. Knies, (2009), Sediment pathways in the western Barents Sea inferred from clay mineral assemblages in surface sediments, Norwegian J. Geol., 89, 41-55.
118. Vonk, J. E., V. Alling, L. Rahm, C.-M. Mörth, C. Humborg, and, Ö. Gustafsson, (2012), A centennial record of fluvial organic matter input from the discontinuous permafrost catchment of Lake Torneträsk, J. Geophys. Res., 117, G03018, doi: 10.1029/2011JG001887.
119. Walsh, J. E., J. E. Overland, P. Y. Groisman, and, B. Rudolf, (2011), Ongoing climate change in the Arctic, Ambio, 40, 6-16.
120. Weingartner, T. J., D. J. Cavalieri, K. Aagaard, and, Y. Sasaki, (1998), Circulation, dense water formation, and outflow on the northeast Chukchi shelf, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 7647-7661.
121. Williams, W. J., H. Melling, E. C. Carmack, and, R. G. Ingram, (2008), Kugmallit Valley as a conduit for cross-shelf exchange on the Mackenzie Shelf in the Beaufort Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C02007, doi: 10.1029/2006JC003591.
122. Winkelmann, D., and, J. Knies, (2005), Recent distribution and accumulation of organic carbon on the continental margin west off Spitsbergen, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 6, Q09012, doi: 10.1029/2005GC000916.
123. Yamamoto-Kawai, M., F. A. McLaughlin, and, E. C. Carmack, (2011), Effects of ocean acidification, warming and melting of sea ice on aragonite saturation of the Canada Basin surface water, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L03601, doi: 10.1029/2010GL045501.
124. Yunker, M. B., R. W. Macdonald, D. J. Veltkamp, and, W. J. Cretney, (1995), Terrestrial and marine biomarkers in a seasonally ice-covered Arctic estuary-Integration of multivariate and biomarker approaches, Mar. Chem., 49, 1-50.
125. Yunker, M. B., S. M. Backus, E. Graf Pannatier, D. S. Jeffries, and, R. W. Macdonald, (2002), Sources and significance of alkane and PAH hydrocarbons in Canadian arctic rivers, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 55, 1-31.
126. Yunker, M. B., L. L. Belicka, H. R. Harvey, and, R. W. Macdonald, (2005), Tracing the inputs and fate of marine and terrigenous organic matter in Arctic Ocean sediments: A multivariate analysis of lipid biomarkers, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 52 (24-26), 3478-3508.
127. Yunker, M. B., R. W. Macdonald, L. R. Snowdon, and, B. R. Fowler, (2011), Alkane and PAH biomarkers as tracers of terrigenous organic carbon in Arctic Ocean sediments, Org. Geochem., 42 (9), 1109-1146.
128. Zhang, J. L., Y. H. Spitz, M. Steele, C. Ashjian, R. Campbell, L. Berline, and, P. Matrai, (2010), Modeling the impact of declining sea ice on the Arctic marine planktonic ecosystem, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C10015, doi: 10.1029/2009JC005387.