Vegetative impacts on hydraulics and sediment processes across the fluvial system

Journal of Hydrology

Volumn 505, Issue , 2013, Pages 364-376

  Curran, Joanna Crowe ^a   Hession, W Cully ^b  

^a University of Virginia   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Ecogeomorphology; Flow; Fluvial system; Sediment; Vegetation

Indexed keywords

AQUATIC MACROPHYTES; COMPLICATED SYSTEMS; ECOGEOMORPHOLOGY; FLOW; FLUVIAL SYSTEMS; RESEARCH COLLABORATIONS; RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES; SEDIMENT DEPOSITION;

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; FEEDBACK; HYDRAULICS; RESEARCH; RIVERS; SEDIMENTS;

VEGETATION;

AQUATIC PLANT; BIOMECHANICS; DEPOSITION; FLUVIAL DEPOSIT; FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY; GROWTH; HYDRAULICS; MACROPHYTE; RESTORATION ECOLOGY; REVEGETATION; RIVER BANK; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; VEGETATION;

EID: 84887006692     PISSN: 00221694     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.10.013     Document Type: Review

References (190)

1. Abbe T.B., Montgomery D.R. Large woody debris jams, channel hydraulics and habitat formation in large rivers. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 1996, 12(2-3):201-221.
2. Abt S.R., Clary W.P., Thornton C.I. Sediment deposition and entrapment in vegetated streambeds. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 1994, 120(6):1098-1111.
3. Afzalimehr H., Dey S. Influence of bank vegetation and gravel bed on velocity and Reynolds stress distributions. International Journal of Sediment Research 2009, 24(2):236-246. 10.1016/S1001-6279(09)60030-5.
4. Allmendinger N.E., Pizzuto J., Potter N., Johnson T.E., Hession W.C. The influence of riparian vegetation on stream width, eastern Pennsylvania, USA. GSA Bulletin 2005, 117(1/2):229-243.
5. Anderson B.G. Quantifying the Interaction Between Riparian Vegetation and Flooding: From Cross-Section to Catchment Scale 2006, School of Anthropology, Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
6. Anderson, B.G., Andersen, S., Bishop, W.A., editors, 2007. Hydraulic Analysis Report. Report by Water Technology to Price Merrett Consulting for the North Central CMA. Huntly, Victoria, pp. 1-39.
7. Anderson B.G., Rutherfurd I.D. An analysis of the influence of riparian vegetation on the propagation of flood waves. Environmental Modelling and Software 2006, 21(9):1290-1296.
8. Anderson R.J., Bledsoe B.P., Hession W.C. Width of streams and rivers in response to vegetation, bank material, and other factors. Journal of the AWRA 2004, 40:1159-1172.
9. Andrea D. The mutual influence of biotic and abiotic components on the long-term ecomorphodynamic evolution of salt-marsh ecosystems. Geomorphology 2011, 126(3-4):269-278. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.04.027.
10. Antonarakis A.S., Richards K.S. Determining leaf area index and leafy tree roughness using terrestrial laser scanning. Water Resources Research 2010, 46(6):W06510.
11. Arcement G.J., Schneider V.R. Guide for selecting Manning's roughness coefficients for natural channels and floodplains. USGS Water Supply Paper 1989, 2339:1-67.
12. Armanini A., Righetti M., Grisenti P. Direct measurement of vegetation resistance in prototype scale. Journal of Hydraulic Research 2005, 43(5):481-487. 10.1080/00221680509500146.
13. Asaeda T., Rajapakse L., Kanoh M. Fine sediment retention as affected by annual shoot collapse: Sparganium erectum as an ecosystem engineer in a lowland stream. River Research and Applications 2010, 26(9):1153-1169. 10.1002/rra.1322.
14. Bal K.D., Meire P. The influence of macrophyte cutting on the hydraulic resistance of lowland rivers. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 2009, 47:65-68.
15. Baptist M.J., 2003. A flume experiment on sediment transport with flexible, submerged vegetation. International workshop on Riparin Forest vegetated channels: hydraulic, morphological, and ecological aspects. 20-22 February, 2003.
16. Beisel J., Usseglio-Polatera P., Moreteau J. The spatial heterogeneity of a river bottom: a key factor determining macroinvertebrate communities. Hydrobiologia 2000, 422:163-171.
17. Bennett S.J., Pirim T., Barkdoll B.D. Using simulated emergent vegetation to alter stream flow direction within a straight experimental channel. Geomorphology 2002, 44:115-126.
18. Riparian Vegetation and Fluvial Geomorphology 2004, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. S.J. Bennett, A. Simon (Eds.).
19. Bennett S.J., Wu W., Alonso C.V., Wang S.S.Y. Modeling fluvial response to in-stream woody vegetation: implications for stream corridor restoration. Earth Surface Processes Landforms 2008, 33(6):890-909. 10.1002/esp.1581.
20. Bernhardt E.S., Palmer M.A., Allan J.D., Alexander G., Barnas K., Brooks S., Carr J., Clayton S., Dahm C., Follstad-Shah J., Galat D., Gloss S., Goodwin P., Hart D., Hassett B., Jenkinson R., Katz S., Kondolf G.M., Lake P.S., Lave R., Meyer J.L., O'Donnell T.K., Pagano L., Powell B., Sudduth E. Synthesizing US river restoration efforts. Science 2005, 308:636-637.
21. Bledsoe B.P., Carney S.K., Anderson R.J., 2011. Scale-dependent effects of bank vegetation on channel processes: field data, computational fluid dynamics modeling, and restoration design, In: Simon A., Bennett S.J., Castro J.M. (Eds.), Stream Restoration in Dynamic Fluvial Systems: Scientific Approaches, Analyses, and Tools. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
22. Bornette G., Puijalon S. Response of aquatic plants to abiotic factors: a review. Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries 2011, 73(1):1-14. 10.1007/s00027-010-0162-7.
23. Bos A., Bouma T., de Kort G., van Katwijk M. Ecosystem engineering by annual intertidal seagrass beds: sediment accretion and modification. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 2007, 74:344-348.
24. Bouma T.J., van Duren L.A., Temmerman S., Claverie T., Blanco-Garcia A., Ysebaert T., Herman P.M.J. Spatial flow and sedimentation patterns within patches of epibenthic structures: combining field, flume and modelling experiments. Continental Shelf Research 2007, 27(8):1020-1045. 10.1016/j.csr.2005.12.019.
25. Braudrick C.A., Dietrich W.E., Leverich G.T., Sklar L.S. Experimental evidence for the conditions necessary to sustain meandering in coarse-bedded rivers. Proceedings of the National Academies of Science 2009, 106(40):16936-16941.
26. Champion P.D., Tanner C.C. Seasonality of macrophytes and interaction with flow in a New Zealand lowland stream. Hydrobiologia 2000, 441(1):1-12.
27. Chen Z., Ortiz A., Zong L., Nepf H.M. The wake structure behind a porous obstruction and its implications for deposition near a finite patch of emergent vegetation. Water Resources Research 2012, 48:W09517. 10.1029/2012WR012224.
28. Chen S., Kuo Y., Li Y. Flow characteristics within different configurations of submerged flexible vegetation. Journal of Hydrology 2011, 398(1-2):124-134. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.12.018.
29. Coby D.M., Mason D.C., Horritt M.S., Bates P.D. Two dimensional hydraulic flood modeling using a finite element mesh decomposed according to vegetation and topographic features derived from airborne scanning laser altimetry. Hydrological Processes 2002, 17(10):1977-2000.
30. Coon W.F. Estimation of Roughness Coefficients for Natural Stream Channels with Vegetated Banks 1998, United States Geological Survey, Washington, DC, p. 145.
31. Cotton J.A., Wharton G., Bass J.A.B., Heppell C.M., Wotton R.S. The effects of seasonal changes to in-stream vegetation cover on patterns of flow and accumulation of sediment. Geomorphology 2006, 77(3-4):320-334. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.01.010.
32. Cowen W.L. Estimating hydraulic roughness coefficients. Agricultural Engineering 1956, 37:473-475.
33. Crosato A., Saleh M.S. Numerical study on the effects of floodplain vegetation on river planform style. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2011, 36(6):711-720. 10.1002/esp.2088.
34. Curran J.C. Mobility of large woody debris (LWD) jams in a low gradient channel. Geomorphology 2010, 116(3-4):320-329. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.11.027.
35. Darby S.E. Reappraising the geomorphology-ecology link. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2011, 35(3):368-371.
36. Darby S.E. Effect of riparian vegetation on flow resistance and flood potential. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 1999, 125(5):443-454.
37. Darby S.E., Thorne C.R. Fluvial maintenance operations in managed alluvial rivers. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 1995, 5(1):37-54.
38. Darby, S.E., Trieu, H.Q., Carling, P.A., Sarkkula, J., Koponen, J., Kummu, M., Conlan, I., Leyland, J., 2010. A physically based model to predict hydraulic erosion of fine-grained riverbanks: the role of form roughness in limiting erosion. Journal of Geophysical Research 115, (F04003), 1-20. doi: . doi:10.1029/2010JF001708.
39. Davies-Colley R.J. Stream channels are narrower in pasture than forest. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 1997, 31:599-608.
40. Defina, A., Bixio, A.C., 2005. Mean flow and turbulence in vegetated open channel flow. Water resources research 41, (W07006), doi: . doi:10.1029/2004WR003475.
41. Uncertainty in River Flood Conveyance, Phase 2: Conveyance Manual 2003, Defra/Environment Agency, Wallingford, UK. Defra/EA (Ed.).
42. Dehsorkhi E.N., Afzalimehr H., Singh V.P. Effect of bed forms and vegetated banks on velocity distributions and turbulent flow structure. Journal Hydrological Engineering 2011, 16(6):495-507.
43. Diaz R.G. Analysis of manning coefficient for small-depth flows on vegetated beds. Hydrological Processes 2005, 19(16):3221-3233.
44. Downes B.J., Lake P.S., Glaister A., Webb J.A. Scales and frequencies of disturbances: rock size, bed packing and variation among upland streams. Freshwater Biology 1998, 40:625-639.
45. Eaton, B. editor, 2007. The University of British Columbia Regime Model (UBCRM) Draft User's Manual. University of British Columbia. Vancouver, Canada, pp. 1-35.
46. Fathi-Moghadam M., Kashefipour M., Ebrahimi N., Emamgholizadeh S. Physical and numerical modeling of submerged vegetation roughness in rivers and flood plains. Journal Hydrological Engineering 2011, 16(11):858-864.
47. Fischenich, C. editor, 2000. Resistance due to vegetation. ERDC TN-EMRRP-SR-07. US Army Engineer Research and Development Center. Vicksburg, MS.
48. Follett E.M., Nepf H.M. Sediment patterns near a model patch of reedy emergent vegetation. Geomorphology 2012, 179:141-151. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.08.006.
49. Forzieri G., Moser G., Vivoni E.R., Castelli F., Canovaro F. Riparian vegetation mapping for hydraulic roughness estimation using very high resolution remote sensing data fusion. Journal Hydrological Engineering 2010, 136(11):855-867.
50. Fox, J.F., Belcher, B.J., 2009. Comparison of LSPIV, ADV, and PIV data that is decomposed to measure the structure of turbulence over a gravel-bed. 33rd IAHR Congress: Water Engineering for a Sustainable Environment. Vancouver, BC, August 9-14, 2009.
51. Freeman,G.E., Rahmeyer,W.H., Copeland,R.R. editors, 2000. Determination of resistance due to shrubs and woody vegetation. US Army Corps of Engineers. Washington, DC, p.p. 1-63.
52. Gacia E., Granata T.C., Duarte C.M. An approach to measurement of particle flux and sediment retention within seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadows. Aquatic Botany 1999, 65(1-4):255-268. 10.1016/S0304-3770(99)00044-3.
53. Geerling G.W., Labrador-Garcia M., Clevers J.G.P.W., Ragas A.M.J., Smits A.J.M. Classification of floodplain vegetation by data fusion of spectral (CASI) and LiDAR data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 2007, 28(19):4263-4284.
54. Ghisalberti M., Nepf H. Mass transport in vegetated shear flows. Environmental Fluid Mechanics 2005, 5(6):527-551.
55. Girard P., Fantin-Cruz I., Loverde de Oliveira S.M., Hamilton S.K. Small-scale spatial variation of inundation dynamics in a floodplain of the Pantanal (Brazil). Hydrobiologia 2010, 638(1):223-233.
56. Green J.C. Effect of macrophyte spatial variability on channel resistance. Advances in Water Resources 2006, 29(3):426-438. 10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.05.010.
57. Green J.C. Velocity and turbulence distribution around lotic macrophytes. Aquatic Ecology 2005, 39(1):1-10.
58. Gregory, K.J., 1992. Vegetation and river channel processes, In: Boon P.J., Calow P., Petts G.E., (Eds.), River Conservation and Management. Wiley, Chichester, pp. 255-269.
59. Gregory, K.J., Gurnell, A.M., 1988. Vegetation and river channel form and process, In: Viles H.A., (Eds.), Biogeomorphology. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, UK, p. 11-42.
60. Gurnell A.M., van Oosterhout M.P., de Vlieger B., Goodson J.M. Reach-scale interactions between aquatic plants and physical habitat: River Frome, Dorset. River Research and Applications 2006, 22(6):1535.
61. Gurnell A.M., O'Hare J.M., O'Hare M.T., Dunbar M.J., Scarlett P.M. An exploration of associations between assemblages of aquatic plant morphotypes and channel geomorphological properties within British rivers. Geomorphology 2010, 116(1-2):135-144. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.10.014.
62. Hart D.P. High-speed PIV analysis using compressed image correlation. Journal of Fluids Engineering 1998, 120:463-470.
63. Hassett B., Palmer M., Bernhardt E., Smith S., Carr J., Hart D. Restoring watersheds project by project: trends in Chesapeake Bay tributary restoration. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2005, 3(5):259-267.
64. Helmio, T., 2004. Flow resistance due to lateral momentum transfer in partially vegetated rivers. Water Resources Research 40, (W05206), 1-10. doi: . doi:10.1029/2004WR003058.
65. Helmio T. Unsteady 1D flow model of compound channel with vegetated floodplains. Journal of Hydrology 2002, 269(1-2):89-99.
66. Heppell C.M., Wharton G., Cotton J.A.C., Bass J.A.B., Roberts S.E. Sediment storage in the shallow hyporheic of lowland vegetated river reaches. Hydrological Processes 2009, 23(15):2239-2251. 10.1002/hyp.7283.
67. Hession, W.C., McBride, M., Pizzuto, J.E., 2008. Riparian vegetation influence on channel morphology. AWRA Summer Specialty Conference, Riparian Ecosystems and Buffers: Working at the Water's Edge. Virginia Beach, VA, 2008.
68. Hession W.C., Pizzuto J.E., Johnson T.E., Horwitz R.J. Influence of bank vegetation on channel morphology in rural and urban watersheds. Geology 2003, 31:147-150.
69. Hession W.C., Curran J.C., Resler L.M., Wynn T.M. Preface: geomorphology and vegetation: interactions, dependencies, and feedback loops. Geomorphology 2010, 116(3-4):203-205. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.12.004.
70. Hey R.D., Thorne C.R. Stable channels with mobile gravel beds. ASCE Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 1986, 112(8):671-689.
71. Hopkinson L.C., Wynn T.M. Vegetation impacts on near bank flow. Ecohydrology 2009, 2:404-418.
72. Hughes, F.M.R., Moss, T.M., Richards, K.S., 2008. Uncertainty in riparian and floodplain restoration, In: Darby, S.E., Sear D.A., (Eds.), River Restoration - Managing the Uncertainty in Restoring Physical Habitat. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., West Sussex, England, pp. 79-104.
73. Hurther, D., Mignot, E., Barthelemy, E., 2009. On the structure of turbulent and dispersive shear and associated Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) flux across the roughness sublayer of a gravel-bed open-channel flow. 33rd IAHR Congress: Water engineering for a sustainable environment. Vancouver, BC, August 9-14, 2009.
74. James, C.S., Birkhead, A.L., Jordanova, A.A., O'Sullivan, J.J., 2004. Flow resistance of emergent vegetation. Journal of Hydraulic Research 42, (4), 390-8. doi: . doi:10.1080/00221686.2004.9641206.
75. Jarvela J. Effect of submerged flexible vegetation on flow structure and resistance. Journal of Hydrology 2005, 307(1-4):233-241.
76. Jarvela J. Flow Resistance in Environmental Channels: Focus on Vegetation 2004, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.
77. Jarvela J. Flow resistance of flexible and stiff vegetation: a flume study with natural plants. Journal of Hydrology 2002, 269:44-54.
78. Jennings, G.D., Harman, W.A., Clinton, D.R., Patterson, J.L. editors, 1999. Stream restoration design experiences in North Carolina. ASAE Paper 99-2022. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. St. Joseph, MI.
79. Jin C.X., Romkens M.J.M., Griffioen F. Estimating Manning's roughness coefficient for shallow overland flow in non-submerged vegetative filter strips. Transactions of the ASAE 2001, 43(6):1459-1466.
80. Johnson S.L. Factors influencing stream temperatures in small streams: substrate effects and a shading experiment. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2004, 61:913-923.
81. Jones J.I., Collins A.L., Naden P.S., Sear D.A. The relationship between fine sediment and macrophytes in rivers. River Research and Applications 2011, 1-13. 10.1002/rra.1486.
82. Jordanova A.A., James C.S. Experimental study of bed load transport through emergent vegetation. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2003, 129(6):474-478.
83. Kadlec R.H. Overland flow in wetlands: vegetation resistance. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 1990, 116(5):691-706.
84. Kim, S.J., Stoesser, T., 2011. Closure modeling and direct simulation of vegetation drag in flow through emergent vegetation. Water Resources Research 47, (W10511), 1-15. 10.1029/2011WR010561.
85. Klaar, M.J., Maddock, I., Milner, A.M., 2009. The development of hydraulic and geomorphic complexity in recently formed streams in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. River Research and Applications 25, (10), 1331-8. doi: . doi:10.1002/rra.1235.
86. Kleeberg A., Kohler J., Sukhodolova T., Sukhodolov A. Effects of aquatic macrophytes on organic matter deposition, resuspension and phosphorus entrainment in a lowland river. Freshwater Biology 2010, 55(2):326-345. 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02277.x.
87. Kouwen, N., Unny, T.E., Hill, H.M., 1969. Flow retardance in vegetated channels. Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division 95, (IR2 Proceedings Paper 6633), 329-42.
88. Kouwen N. Field estimation of the biomechanical properties of grass. Journal of Hydraulic Research 1988, 26(5):559-568. 10.1080/00221688809499193.
89. Kwan S. A Two Dimensional Hydrodynamic River Morphology and Gravel Transport Model 2009, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
90. Lacy J.R., Wyllie-Echeverria S. The influence of current speed and vegetation density on flow structure in two macrotidal eelgrass canopies. Limnology and Oceanography 2011, 1:38-55.
91. Langendoen, E.J., 2011. Application of the CONCEPTS channel evolution model in stream restoration strategies, In: Simon A., Bennett S.J., Castro J.M., (Eds.), Stream Restoration in Dynamic Fluvial Systems: Scientific Approaches, Analyses, and Tools. Geophysical Monograph Series 194 ed. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 487-502.
92. Langendoen, E.J., Simon, A., Thomas, R.E., 2001. CONCEPTS - a process based modeling tool to evaluate stream-corridor restoration designs. Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration: Designing successful stream and wetland restoration projects. Reno, NV, August 27-31, 2001.
93. Langendoen E.J., Wells R.R., Thomas R.E., Simon A., Bingner R.L. Modeling the evolution of incised streams III: Model application. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2009, 135(6):476-486. 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000029.
94. Larsen L.G., Harvey J.W. Modeling of hydroecological feedbacks predicts distinct classes of landscape pattern, process, and restoration potential in shallow aquatic ecosystems. Geomorphology 2011, 126(3-4):279-296.
95. Lawler D.M. Advances in the continuous monitoring of erosion and deposition dynamics: developments and applications of the new PEEP-3T system. Geomorphology 2008, 93(1-2):17-39. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.12.016.
96. Leopold L.B. A View of the River 1994, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
97. Leopold L.B., Wolman M.G., Miller J.P. Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology 1964, W.H. Freeman, New York, p. 522.
98. Li, S.S., Millar, R.G., 2010. A two-dimensional morphodynamic model of gravel-bed river with floodplain vegetation. Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms n/a, n/a. doi:10.1002/esp.2033.
99. Li S.S., Millar R.G. A two-dimensional morphodynamic model of gravel-bed river with floodplain vegetation. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2011, 36(2):190-202. 10.1002/esp.2033.
100. Limerinos J.T. Determination of the Manning Coefficient from Measrued Bed Roughness in Natural Channels 1970, United States Geological Survey, Washington, DC, p. 53.
101. Liu, D., Diplas, P., Faribanks, J.D., Hodges, C.C., 2008. An experimental study of flow through rigid vegetation. JGR Earth Surface 113, (F04015), . doi:10.1029/2008JF001042.
102. Manning R. On the flow of water in open channels and pipes. Transactions of the Institute of Civil Engineers of Ireland 1890, 161-207.
103. McBride, M., Hession, W.C., Rizzo, D.M., Thompson, D.M., 2007. The influence of riparian vegetation on near-bank turbulence: a flume experiment. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 32, (13), 2019-37. doi:10.1002/esp.1513.
104. McBride M., Hession W.C., Rizzo D.M. Riparian reforestation and channel change: how long does it take?. Geomorphology 2010, 116(3-4):330-340. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.11.014.
105. McBride M., Hession W.C., Rizzo D.M. Riparian reforestation and channel change: a case study of two small tributaries to Sleepers River, northeastern Vermont, USA. Geomorphology 2008, 102(3-4):445-459.
106. Meyer-Peter, E., Mueller, R., 1948. Formulation for bed load transport. 2nd Congress, International Association of Hydraulic Research.
107. Millar R.G. Influence of bank vegetation on alluvial channel patterns. Water Resources Research 2000, 36(4):1109-1118.
108. Millar, R.G., Eaton, B.C., 2011. Bank vegetation, bank strength, and application of the University of British Columbia regime model to stream restoration, In: Simon A., Bennett S.J., Castro J.M., (Eds.), Stream Restoration in Dynamic Fluvial Systems: Scientific Approaches, Analyses, and Tools. Geophysical Monograph Series 194 ed. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 475-485.
109. Moody J.A., Pizzuto J.E., Meade R.H. Ontology of a floodplain. GSA Bulletin 1999, 111:291-303.
110. Mosselman E. Morphological modelling of rivers with erodible banks. Journal Hydrological Processes 1998, 12:1357-1370.
111. Moulin B., Schenk E.R., Hupp C.R. Distribution and characterization of in-channel large wood in relation to geomorphic patterns on a low-gradient river. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2011, 36(9):1137-1151. 10.1002/esp.2135.
112. Mudd, S.M., D'Alpaos, A., Morris, J.T., 2010. How does vegetation affect sedimentation on tidal marshes? Investigating particle capture and hydrodynamic controls on biologically mediated sedimentation. Journal of Geophysical Research 110, (F03029), 14. 10.1029/2009JF001566.
113. Muhar, S., 1996. Habitat improvement of Austrian rivers with regard to different scales. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management 12, (4-5), 471-82. 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199607)12:4/5<471::AID-RRR4033.0.CO;2-F.
114. N.R.C., 2007. River Science at the US Geological Survey, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
115. N.R.C., 2002. Riparian Areas: Functions and Strategies for Management.
116. N.R.C. Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, Technology and Public Policy 1992, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
117. Naot, D., Nezu, I., Nakagawa, H., 1996. Naot, D., Nezu, I., et al. (1996). Hydrodynamic behavior of partly vegetated open channels. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 122: 625-633. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 122, 625-633.
118. Nepf H.M. Drag, turbulence, and diffusion in flow through emergent vegetation. Water Resources Research 1999, 35(2):479-489.
119. Nepf H.M., Ghisalberti M. Flow and transport in channels with submerged vegetation. Acta Geophysica 2008, 56(3):753-777.
120. Nepf H.M., Sullivan J.A., Zavistoski R.A. A model for diffusion within emergent vegetation. Limnology and Oceanography 1997, 42(8):1735-1745.
121. Nepf, H.M., Vivoni, E.R., 2000. Flow structure in depth-limited, vegetated flow. Journal of Geophysical Research 105, (C12), 28547-57.
122. Nepf H.M. Flow and transport in regions with aquatic vegetation. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 2012, 44(1):123-142. 10.1146/annurev-fluid-120710-101048.
123. Nikora V.I., McEwan I., McLean S., Coleman S., Pokrajac D., Walters R. Double-averaging concept for rough bed open channel and overland flows: theoretical background. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2007, 133(8):873-883.
124. Nikora V.I., McLean S., Coleman S., Pokrajac D., McEwan I., Campbell L., Aberle J., Clunie D., Koll K. Double averaging concept for rough bed open channel and overland flows: applications. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2007, 133(8):884-895.
125. Nikora V. Hydrodynamics of aquatic ecosystems: an interface between ecology, biomechanics and environmental fluid mechanics. River Research and Applications 2010, 26(4):367-384. 10.1002/rra.1291.
126. Noe G.B., Hupp C.R. Retention of riverine sediment and nutrient loads by coastal plain floodplains. Ecosystems 2009, 12:728-746.
127. Osterkamp W.R., Hupp C.R. Geomorphic and vegetative characteristics along three northern Virgina streams. GSA Bulletin 1984, 95:1093-1101.
128. Osterkamp W.R., Hupp C.R. Fluvial processes and vegetation - glimpses of the past, the present, and perhaps the future. Geomorphology 2010, 116(3-4):274-285. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.11.018.
129. Osterkamp W.R., Hupp C.R., Stoffel M. The interactions between vegetation and erosion: new directions for research at the interface of ecology and geomorphology. Earth Surface Processes Landforms 2012, 37(1):23-36. 10.1002/esp.2173.
130. Parker C., Simon A., Thorne C.R. The effects of variability in bank material properties on riverbank stability: Goodwin Creek, v. Geomorphology 2008, 101(4):533-543.
131. Pasche E., Rouve G. Overbank flow with vegetatively roughened flood plains. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 1985, 111(9):1262-1278.
132. Perignon, M.C., Tucker, G.E., Griffin, E.R., Friedman, J.M., 2013. Effects of riparian vegetation on topographic change during a large flood event, Rio Puerco, New Mexico, USA. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface n/a, n/a. doi:10.1002/jgrf.20073.
133. Perucca E., Camporeale C., Ridolfi L. Estimation of the dispersion coefficient in rivers with riparian vegetation. Advances in Water Resources 2009, 32(1):78-87. 10.1016/j.advwatres.2008.10.007.
134. Petryk S. Drag on Cylinders in Open Channel Flow 1969, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
135. Petryk, S., Bosmajian, G., 1975. Analysis of flow through vegetation. J. Hydraulics Division 101, (HY7), 871-884.
136. Phillips J.D. Fluvial sediment storage in wetlands. Water Resources Bulletin 1989, 25:867-873.
137. Pizzuto J., O'Neal M., Stotts S. On the retreat of forested, cohesive riverbanks. Geomorphology 2010, 116(3-4):341-352. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.11.008.
138. Pollen-Bankhead N., Simon A. Hydrologic and hydraulic effects of riparian root networks on streambank stability: is mechanical root-reinforcement the whole story?. Geomorphology 2010, 116(3-4):353-362. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.11.013.
139. Pollen-Bankhead N., Simon A. Enhanced application of root-reinforcement algorithms for bank-stability modeling. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2009, 34(4):471-480. 10.1002/esp.1690.
140. Regina T., B., 1992. The influence of substratum and water velocity on growth of Ranunculus aquatilis L. (Ranunculaceae). Aquatic Botany 42, (4), 351-9. doi:10.1016/0304-3770(92)90054-M.
141. Reidenbach, M. A., Limm, M., Hondzo, M., & Stacey, M. T., 2010. Effects of bed roughness on boundary layer mixing and mass flux across the sedimentwater interface. Water Resources Research, 46(W07530), . doi:10.1029/2009WR008248.
142. Reinhardt L., Jerolmack D., Cardinale B.J., Vanacker V., Wright J. Dynamic interactions of life and its landscape: feedbacks at the interface of geomorphology and ecology. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2010, 35:78-101.
143. Richard G.A., Julien P.Y., Baird D.C. Statistical analysis of lateral migration of the Rio Grande, New Mexico. Geomorphology 2005, 71:139-155.
144. Righetti M., Armanini A. Flow resistance in open channel flows with sparsely distributed bushes. Journal of Hydrology 2002, 269(1-2):55-64. 10.1016/S0022-1694(02), 00194-4.
145. Rominger J.T., Lightbody A.F., Nepf H.M. Effects of added vegetation on sand bar stability and stream hydrodynamics. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2010, 136(12):997-1002.
146. Rosgen D. Applied River Morphology 1996, Wildland Hydrology, Pagosa Springs CO.
147. Sand-Jensen K. Influence of submerged macrophytes on sediment composition and near-bed flow in lowland streams. Freshwater Biology 1998, 39:663-667.
148. Sand-Jensen K., Madsen T. Patch dynamics of the stream macrophyte, Callitriche cophocarpa. Freshwater Biology 1992, 27:277-282.
149. Sand-Jensen K., Pedersen O. Velocity gradients and turbulence around macrophyte stands in streams. Freshwater Biology 1999, 42(2):315-328. 10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.444495.x.
150. Serra T., Fernando H.J.S., Rodriguez R.V. Effects of emergent vegetation on lateral diffusion in wetlands. Water Research 2004, 38:139-147.
151. Sharpe R.G., James C.S. Deposition of sediment from suspension in emergent vegetation. Water SA 2006, 32(2):211-218.
152. Shields, F.D., Bowie, A.J., Cooper, C.M., 1995. Control of stream bank erosion due to bed degradation with vegetation and structure. JAWRA 31, (3), 475-89. doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1995.tb04035.x.
153. Shiono K., Knight D.W. Turbulent open-channel flows with variable depth across the channel. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1991, 222:617-646.
154. Shucksmith, J.D., Boxall, J.B., Guymer, I., 2011a. Determining longitudinal dispersion coefficients for submerged vegetated flow. Water Resources Research 47, (W10516), 1-13. 10.1029/2011WR010547.
155. Shucksmith, J.D., Boxall, J.B., Guymer, I., 2010. Effects of emergent and submerged natural vegetation on longitudinal mixing in open channel flow. Water Resources Research 46, (W04504), 10.1029/2008WR007657.
156. Shucksmith J.D., Boxall J.B., Guymer I. Bulk flow resistance in vegetated channels: analysis of momentum balance approaches based on data obtained in aging live vegetation. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers 2011, 137(12):1624-1635.
157. Simon A., Collison A.J.C. Quantifying the mechanical and hydrologic effects of riparian vegetation on streambank stability. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2002, 27:527-546.
158. Simon A., Curini A., Darby S.E., Langendoen E.J. Bank and near-bank processes in an incised channel. Geomorphology 2000, 35(3-4):193-217. 10.1016/S0169-555X(00), 00036-2.
159. Simon A., Dickerson W., Heins A. Suspended-sediment transport rates at the 1.5-year recurrence interval for ecoregionson the United States: transport coniditons at the bankfull and effective discharge?. Geomorphology 2004, 58:243-262.
160. Simon, A., Pollen-Bankhead, N., Thomas, R.E., 2011. Development and application of a deterministic bank stability and toe erosion model for stream restoration, In: Simon A., Bennett S.J., Castro J.M., (Eds.), Stream Restoration in Dynamic Fluvial Systems: Scientific Approaches, Analyses, and Tools. Geophysical Monograph Series 194 ed. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 453-474.
161. Siniscalchi F., Nikora V.I., Aberle J. Plant patch hydrodynamics in streams: mean flow, turbulence, and drag forces. Water Resources Research 2012, 48(1):W01513. 10.1029/2011WR011050.
162. Souliotis D., Prinos P. Turbulence in vegetated flows: volume-averaging analysis and modelling aspects. Acta Geophysica 2008, 56(3):894-917.
163. Steiger J., Gurnell A.M., Goodson J.M. Quantifying and characterizing contemporary riparian sedimentation. River Research and Applications 2003, 19:335-352.
164. Stephan U., Gutknecht D. Hydraulic resistance of submerged flexible vegetation. Journal of Hydrology 2002, 269:27-43.
165. Stoesser T., Kim S.J., Diplas P. Turbulent flow through idealized emergent vegetation. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2010, 136(12):1003-1017.
166. Sullivan S.M.P., Watzin M.C., Hession W.C. Influence of stream geomorphic condition on fish communities in Vermont, USA. Freshwater Biology 2006, 51(10):1811-1826.
167. Tal M., Paola C. Dynamic single-thread channels maintained by the interaction of flow and vegetation. Geology 2007, 35(4):347-350.
168. Thorne S.D., Furbish D.J. Influences of coarse bank roughness on flow within a sharply curved river bend. Geomorphology 1995, 12(3):241-257. 10.1016/0169-555X(95)00007-R.
169. Thornton C.I., Abt S.R., Morris C.E., Fischenich J.C. Calculating shear stress at channel-overbank interfaces in straight channels with vegetated floodplains. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2000, 126(12):99-936.
170. Trimble, S.W., 2004. Effects of riparian vegetation on stream channel stability and sediment budgets, In: Bennett S.J., Simon A. (Eds.), Riparian Vegetation and Fluvial Geomorphology. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 153-169.
171. Tsujimoto T. Fluvial processes in streams with vegetation. Journal of Hydraulic Research 1999, 37(6):789-803.
172. Riparian Forest Buffers: Linking Land and Water. Chesapeake Bay Program 1999, US Environmental Protection Agency. Annapolis, MD, p. 16. U.S. E.P.A. (Ed.).
173. van Katwijk M., Bos A., Hermus D., Suykerbuyk W. Sediment modification by seagrass beds: muddification and sandification induced by plant cover and environmental conditions. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Sciences 2010, 89:175-181.
174. Wang C., Wang P. Hydraulic resistance characteristics of riparian reed zone in river. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 2007, 12(3):267-272.
175. Wang, C., Yu, J., Wang, P., Guo, P., 2009. Flow structure of partly vegetated open-channel flows with eelgrass. Journal of Hydrodynamics, Ser. B 21, (3), 301-7. doi: . doi:10.1016/S1001-6058(08)60150-X.
176. Wharton G., Cotton J.A., Wotton R.S., Bass J.A.B., Heppell C.M., Trimmer M., Sanders I.A., Warren L.L. Macrophytes and suspension-feeding invertebrates modify flows and fine sediments in the Frome and Piddle catchments, Dorset (UK). Journal of Hydrology 2006, 330(1-2):171-184. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.034.
177. Wheaton J.M., Gibbins C., Wainwright J., Larsen L., McElroy B. Preface: multiscale feedbacks in ecogeomorphology. Geomorphology 2011, 126(3-4):265-268.
178. White, B.L., Nepf, H.M., 2008. A vortex-based model of velocity and shear stress in a partially vegetated shallow channel. Water Resources Research 44, (W10412), 10.1029/2006WR005651.
179. Wilcock P.R., Crowe J.C. Surface-based transport model for mixed-size sediment. ASCE Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2003, 129(2):120-128.
180. Wilson C.A.M.E. Flow resistance models for flexible submerged vegetation. Journal of Hydrology 2007, 342:213-222.
181. Wong M., Parker G. Reanalysis and correction of bed-load relation of Meyer-Peter and Muller using their own database. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2006, 132(11):1159-1169.
182. Wormleaton, P.R., 1998. Floodplain secondary circulations a mechanism for flow and shear stress redistribution in straight and compound channels, In: Ashworth P., Bennett S., Best J.L., McLelland S. (Eds.), Coherent Flow Structures in Open Channels. Wiley, pp. 581-608.
183. Wu F., Shen H.W., Chou Y. Variation of roughness coefficients for unsubmerged and submerged vegetation. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 1999, 125(9):934-942.
184. Wynn T.M., Mostaghimi S. Effects of riparian vegetation on stream bank subaerial processes in southwestern Virginia, USA. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2006, 31:399-413.
185. Wynn T.S., Mostaghimi S. The effects of vegetation and soil type on streambank erosion, southwestern Virginia, USA. Journal of AWRA 2006, 42(1):69-82.
186. Yang K., Cao S., Knight D.W. Flow patterns in compound channels with vegetated floodplains. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2007, 133:148-159.
187. Yen B.C. Open channel flow resistance. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2002, 128(1):20-39.
188. Zimmerman R.C., Goodlett J.C., Comer G.H. The Influence of Vegetation on Channel Form of Small Streams 1967, International Association of Scientific Hydrology, Gentbrugge, Belgium, p. 21.
189. Zong L., Nepf H.M. Flow and deposition in and around a finite patch of vegetation. Geomorphology 2010, 116(3-4):363-372. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.11.020.
190. Zong L., Nepf H. Vortex development behind a finite porous obstruction in a channel. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 2012, 691:368. 10.1017/jfm.2011.479.