Distributed primate cognition: A review

Animal Cognition

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 167-183

  Johnson, C M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Distributed cognition; Mental represenation; Primates; Social behavior

Indexed keywords

PRIMATES;

EID: 84886774297     PISSN: 14359448     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s100710100077     Document Type: Review

References (230)

1. Altmann SA (1967) The structure of primate social communication. In: Altmann SA (ed) Social communication among primates. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 325-362.
2. Anderson JR, Sallaberry P, Barbier H (1995) Use of experimentergiven cues during object choice tasks by capuchin monkeys. Anim Behav 49:201-208.
3. Anderson JR, Montant M, Schmitt D (1996) Rhesus monkeys fail to use gaze direction as an experimenter-given cue in an objectchoice task. Behav Proc 37:47-56.
4. Argyle M, Cook M (1976) Gaze and mutual gaze. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
5. Astington J (1996) What is theoretical about the child's theory of mind: a Vygotskian view of its development. In: Caruthers P, Smith PK (eds) Theories of theories of mind. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 184-199.
6. Bard KA (1995) Sensorimotor cognition in young feral orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Primates 36:297-321.
7. Bard KA, Vauclair J (1984) The communicative context of manipulation in ape and human adult-infant pairs. J Hum Evol 13: 181-190.
8. Baron-Cohen S (1995) Mindblindness: an essay on autism and theory of mind. MIT Press, Cambridge
9. Bates E (1979) The emergence of symbols. Academic Press, New York
10. Bateson G (1972) Steps to an ecology of mind. Ballantine, New York
11. Bateson G (1979) Mind and nature: a necessary unity. Dutton, New York
12. Beck BB (1976) Tool use by captive pigtailed monkeys. Primates 13:301-310.
13. Boesch C (1991) Teaching among wild chimpanzees. Anim Behav 41:530-532.
14. Boesch C, Boesch H (1983) Optimization of nut-cracking with natural hammers by wild chimpanzees. Behaviour 83:265-286.
15. Boesch C, Boesch H (1990) Tool use and tool making in wild chimpanzees. Folia Primatol 54:86-99.
16. Boysen ST (1994) Individual differences in the cognitive abilities of chimpanzees. In: Wrangham RW, McGrew WC, Waal FBM de, Heltne PG (eds) Chimpanzee cultures. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp 335-350.
17. Bronfenbrenner U (1979) The ecology of human development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
18. Brothers L, Ring B (1993) Medial temporal neurons in the macaque monkey with responses selective for aspects of social stimuli. Behav Brain Res 57:53-61.
19. Brown AL, Ash D, Rutherford M, Nakagawa K, Gordon A, Campione JC (1993) Distributed expertise in the classroom. In: Salomon G (ed) Distributed cognitions: psychological and educational considerations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 188-228.
20. Bruce C, Desimone R, Gross CG (1981) Visual properties of neurons in a polysensory area in superior temporal sulcus of the macaque. Behav Brain Res 57:53-61.
21. Bruner J (1983) Child's talk. Oxford University Press, Oxford
22. Bruner J (1990) Acts of meaning. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
23. Butterworth G, Jarrett NLM (1991) What minds have in common is space: spatial mechanism serving joint visual attention. Br J Dev Psychol 9:55-72.
24. Byrne RW (1994) The evolution of intelligence. In: Slater PJB, Halliday TR (eds) Behavior and evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 223-265.
25. Byrne RW (1995) The thinking ape: evolutionary origins of intelligence. Oxford University Press, Oxford
26. Byrne RW (1999) Imitation without intentionality. Using string parsing to copy the organization of behaviour. Anim Cogn 2:63-72.
27. Byrne RW, Whiten A (1985) Tactical deception of familiar individuals in baboons (Papio ursinus). Anim Behav 33:669-673.
28. Byrne RW, Whiten A (1988) Machiavellian intelligence: social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes and humans. Oxford University Press, Oxford
29. Byrne RW, Whiten A (1992) Cognitive evolution in primates: evidence from tactical deception. Man 27:609-627.
30. Call J, Tomasello M (1996) The effect of humans on the cognitive development of apes. In: Russon AE, Bard KA, Parker ST (eds) Reaching into thought. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 371-403.
31. Call J, Hare BA, Tomasello M (1998) Chimpanzee gaze following in an object-choice task. Anim Cogn 1:89-99.
32. Calvin WH (1983) A stone's throw and its launch window: timing precision and its implication for language and hominid brains. J Theor Biol 104:121-135.
33. Calvin WH (1993) The unitary hypothesis: a common neural circuitry for novel manipulations, language, plan-ahead and throwing? In: Gibson KR, Ingold T (eds) Tools, language and cognition in human evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 230-250.
34. Caro TM, Hauser MD (1992) Is there teaching in nonhuman animals? Q Rev Biol 67:151-174.
35. Chance MRA (1967) Attention structure as the basis of primate rank orders. Man 2:503-518.
36. Chance MRA, Jolly C (1970) Social groups of monkeys, apes and men. Dutton, New York
37. Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM (1990a) How monkeys see the world. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
38. Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM (1990b) Attending to behavior versus attending to knowledge: examining monkeys' attribution of mental states. Anim Behav 40:742-753.
39. Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Silk JB (1995) The response of female baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) to anomalous social interactions: evidence for causal reasoning. J Comp Psychol 109: 134-141.
40. Clark A (1999) Being there: putting brain, body, and world together again. MIT Press, Cambridge
41. Cole M (1985) The zone of proximal development: where culture and cognition create each other. In: Wertsch JV (ed) Culture communication and cognition: Vygotskian perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 146-161.
42. Cole M (1995) The supra-individual envelope of development: activity and practice, situation and context. In: Goodnow J, Miller P, Kessel F (eds) Cultural practices as contexts for development. Jossey-Boss, New York, pp 71-85.
43. Cole M (1996) Cultural psychology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
44. Cole M, Engestrom Y (1993) A cultural-historical approach to distributed cognition. In: Salomon G (ed) Distributed cognitions: psychological and educational considerations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 146-161.
45. Corkum V, Moore C (1995) Development of joint visual attention in infants. In: Moore C, Dunham PJ (eds) Joint attention. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 61-84.
46. Coussi-Korbel S (1994) Learning to outwit a competitor in mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus torquatus). J Comp Psychol 108:164-171.
47. Coussi-Korbel S, Fragaszy (1995) On the relation between social dynamics and social learning. Anim Behav 50:1441-1453.
48. Custance DM, Bard KA (1994) The comparative and developmental study of self-recognition and imitation: the importance of social factors. In: Parker ST, Mitchell RW, Boccia ML (eds) Self awareness in animals and humans: developmental perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 207-226.
49. Custance DM, Whiten A, Bard KA (1995) Can young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) imitate arbitrary actions? Hayes and Hayes (1952) revisited. Behaviour 132:837-859.
50. D'Andrade RG (1980) The cultural part of cognition. Cogn Sci 5:179-195.
51. D'Andrade RG (1991) The identification of schemas in naturalistic data. In: Horowitz M (ed) Person schemas and maladaptive interpersonal behavior patterns. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 279-310.
52. Deacon TW (1990) Brain-language coevolution. In: Hawkins JA, Gell-Mann K (eds) The evolution of human languages, vol X. Addison Wesley, New York, pp 49-83.
53. Deacon TW (1997) The symbolic species: the co-evolution of language and the brain. Norton, New York
54. Donald M (1993) Precis of Origins of the modern mind: three stages in the evolution of culture and cognition. Behav Brain Sci 16:737-791.
55. Dunbar RIM (1993) Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans. Behav Brain Sci 16:681-735.
56. Duranti A, Goodwin C (1992) Rethinking context: language as an interactive phenomenon. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
57. Eckerman CO, Didow SM (1989) Toddlers' social coordinations: changing responses to another's invitation to play. Dev Psychol 25:794-804.
58. Eckerman CO, Stein MR (1990) How imitation begets imitation and toddlers' generation of games. Dev Psychol 26:370-378.
59. Eckerman CO, Davis CC, Didow SM (1989) Toddlers' emerging ways of achieving social coordination with a peer. Child Dev 60:440-453.
60. Elman JL, Bates EA, Johnson MH, Karmiloff-Smith A, Parisi D, Plunkett K (1996) Rethinking innateness: a connectionist perspective on development. MIT Press, Cambridge
61. Emery NJ, Lorincz EN, Perrett DI, Oram MW, Baker CI (1997) Gaze following and joint attention in Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). J Comp Psychol 111:286-293.
62. Ettlinger G, Wilson WA (1990) Cross-modal performance: behavioral processes, phylogenetic considerations, and neural mechanisms. Behav Brain Res 40:169-192.
63. Fauconnier G (1994) Mental spaces. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Fischer KW, Grannott N (1995) Beyond one-dimensional change: parallel concurrent socially distributed processes in learning and development. Hum Dev 38:302-314.
64. Fouts RS, Fouts DH, Van Cantfort TE (1989) The infant Loulis learns signs from cross-fostered chimpanzees. In: Gardner RA, Gardner BT, Van Cantfort TE (eds) Teaching sign language to chimpanzees. SUNY Press, Albany, pp 280-292.
65. Fragaszy DM, Visalberghi E (1989) Social influences on the acquisition of tool-using behaviors in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). J Comp Psychol 103:172-204.
66. Galef BG (1988) Imitation in animals: history definition and interpretation of data from the psychological laboratory. In: Zentall TR, Galef BG (eds) Social learning: psychological and biological perspectives. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 3-28.
67. Gallese V, Goldman A (1988) Mirror neurons and simulation of mind-reading. Trends Cogn Sci 2:493-501.
68. Gibson JJ (1979) The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston
69. Goldsmith DF, Rogoff B (1997) Mothers' and toddlers' coordinated joint focus of attention: variations with maternal dysphoric symptoms. Dev Psychol 33:113-119.
70. Gomez JC (1996) Ostensive behavior in great apes: the role of eye contact. In: Russon AE, Bard KA, Parker ST (eds) Reaching into thought: the minds of the great apes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 131-151.
71. Gomez JC, Sarria E, Tamarit J (1993) The comparative study of early communication and theories of mind: ontogeny, phylogeny and pathology. In: Baron-Cohen S, Tager-Flusberg H, Cohen DJ (eds) Understanding other minds: perspective from autism. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 397-426.
72. Goodall J (1986) The chimpanzees of Gombe. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
73. Gosling SD, John OP (1999) Personality dimensions in nonhuman animals: a cross-species review. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 8:69-75.
74. Gouzoules S, Gouzoules H, Marler P (1984) Rhesus monkey (Maccaca mulatta) screams: representational signaling in the recruitment of agonistic aid. Anim Behav 32:182-193.
75. Grannott N (1993) Patterns of interaction in the co-construction of knowledge: separate minds, joint effort, and weird creatures. In: Wosniak RH, Fischer KW (eds) Development in context: acting and thinking in specific environments. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 183-207.
76. Greenfield PM (1991) Language, tools and brain: the ontogeny and phylogeny of hierarchically organized sequential behavior. Behav Brain Sci 14:531-595.
77. Hamilton WD (1964) The genetical theory of social behavior. J Theor Biol 7:1-52.
78. Harcourt AH, Waal FBM de (1992) Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals. Oxford University Press, Oxford
79. Hare B, Call J, Agnetta B, Tomasello M (2000) Chimpanzees know what conspecifics do and do not see. Anim Behav 59: 771-785.
80. Hari R, Forss N, Avikainen S, Kirveskari E, Salenius S, Rizzolatti G (1998) Activation of human primary motor cortex during action observation: a neuromagnetic study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:15061-15065.
81. Hauser MD (1990) Do chimpanzee copulatory calls incite malemale competition? Anim Behav 39:596-597.
82. Hayes KJ, Hayes C (1952) Imitation in a home-raised chimpanzee. J Comp Psychol 45:450-459.
83. Heyes CM (1993a) Anecdotes, training, trapping and triangulation: do animals attribute mental states? Anim Behav 46:177-188.
84. Heyes CM (1993b) Imitation, culture and cognition. Anim Behav 46:999-1010.
85. Heyes CM (1994) Cues, convergence and a curmudgeon: a reply to Povinelli. Anim Behav 48:242-244.
86. Hinde RA, Rowell TE (1962) Communication by postures and facial expressions in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Proc Zool Soc Lond 138:1-21.
87. Hooff JARAM van (1967) The facial displays of catarrhine monkeys and apes. In: Morris D (ed) Primate ethology. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, pp 7-68.
88. Hutchins E (1995a) Cognition in the wild. MIT Press, Cambridge
89. Hutchins E (1995b) How a cockpit remembers its speed. Cogn Sci 19:265-288.
90. Hutchins E, Klausen T (1996) Distributed cognition in an airline cockpit. In: Middleton D, Engstrom Y (eds) Communication and cognition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 15-34.
91. Itakura S (1996) An exploratory study of gaze-monitoring in nonhuman primates. Jpn Psychol Res 38:174-180.
92. Itakura S, Anderson JR (1996) Learning to use experimenter-given cues during an object-choice task by a capuchin monkey. Curr Psychol Cogn 15:103-115.
93. Itakura S, Tanaka M (1998) Use of experimenter-given cues during object-choice tasks by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) and human infants (Homo sapiens). J Comp Psychol 112:119-126.
94. Jeannerod M (1994) The representing brain: neural correlates of motor intention and imagery. Behav Brain Sci 17:187-245.
95. Johnson CM (1990) Evolutionary, comparative, and psycholinguistic investigations on the nature of higher-order cognitive processes. PhD thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca
96. Johnson CM (1993) Animal communication via coordinated cognitive systems. In: Bateson PPG, Klopfer PH, Thompson NS (eds) Perspectives in ethology, vol 10. Plenum, New York, pp 187-208.
97. Johnson CM (1997) Behavioral competencies for social gaze in bonobos. Am J Primatol 42:119.
98. Johnson CM, Norris KS (1986) Delphinid social organization and social behavior. In: Schusterman RJ, Thomas JA, Wood FG (eds) Dolphin cognition and behavior: a comparative approach. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 335-344.
99. Johnson CM, Frank R, Flynn D (1999) Peering in captive, mature bonobos (Pan paniscus). Primates 40:397-407.
100. Johnson M (1987) The body in the mind: the bodily basis of reason and imagination. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
101. Jolly A (1985) The evolution of primate behavior, 2nd edn. Macmillan, New York
102. Kano T (1982) The social group of pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) of Wamba. Primates 23:171-188.
103. Karmiloff-Smith A (1992) Beyond modularity: a developmental perspective on cognitive science. MIT Press, Cambridge
104. Keating CF, Keating EG (1982) Visual scan patterns of rhesus monkeys viewing faces. Perception 11:211-219.
105. King BJ (1986) Extractive foraging and the evolution of primate intelligence. Hum Evol 1:361-372.
106. King BJ (1994) The information continuum: evolution of social information transfer in monkeys, apes and humans. School of American Research, Sante Fe
107. King BJ (1997) Donated versus co-constructed knowledge in primates. Am J Primatol 42:122.
108. Kobayashi H, Koshima S (1997) Unique morphology of the human eye. Nature 387:767-768.
109. Kohler W (1925) The mentality of apes. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London
110. Kuhn TS (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
111. Kummer H (1967) Tripartite relations in hamadryas baboons. In: Altmann SA (ed) Social communication among primates. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 63-72.
112. Kummer H (1968) Social organization of hamadryas baboons. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
113. Kummer H (1971) Primate societies. Harlan Davidson, Arlington Heights
114. La Freniere PJ (1988) The ontogeny of tactical deception in humans. In: Byrne RW, Whiten A (eds) Machiavellian intelligence. Clarendon, Oxford, pp 238-252.
115. Langacker R (1987) Foundations of cognitive grammar, vol I. Stanford University Press, Stanford
116. Langacker R (1992) Foundations of cognitive grammar, vol II. Stanford University Press, Stanford
117. Lave J (1988) Cognition in practice: mind, mathematics and culture in everyday life. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
118. Lave J, Murtaugh M, Rocha O de la (1984) The dialectic of arithmetic in grocery shopping. In: Rogoff B, Lave J (eds) Everyday cognition: its development in social context. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp 127-159.
119. Leonard CM, Rolls ET, Wilson FA, Baylis GC (1985) Neurons in the amygdala with responses selective for faces. Behav Brain Res 15:159-176.
120. Lieberman P (1973) On the evolution of human language: a unified view. Cognition 2:59-94.
121. Lieberman P (1984) The biology and evolution of language. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
122. Logue AW (1988) Research on self-control: an integrating framework. Behav Brain Sci 11:665-709.
123. Maestripieri D (1995) Maternal encouragement in nonhuman primates and the question of animal teaching. Hum Nat 6:361-378.
124. Marler P, Dufty A, Pickert R (1986) Vocal communication in the domestic chicken II. Is a sender sensitive to the presence and nature of a receiver Anim Behav 34:194-198.
125. Marshack A (1984) The ecology and brain of two-handed bipedalism: an analytic, cognitive and evolutionary assessment. In: Roitblat HL, Bever TG, Terrace HS (eds) Animal cognition. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 491-512.
126. McGurk H, MacDonald T (1976) Hearing lips and seeing voices. Nature 264:746-748.
127. McNelis NL, Boatright-Horowitz SL (1998) Social monitoring in a primate group: the relationship between visual attention and hierarchical ranks. Anim Cogn 1:65-69.
128. Meltzoff AN (1988) The human infant as Homo imitans. In: Zentall TR, Galef JBG (eds) Social learning: psychological and biological perspectives. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 319-342.
129. Meltzoff AN (1990) Towards a developmental cognitive science: the implications of cross-modal matching and imitation for the development of representation and memory in infancy. Ann NY Acad Sci 608:1-37.
130. Meltzoff AN, Moore K (1977) Imitation of facial and manual gestures by newborn infants. Science 198:75-78.
131. Meltzoff AN, Moore K (1989) Imitation in newborn infants: exploring the range of gestures imitated and the underlying mechanisms. Dev Psychol 25:954-962.
132. Menzel EW Jr (1974) A group of young chimpanzees in a one acre field: leadership and communication. In: Schrier AM, Stollnitz F (eds) Behavior of nonhuman primates. Academic Press, New York, pp 83-153.
133. Miles HL, Mitchell RW, Harper SE (1996) Simon says: the development of imitation in an enculturated orangutan. In: Russon AE, Bard KA, Parker ST (eds) Reaching into thought: the minds of the great apes, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 278-299.
134. Milton K (1981) Distribution patterns of tropical plant foods as an evolutionary stimulus to primate mental development. Am Anthropol 83:534-548.
135. Milton K (1988) Foraging behavior and the evolution of primate intelligence. In: Byrne RW, Whiten A (eds) Machiavellian intelligence: social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys apes and humans. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 285-305.
136. Minsky M (1975) A framework for representing knowledge. In: Winston PH (ed) The psychology of computer vision. Mc Graw- Hill, New York, pp 27-52.
137. Mitchell RW (1987) A comparative developmental approach to understanding imitation. In: Bateson PPG, Klopfer PH (eds) Perspectives in ethology, vol 7. Plenum, New York, pp 183-215.
138. Mitchell RW (1999) Deception and concealment as strategic script violation in great apes and humans. In: Parker ST, Mitchell RW, Miles HL (eds) The mentalities of gorillas and orangutans. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 295-315.
139. Mitchell RW, Anderson JR (1997) Pointing, witholding information and deception in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). J Comp Psychol 111:351-361.
140. Moore C, Dunham PJ (1995) Joint attention: its origins and role in development. Erlbaum, Hillsdale
141. Morris D (1967) The naked ape. Jonathan Cape, London
142. Myowa-Yamakoshi M, Matsuzawa T (1999) Factors influencing imitation of manipulatory actions in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) J Comp Psychol 113:128-136.
143. Nardi BA (1996) Studying context: a comparison of activity theory, situated action models and distributed cognition. In: Nardi B (ed) Context and consciousness: activity theory and humancomputer interaction. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 69-85.
144. Neisser U (1976) Cognition and reality. Freeman, San Francisco
145. Nishida T (1979) The social structure of chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains. In: Hamburg DA, Mc Cown ER (eds) The great apes. Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, pp 73-122.
146. Nishida T, Hiraiwa-Hasegawa M (1986) Chimpanzees and bonobos: cooperative relationships among males. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Strusaker TT (eds) Primate societies. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 165-177.
147. Packer C (1977) Reciprocal altruism in Papio anubis. Nature 265: 441-443.
148. Parker ST (1996) Apprenticeship in tool-mediated extractive foraging: the origins of imitation, teaching and self-awareness in great apes. In: Russon AE, Bard KA, Parker ST (eds) Reaching into thought: the minds of the great apes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 348-370.
149. Parker ST, Gibson KR (1977) Object manipulation, tool use and sensorimotor intelligence as feeding adaptations in Cebus monkeys and great apes. J Hum Evol 6:623-641.
150. Parker ST, Gibson KR (1979) A developmental model for the evolution of language and intelligence in early hominids. Behav Brain Sci 2:367-408.
151. Peignot P, Anderson JA (1999) Use of experimenter-given manual and facial cues by gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) in an object-choice task. J Comp Psychol 113:253-260.
152. Pellegrino G di, Fadgia L, Fogassi L, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G (1992) Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study. Exp Brain Res 91:176-180.
153. Perrett DI, Smith PAJ, Potter DD, Mistlin AJ, Head AS, Milner AD, Jeeves MA (1985) Visual cells in the temporal cortex sensitive to face view and gaze direction. Proc R Soc Lond B 223:293-317.
154. Perrett DI, Hietanen JK, Oram MW, Benson PJ (1992) Organization and functions of cells responsive to faces in the temporal cortex. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B335:23-30.
155. Piaget J (1952) The origins of intelligence in children. International Universities Press, New York
156. Piaget J (1954) The construction of reality in the child. Norton, New York
157. Piaget J (1971) Biology and knowledge. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
158. Plooj FX (1978) Some basic traits of language in wild chimpanzees? In: Lock A (ed). Academic Press, New York, pp 111-131.
159. Povinelli DJ (1994) Comparative studies of mental state attribution: a reply to Heyes. Anim Behav 48:239-241.
160. Povinelli DJ, Eddy TJ (1996a) Chimpanzees: joint visual attention. Psychol Sci 7:129-135.
161. Povinelli DJ, Eddy TJ (1996b) Factors influencing young chimpanzees' (Pan troglodytes) recognition of attention. J Comp Psychol 110:336-345.
162. Povinelli DJ, Eddy TJ (1997) Specificity of gaze-following in young chimpanzees. Br J Dev Psychol 17:213-222.
163. Povinelli DJ, Nelson KE, Boysen ST (1990) Inferences about guessing and knowing by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J Comp Psychol 104:203-210.
164. Premack D, Woodruff G (1978) Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behav Brain Sci, 4:515-526.
165. Redican WK (1975) Facial expressions in nonhuman primates. In: Rosenblum LA (ed) Primate behavior: developments in field and laboratory research, vol 4. Academic Press, New York, pp 103-194.
166. Resnick LB, Levine JM, Teasley SD (1991) Perspectives on socially shared cognition. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
167. Rizzolatti G, Gentilucci M (1988) Motor and visual-motor functions of the premotor cortex. In: Rakic P, Singer W (eds) Neurobiology of neocortex. Wiley, New York, pp 269-284.
168. Rogoff B (1990) Apprenticeship in thinking: cognitive development in social context. Oxford University Press, Oxford
169. Rogoff B, Gardner J (1984) Adult guidance of cognitive development. In: Rogoff B, Lave J (eds) Everyday cognition: its development in social context. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp 95-112.
170. Rogoff B, Lave J (1984) Everyday cognition: its development in social context. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
171. Russon A, Galdikas B (1993) Imitation in ex-captive orangutans. J Comp Psychol 107:147-161.
172. Salomon G (1993) Distributed cognitions: psychological and educational considerations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
173. Savage-Rumbaugh ES, Shanker GS, Taylor TJ (1998) Apes, language and the human mind. Oxford University Press, Oxford
174. Schaik CP van, Hooff JARAM von (1983) On the ultimate causes of primate social systems. Behaviour 85:91-117.
175. Schaik CP van, Noordwijk MA van, Warsono B, Sutriono E (1983) Party size and early detection of predators in Sumatran forest primates. Primates 24:211-221.
176. Schaller GB (1972) The Serengeti lion. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
177. Schank RC, Abelson R (1977) Scripts, plans, goals and understanding. Erlbaum, Hillsdale
178. Semendeferi K, Armstrong E, Schleicher A, Zilles K, Hoesen GW van (1998) Limbic frontal cortex in hominoids: a comparative study of area 13. Am J Phys Anthropol 106:129-155.
179. Seyfarth RM, Cheney DL (1986) Vocal development in vervet monkeys. Anim Behav 34:1640-1658.
180. Silk JB (1999) Male bonnet macaques use information about thirdparty rank relationships to recruit allies. Anim Behav 34:1640-1658.
181. Smillie D (1993) Darwin's tangled bank: the role of social environments. In: Bateson PPG, Klopfer PH, Thompson NS (eds) Perspectives in ethology, vol 10. Plenum, New York, pp 119-142.
182. Smith WJ (1977) The behavior of communicating: an ethological approach. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
183. Smuts BB (1985) Sex and friendship in baboons. Aldine, New York
184. Strum SC (1987) Almost human: a journey into the world of baboons. Norton, New York
185. Strum S, Forster D, Hutchins E (1997) Why "Machiavellian intelligence" may not be Machiavellian. In: Whiten A, Byrne R (eds) Machiavellian intelligence II. Cambridge University Press, pp 50-85.
186. Sugiyama Y, Koman J (1979) Tool-using and -making in wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. Primates 20:513-524.
187. Symington MM (1990) Fission-fusion social organization in Ateles and Pan. Int J Primatol 11:47-61.
188. Tobin H, Logue AW, Chelonis JJ, Ackerman KT (1996) Self-control in the monkey Macaca fascicularis. Anim Learn Behav 24:168-174.
189. Tomasello M (1992) The social basis of language acquisition. Soc Dev 1:67-87.
190. Tomasello M, Barton M (1994) Learning words in non-ostensive contexts. Dev Psychol 30:639-650.
191. Tomasello M, Call J (1997) Primate cognition. Oxford University Press, Oxford
192. Tomasello M, George B, Kruger A, Farrar M, Evans A (1985) The development of gestural communication in young chimpanzees. J Hum Evol 14:175-186.
193. Tomasello M, Gust D, Frost GT (1989) The development of gestural communication in young chimpanzees: a follow-up. Primates 30:35-50.
194. Tomasello M, Kruger AC, Ratner HH (1993a) Cultural learning. Behav Brain Sci 16:495-552.
195. Tomasello M, Savage-Rumbaugh ES, Kruger C (1993b) Imitative learning of actions on objects by children chimpanzees and enculturated chimpanzees. Child Dev 64:1688-1705.
196. Tomasello M, Call J, Nagell K, Olguin R, Carpenter M (1994) The learning and use of gestural signals by young chimpanzees: a trans-generational study. Primates 35:137-154.
197. Tomasello M, Strosberg R, Akhtar N (1996) Eighteen-month-old children learn words in non-ostensive contexts. J Child Language 22:1-20.
198. Tomasello M, Call J, Hare B (1998) Five primate species follow the visual gaze of conspecifics. Anim Behav 55:1063-1069.
199. Tomasello M, Hare B, Agneta B (1999) Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, follow gaze direction geometrically. Anim Behav 58:769-777.
200. Trevarthen C (1979) Instincts for human understanding and for cultural cooperation: their development in infancy. In: Cranach M von, Foppa K, Lepenies W, Ploog D (eds) Human ethology: claims and limits of a new discipline. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 530-571.
201. Trevarthen C (1993) The function of emotions in early communication and development. In: Nadel J, Camaioni L (eds) New perspectives in early communication and development. Routledge, New York, pp 48-81.
202. Varela FJ, Thompson E, Rosch E (1996) The embodied mind. MIT Press, Cambridge
203. Vasek ME (1986) Lying as a skill: the development of deception in children. In: Mitchell RW, Thompson NS (eds) Deception: perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit. SUNY Press, Albany, pp 271-292.
204. Vauclair J (1984) Phylogenetic approach to object manipulation in human and ape infants. Hum Dev 27:321-328.
205. Vauclair J, Bard KA (1983) Development in manipulations with objects in ape and human infants. J Hum Evol 12:631-645.
206. Vick SJ, Anderson JR (2000) Learning and limits of use of eye gaze by capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) in an object-choice task. J Comp Psychol 114:200-207.
207. Visalberghi E, Fragaszy DM (1990) Do monkeys ape? In: Parker ST, Gibson RK (eds) "Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 247-273.
208. Vygotsky LS (1962) Thought and language. MIT Press, Cambridge
209. Vygotsky LS (1978) Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
210. Waal FBM de (1982) Chimpanzee politics. Cape, London
211. Waal FBM de (1986) Deception in the natural communication of chimpanzees. In: Mitchell RW, Thompson NS (eds) Deception: perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit. SUNY Press, Albany, pp 221-244.
212. Waal FBM de (1989) Peacemaking among primates. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
213. Waal FBM de (1996) Conflict as negotiation. In: McGrew WC, Marchant LF, Nishida T (eds) Great ape societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 159-172.
214. Waal FBM de, Aureli F (1996) Consolation, reconciliation, and a possible cognitive difference between macaque and chimpanzee. In: Russon KA, Bard KA, Parker ST (eds) Reaching into thought: the minds of the great apes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 80-110.
215. Waal FBM de, Hooff J van (1981) Side-directed communication and agonistic interactions in chimpanzees. Behaviour 77:164-198.
216. Waal FBM de, Roosmalen A van (1979) Reconciliation and consolation among chimpanzees. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 5:55-66.
217. Waal FBM de, Hooff J van, Netto WJ (1976) An ethological analysis of types of agonistic interaction in a captive group of Java monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Primates 17:257-290.
218. Wertsch JV (1979) From social interaction to higher psychological processes: a clarification and application of Vygotsky's theory. Hum Dev 22:1-22.
219. Wertsch JV (1985a) Culture communication and cognition: Vygotskian perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
220. Wertsch JV (1985b) Vygotsky and the social formation of mind. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
221. Wertsch JV (1998) Mind as action. Oxford University Press, Oxford
222. Whiten A (1991) Natural theories of mind: evolution, development and simulation of everyday mindreading. Blackwell, Oxford
223. Whiten A (1998) Review of Primate Cognition. Anim Cogn 1:76.
224. Whiten A, Byrne R (1988) Tactical deception in primates. Behav Brain Sci 11:233-244.
225. Whiten A, Ham R (1992) On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: reappraisal of a century of research. In: Slater PJB, Rosenblatt S, Beer C, Milinsky M (eds) Advances in the study of behavior. Academic Press, New York, pp 239-283.
226. Williams H (1990) Bird song. In: Kesner RP, Olton DS (eds) Neurobiology of comparative cognition. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 77-126.
227. Williams H, Nottebohm F (1985) Auditory responses in avian vocal motor neurons: a motor theory for song perception in birds. Science 229:279-282.
228. Wittgenstein L (1953) Philosophical investigations. Macmillian, New York
229. Wosniak RH, Fischer KW (1993) Development in context: acting and thinking in specific environments. Erlbaum, Hillsdale
230. Yamagiwa J (1992) Functional analysis of social staring behavior in all-male group of mountain gorillas. Primates 33:523-544