Photosynthesis-dependent isoprene emission from leaf to planet in a global carbon-chemistry-climate model

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 13, Issue 20, 2013, Pages 10243-10269

  Unger, N ^a   Harper, K ^a   Zheng, Y ^b   Kiang, N Y ^c   Aleinov, I ^c   Arneth, A ^d   Schurgers, G ^e   Amelynck, C ^f   Goldstein, A ^g   Guenther, A ^h   Heinesch, B ⁱ   Hewitt, C N ^j   Karl, T ^k   Laffineur, Q ^i,r   Langford, B ^l   McKinney, K A ^m   Misztal, P ^g   Potosnak, M ⁿ   Rinne, J ^o   Pressley, S ^p   Schoon, N ^f   Serca D ^q   more..

^a Yale School of the Environment   (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NASA GODDARD INSTITUTE FOR SPACE STUDIES   (United States)

^d KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^e LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^f BELGIAN INSTITUTE FOR SPACE AERONOMY   (Belgium)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^h NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

^j LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^k UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK   (Austria)

^l CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY   (United Kingdom)

^m AMHERST COLLEGE   (United States)

ⁿ DEPAUL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^o UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^p WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^q UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE   (France)

^r ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF BELGIUM   (Belgium)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CARBON DIOXIDE; CLIMATE MODELING; EMISSION; ISOPRENE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE;

EID: 84886260611     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-10243-2013     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Affek, H. P., and Yakir, D.: Natural abundance carbon isotope composition of isoprene reflects incomplete coupling between isoprene synthesis and photosynthetic carbon flow, Plant Physiol, 131, 1727-1736, doi:10.1140/Pp.102. 012294, 2003. (Pubitemid 36463598)
2. Arneth, A., Niinemets, Ü., Pressley, S., Bäck, J., Hari, P., Karl, T., Noe, S., Prentice, I. C., Serça, D., Hickler, T., Wolf, A., and Smith, B.: Process-based estimates of terrestrial ecosystem isoprene emissions: incorporating the effects of a direct CO2-isoprene interaction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 31-53, doi:10.5194/acp-7-31-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 46094724)
3. Arneth, A., Monson, R. K., Schurgers, G., Niinemets, Ü., and Palmer, P. I.: Why are estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions so similar (and why is this not so for monoterpenes)?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4605-4620, doi:10.5194/acp-8-4605-2008, 2008.
4. Arneth, A., Unger, N., Kulmala, M., and Andreae, M. O.: Clean the Air, Heat the Planet?, Science, 326, 672-673, doi:10.1126/Science.1181568, 2009.
5. Arneth, A., Schurgers, G., Lathiere, J., Duhl, T., Beerling, D. J., Hewitt, C. N., Martin, M., and Guenther, A.: Global terrestrial isoprene emission models: sensitivity to variability in climate and vegetation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8037-8052, doi:10.5194/acp-11-8037-2011, 2011.
6. Arneth, A., Mercado, L., Kattge, J., and Booth, B. B. B.: Future challenges of representing land-processes in studies on land-atmosphere interactions, Biogeosciences, 9, 3587-3599, doi:10.5194/bg-9-3587-2012, 2012.
7. Bai, J. H., Baker, B., Liang, B. S., Greenberg, J., and Guenther, A.: Isoprene and monoterpene emissions from an Inner Mongolia grassland, Atmos. Environ., 40, 5753-5758, doi:10.1016/J.Atmosenv.2006.05.019, 2006. (Pubitemid 44321979)
8. Baker, B., Bai, J. H., Johnson, C., Cai, Z. T., Li, Q. J., Wang, Y. F., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J., Klinger, L., Geron, C., and Rasmussen, R.: Wet and dry season ecosystem level fluxes of isoprene and monoterpenes from a southeast Asian secondary forest and rubber tree plantation, Atmos. Environ., 39, 381-390, doi:10.1016/J.Atmosenv.2004.07.033, 2005. (Pubitemid 39626756)
9. Baldocchi, D.: An Analytical Solution for Coupled Leaf Photosynthesis and Stomatal Conductance Models, Tree Physiol., 14, 1069-1079, 1994.
10. Baldocchi, D., Falge, E., Gu, L. H., Olson, R., Hollinger, D., Running, S., Anthoni, P., Bernhofer, C., Davis, K., Evans, R., Fuentes, J., Goldstein, A., Katul, G., Law, B., Lee, X. H., Malhi, Y., Meyers, T., Munger, W., Oechel, W., U, K. T. P., Pilegaard, K., Schmid, H. P., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: FLUXNET: A new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystemscale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 2415-2434, doi:10.1175/1520- 0477(2001)0822415:Fantts2.3.CO;2, 2001. (Pubitemid 33642006)
11. Ballantyne, A. P., Alden, C. B., Miller, J. B., Tans, P. P., and White, J. W. C.: Increase in observed net carbon dioxide uptake by land and oceans during the past 50 years, Nature, 488, 70-72, doi:10.1038/Nature11299, 2012.
12. Barkley, M. P., Palmer, P. I., De Smedt, I., Karl, T., Guenther, A., and Van Roozendael, M.: Regulated large-scale annual shutdown of Amazonian isoprene emissions?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L04803, doi:10.1029/2008gl036843, 2009.
13. Barkley, M. P., Kurosu, T. P., Chance, K., De Smedt, I., Van Roozendael, M., Arneth, A., Hagberg, D., and Guenther, A.: Assessing sources of uncertainty in formaldehyde air mass factors over tropical South America: Implications for top-down isoprene emission estimates, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D13304, doi:10.1029/2011jd016827, 2012.
14. Beer, C., Reichstein, M., Tomelleri, E., Ciais, P., Jung, M., Carvalhais, N., Rodenbeck, C., Arain, M. A., Baldocchi, D., Bonan, G. B., Bondeau, A., Cescatti, A., Lasslop, G., Lindroth, A., Lomas, M., Luyssaert, S., Margolis, H., Oleson, K. W., Roupsard, O., Veenendaal, E., Viovy, N.,Williams, C.,Woodward, F. I., and Papale, D.: Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate, Science, 329, 834-838, doi:10.1126/science.1184984, 2010.
15. Beerling, D. J., Fox, A., Stevenson, D. S., and Valdes, P. J.: Enhanced chemistry-climate feedbacks in past greenhouse worlds, P Natl Acad Sci USA, 108, 9770-9775, doi:10.1073/Pnas.1102409108, 2011.
16. Behnke, K., Loivamaki, M., Zimmer, I., Rennenberg, H., Schnitzler, J. P., and Louis, S.: Isoprene emission protects photosynthesis in sunfleck exposed Grey poplar, Photosynth. Res., 104, 5-17, doi:10.1007/S11120-010-9528-X, 2010.
17. Bell, N., Koch, D., and Shindell, D. T.: Impacts of chemistry-aerosol coupling on tropospheric ozone and sulfate simulations in a general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D14305, doi:10.1029/2004jd005538, 2005. (Pubitemid 41320629)
18. Blyth, E., Clark, D. B., Ellis, R., Huntingford, C., Los, S., Pryor, M., Best, M., and Sitch, S.: A comprehensive set of benchmark tests for a land surface model of simultaneous fluxes of water and carbon at both the global and seasonal scale, Geosci. Model. Dev., 4, 255-269, doi:10.5194/gmd-4-255-2011, 2011.
19. Bonan, G. B., Lawrence, P. J., Oleson, K. W., Levis, S., Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Lawrence, D. M., and Swenson, S. C.: Improving canopy processes in the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) using global flux fields empirically inferred from FLUXNET data, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 116, G02014, doi:10.1029/2010JG001593, 2011.
20. Caldararu, S., Palmer, P. I., and Purves, D. W.: Inferring Amazon leaf demography from satellite observations of leaf area index, Biogeosciences, 9, 1389-1404, doi:10.5194/bg-9-1389-2012, 2012.
21. Ciais, P., Reichstein, M., Viovy, N., Granier, A., Ogee, J., Allard, V., Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N., Bernhofer, C., Carrara, A., Chevallier, F., De Noblet, N., Friend, A. D., Friedlingstein, P., Grunwald, T., Heinesch, B., Keronen, P., Knohl, A., Krinner, G., Loustau, D., Manca, G., Matteucci, G., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J. M., Papale, D., Pilegaard, K., Rambal, S., Seufert, G., Soussana, J. F., Sanz, M. J., Schulze, E. D., Vesala, T., and Valentini, R.: Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003, Nature, 437, 529-533, doi:10.1038/Nature03972, 2005. (Pubitemid 41613547)
22. Collatz, G. J., Ball, J. T., Grivet, C., and Berry, J. A.: Physiological and Environmental-Regulation of Stomatal Conductance, Photosynthesis and Transpiration-a Model That Includes a Laminar Boundary-Layer, Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 54, 107-136, doi:10.1016/0168-1923(91)90002-8, 1991.
23. de Noblet-Ducoudre, N., Boisier, J. P., Pitman, A., Bonan, G. B., Brovkin, V., Cruz, F., Delire, C., Gayler, V., van den Hurk, B. J. J. M., Lawrence, P. J., van der Molen, M. K., Muller, C., Reick, C. H., Strengers, B. J., and Voldoire, A.: Determining Robust Impacts of Land-Use-Induced Land Cover Changes on Surface Climate over North America and Eurasia: Results from the First Set of LUCID Experiments, J. Climate, 25, 3261-3281, doi:10.1175/Jcli-D- 11-00338.1, 2012.
24. Delwiche, C. F. and Sharkey, T. D.: Rapid Appearance of C-13 in Biogenic Isoprene When (CO2)-C13 Is Fed to Intact Leaves, Plant Cell Environ, 16, 587-591, doi:10.1111/J.1365-3040.1993.Tb00907.X, 1993.
25. Farquhar, G. D., Caemmerer, S. V., and Berry, J. A.: A Biochemical-Model of Photosynthetic CO2 Assimilation in Leaves of C-3 Species, Planta, 149, 78-90, 1980.
26. Fiore, A. M., Naik, V., Spracklen, D. V., Steiner, A., Unger, N., Prather, M., Bergmann, D., Cameron-Smith, P. J., Cionni, I., Collins, W. J., Dalsoren, S., Eyring, V., Folberth, G. A., Ginoux, P., Horowitz, L. W., Josse, B., Lamarque, J. F., MacKenzie, I. A., Nagashima, T., O'Connor, F. M., Righi, M., Rumbold, S. T., Shindell, D. T., Skeie, R. B., Sudo, K., Szopa, S., Takemura, T., and Zeng, G.: Global air quality and climate, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 6663-6683, doi:10.1039/C2cs35095e, 2012.
27. Friend, A. D. and Kiang, N. Y.: Land surface model development for the GISS GCM: Effects of improved canopy physiology on simulated climate, J. Climate, 18, 2883-2902, 2005. (Pubitemid 41373029)
28. Fuentes, J. D., Wang, D., and Gu, L.: Seasonal variations in isoprene emissions from a boreal aspen forest, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 38, 855-869, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1999)0380855:Sviief2.0.CO;2, 1999.
29. Geron, C., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J., Loescher, H. W., Clark, D., and Baker, B.: Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from a lowland tropical wet forest in Costa Rica, Atmos. Environ., 36, 3793-3802, Pii S1352-2310(02)00301-1, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00301-1, 2002.
30. Graus, M., Hansel, A., Wisthaler, A., Lindinger, C., Forkel, R., Hauff, K., Klauer, M., Pfichner, A., Rappengluck, B., Steigner, D., and Steinbrecher, R.: A relaxed-eddyaccumulation method for the measurement of isoprenoid canopy-fluxes using an online gas-chromatographic technique and PTR-MS simultaneously, Atmos. Environ., 40, S43-S54, doi:10.1016/J.Atmosenv.2005.09. 094, 2006. (Pubitemid 44301949)
31. Greenberg, J. P., Guenther, A. B., Madronich, S., Baugh, W., Ginoux, P., Druilhet, A., Delmas, R., and Delon, C.: Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in central Africa during the Experiment for the Regional Sources and Sinks of Oxidants (EXPRESSO) biomass burning season, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 30659-30671, doi:10.1029/1999jd900475, 1999.
32. Goldstein, A. H., Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Wofsy, S. C., and Geron, C. D.: Seasonal course of isoprene emissions from a midlatitude deciduous forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 31045-31056, 1998. (Pubitemid 128665485)
33. Grinspoon, J., Bowman, W. D., and Fall, R.: Delayed Onset of Isoprene Emission in Developing Velvet Bean (Mucuna Sp) Leaves, Plant Physiol., 97, 170-174, doi:10.1104/Pp.97.1.170, 1991. (Pubitemid 21914199)
34. Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., Mckay, W. A., Pierce, T., Scholes, B., Steinbrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., and Zimmerman, P.: A Global-Model of Natural Volatile Organic-Compound Emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 8873-8892, doi:10.1029/94JD02950, 1995. (Pubitemid 26439580)
35. Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181-3210, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44197400)
36. Guenther, A. B., Monson, R. K., and Fall, R.: Isoprene and Monoterpene Emission Rate Variability-Observations with Eucalyptus and Emission Rate Algorithm Development, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 96, 10799-10808, doi:10.1029/91JD00960, 1991.
37. Guenther, A. B., Jiang, X., Heald, C. L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Emmons, L. K., and Wang, X.: The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions, Geosci. Model. Dev., 5, 1471-1492, doi:10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012, 2012.
38. Hakola, H., Rinne, J., and Laurila, T.: The hydrocarbon emission rates of tea-leafed willow (Salix phylicifolia), silver birch (Betula pendula) and European aspen (Populus tremula), Atmos. Environ., 32, 1825-1833, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00482-2, 1998. (Pubitemid 28241488)
39. Hanninen, H. and Kramer, K.: A framework for modelling the annual cycle of trees in boreal and temperate regions, Silva Fenn., 41, 167-205, 2007. (Pubitemid 46650967)
40. Harley, P., Otter, L., Guenther, A., and Greenberg, J.: Micrometeorological and leaf-level measurements of isoprene emissions from a southern African savanna, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8468, doi:10.1029/2002jd002592, 2003.
41. Harrison, S. P., Morfopoulos, C., Dani, K. G. S., Prentice, I. C., Arneth, A., Atwell, B. J., Barkley, M. P., Leishman, M. R., Loreto, F., Medlyn, B. E., Niinemets, U., Possell, M., Penuelas, J., and Wright, I. J.: Volatile isoprenoid emissions from plastid to planet, New Phytol., 197, 49-57, doi:10.1111/Nph.12021, 2013.
42. Heald, C. L., Henze, D. K., Horowitz, L. W., Feddema, J., Lamarque, J. F., Guenther, A., Hess, P. G., Vitt, F., Seinfeld, J. H., Goldstein, A. H., and Fung, I.: Predicted change in global secondary organic aerosol concentrations in response to future climate, emissions, and land use change, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D05211, doi:10.1029/2007jd009092, 2008.
43. Heald, C. L., Wilkinson, M. J., Monson, R. K., Alo, C. A., Wang, G. L., and Guenther, A.: Response of isoprene emission to ambient CO2 changes and implications for global budgets, Global Change Biol., 15, 1127-1140, doi:10.1111/J.1365-2486.2008.01802.X, 2009.
44. Hewitt, C. N., Ashworth, K., Boynard, A., Guenther, A., Langford, B., MacKenzie, A. R., Misztal, P. K., Nemitz, E., Owen, S. M., Possell, M., Pugh, T. A. M., Ryan, A. C., and Wild, O.: Groundlevel ozone influenced by circadian control of isoprene emissions, Nat Geosci., 4, 671-674, doi:10.1038/Ngeo1271, 2011.
45. Horowitz, L. W., Fiore, A. M., Milly, G. P., Cohen, R. C., Perring, A., Wooldridge, P. J., Hess, P. G., Emmons, L. K., and Lamarque, J. F.: Observational constraints on the chemistry of isoprene nitrates over the eastern United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D12S08, doi:10.1029/2006jd007747, 2007. (Pubitemid 47241664)
46. Hurtt, G. C., Chini, L. P., Frolking, S., Betts, R. A., Feddema, J., Fischer, G., Fisk, J. P., Hibbard, K., Houghton, R. A., Janetos, A., Jones, C. D., Kindermann, G., Kinoshita, T., Goldewijk, K. K., Riahi, K., Shevliakova, E., Smith, S., Stehfest, E., Thomson, A., Thornton, P., van Vuuren, D. P., and Wang, Y. P.: Harmonization of land-use scenarios for the period 1500-2100: 600 years of global gridded annual land-use transitions, wood harvest, and resulting secondary lands, Clim. Change, 109, 117-161, doi:10.1007/S10584-011-0153-2, 2011.
47. Isebrands, J. G., Guenther, A. B., Harley, P., Helmig, D., Klinger, L., Vierling, L., Zimmerman, P., and Geron, C.: Volatile organic compound emission rates from mixed deciduous and coniferous forests in NorthernWisconsin, USA, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2527-2536, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00250-7, 1999. (Pubitemid 29227249)
48. Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Margolis, H. A., Cescatti, A., Richardson, A. D., Arain, M. A., Arneth, A., Bernhofer, C., Bonal, D., Chen, J. Q., Gianelle, D., Gobron, N., Kiely, G., Kutsch, W., Lasslop, G., Law, B. E., Lindroth, A., Merbold, L., Montagnani, L., Moors, E. J., Papale, D., Sottocornola, M., Vaccari, F., and Williams, C.: Global patterns of landatmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance, satellite, and meteorological observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 116, G00J07, doi:10.1029/2010JG001566, 2011.
49. Karl, T., Fall, R., Rosenstiel, T. N., Prazeller, P., Larsen, B., Seufert, G., and Lindinger, W.: On-line analysis of the (CO2)-C13 labeling of leaf isoprene suggests multiple subcellular origins of isoprene precursors, Planta, 215, 894-905, doi:10.1007/S00425-002-0825-2, 2002. (Pubitemid 36080247)
50. Karl, T., Potosnak, M., Guenther, A., Clark, D., Walker, J., Herrick, J. D., and Geron, C.: Exchange processes of volatile organic compounds above a tropical rain forest: Implications for modeling tropospheric chemistry above dense vegetation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D18306, doi:10.1029/ 2004JD004738, 2004. (Pubitemid 39621657)
51. Karl, T. G., Christian, T. J., Yokelson, R. J., Artaxo, P., Hao, W. M., and Guenther, A.: The Tropical Forest and Fire Emissions Experiment: method evaluation of volatile organic compound emissions measured by PTR-MS, FTIR, and GC from tropical biomass burning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5883-5897, doi:10.5194/acp-7-5883-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 350183906)
52. Kesselmeier, J. and Staudt, M.: Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC): An overview on emission, physiology and ecology, J. Atmos. Chem., 33, 23-88, doi:10.1023/A:1006127516791, 1999. (Pubitemid 29151350)
53. Kuhn, U., Andreae, M. O., Ammann, C., Araujo, A. C., Brancaleoni, E., Ciccioli, P., Dindorf, T., Frattoni, M., Gatti, L. V., Ganzeveld, L., Kruijt, B., Lelieveld, J., Lloyd, J., Meixner, F. X., Nobre, A. D., Poschl, U., Spirig, C., Stefani, P., Thielmann, A., Valentini, R., and Kesselmeier, J.: Isoprene and monoterpene fluxes from Central Amazonian rainforest inferred from towerbased and airborne measurements, and implications on the atmospheric chemistry and the local carbon budget, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2855-2879, doi:10.5194/acp-10-627- 2010, 2007.
54. Kuzma, J. and Fall, R.: Leaf Isoprene Emission Rate Is Dependent on Leaf Development and the Level of Isoprene Synthase, Plant Physiol., 101, 435-440, 1993.
55. Langford, B., Misztal, P. K., Nemitz, E., Davison, B., Helfter, C., Pugh, T. A. M., MacKenzie, A. R., Lim, S. F., and Hewitt, C. N.: Fluxes and concentrations of volatile organic compounds from a South-East Asian tropical rainforest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8391-8412, doi:10.5194/acp-10-8391-2010, 2010a.
56. Langford, B., Nemitz, E., House, E., Phillips, G. J., Famulari, D., Davison, B., Hopkins, J. R., Lewis, A. C., and Hewitt, C. N.: Fluxes and concentrations of volatile organic compounds above central London, UK, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 627-645, doi:10.5194/acp-10-627-2010, 2010b.
57. Langenhove, H., Steppe, K., Simpraga, M., and Heinesch, B.: Isoprene and monoterpene emissions from a mixed temperate forest, Atmos. Environ., 45, 3157-3168, doi10.1016/J.Atmosenv.2011.02.054, 2011.
58. Lathiére, J., Hauglustaine, D. A., Friend, A. D., De Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Viovy, N., and Folberth, G. A.: Impact of climate variability and land use changes on global biogenic volatile organic compound emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2129-2146, doi:10.5194/acp-6-2129-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 43980740)
59. Law, B. E., Falge, E., Gu, L., Baldocchi, D. D., Bakwin, P., Berbigier, P., Davis, K., Dolman, A. J., Falk, M., Fuentes, J. D., Goldstein, A., Granier, A., Grelle, A., Hollinger, D., Janssens, I. A., Jarvis, P., Jensen, N. O., Katul, G., Mahli, Y., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Monson, R., Munger, W., Oechel, W., Olson, R., Pilegaard, K., Paw, K. T., Thorgeirsson, H., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T.,Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: Environmental controls over carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange of terrestrial vegetation, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 113, 97-120, doi:10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00104-1, 2002. (Pubitemid 35293756)
60. Loreto, F. and Schnitzler, J. P.: Abiotic stresses and induced BVOCs, Trend. Plant Sci., 15, 154-166, doi:10.1016/J.Tplants.2009.12.006, 2010.
61. Loveland, T., J. Brown, D. Ohlen, B. Reed, Z. Zhu, L. Yang, S. Howard.: ISLSCP II IGBP DISCover and SiB Land Cover, 1992-1993, ISLSCP Initiative II Collection, available online: http://daac.ornl.gov/ from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/930, 2009.
62. Makela, A., Hari, P., Berninger, F., Hanninen, H., and Nikinmaa, E.: Acclimation of photosynthetic capacity in Scots pine to the annual cycle of temperature, Tree Physiol., 24, 369-376, 2004. (Pubitemid 38504114)
63. Matthews, E.: Global Vegetation and Land-Use-New High-Resolution Data-Bases for Climate Studies, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 22, 474-487, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1983)0220474:Gvalun2.0.CO;2, 1983. (Pubitemid 13591472)
64. McKinney, K. A., Lee, B. H., Vasta, A., Pho, T. V., and Munger, J. W.: Emissions of isoprenoids and oxygenated biogenic volatile organic compounds from a New England mixed forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4807-4831, doi:10.5194/acp-11-4807-2011, 2011.
65. Migliavacca, M., Sonnentag, O., Keenan, T. F., Cescatti, A., O'Keefe, J., and Richardson, A. D.: On the uncertainty of phenological responses to climate change, and implications for a terrestrial biosphere model, Biogeosciences, 9, 2063-2083, doi:10.5194/bg-9-2063-2012, 2012.
66. Milla, R. and Reich, P. B.: The scaling of leaf area and mass: the cost of light interception increases with leaf size, Proc. Res. Soc. B, 274, 2109-2114, doi:10.1098/Rspb.2007.0417, 2007.
67. Monfreda, C., Ramankutty, N., and Foley, J. A.: Farming the planet: 2. Geographic distribution of crop areas, yields, physiological types, and net primary production in the year 2000, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB1022 doi:10.1029/2007GB002947, 2008. (Pubitemid 351850868)
68. Monson, R. K., Harley, P. C., Litvak, M. E.,Wildermuth, M., Guenther, A. B., Zimmerman, P. R., and Fall, R.: Environmental and Developmental Controls over the Seasonal Pattern of Isoprene Emission from Aspen Leaves, Oecologia, 99, 260-270, 1994. (Pubitemid 2146591)
69. Monson, R. K., Trahan, N., Rosenstiel, T. N., Veres, P., Moore, D., Wilkinson, M., Norby, R. J., Volder, A., Tjoelker, M. G., Briske, D. D., Karnosky, D. F., and Fall, R.: Isoprene emission from terrestrial ecosystems in response to global change: minding the gap between models and observations, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 365, 1677-1695, doi:10.1098/Rsta.2007.2038, 2007.
70. Müller, J.-F., Stavrakou, T., Wallens, S., De Smedt, I., Van Roozendael, M., Potosnak, M. J., Rinne, J., Munger, B., Goldstein, A., and Guenther, A. B.: Global isoprene emissions estimated using MEGAN, ECMWF analyses and a detailed canopy environment model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1329-1341, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1329-2008, 2008.
71. Niinemets, U.: Mild versus severe stress and BVOCs: thresholds, priming and consequences, Trends Plant. Sci., 15, 145-153, doi:10.1016/J.Tplants.2009. 11.008, 2010.
72. Niinemets, U., Tenhunen, J. D., Harley, P. C., and Steinbrecher, R.: A model of isoprene emission based on energetic requirements for isoprene synthesis and leaf photosynthetic properties for Liquidambar and Quercus, Plant Cell Environ., 22, 1319-1335, 1999.
73. Niinemets, U., Arneth, A., Kuhn, U., Monson, R. K., Penuelas, J., and Staudt, M.: The emission factor of volatile isoprenoids: stress, acclimation, and developmental responses, Biogeosciences, 7, 2203-2223, doi:10.5194/bg-7- 2203-2010, 2010a.
74. Niinemets U., Copolovici, L., and Huve, K.: High withincanopy variation in isoprene emission potentials in temperate trees: Implications for predicting canopy-scale isoprene fluxes, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 115, G04029 doi:10.1029/2010JG001436, 2010b
75. Niinemets, U., Monson, R. K., Arneth, A., Ciccioli, P., Kesselmeier, J., Kuhn, U., Noe, S. M., Penuelas, J., and Staudt, M.: The leaflevel emission factor of volatile isoprenoids: caveats, model algorithms, response shapes and scaling, Biogeosciences, 7, 1809-1832, doi:10.5194/bg-7-1809-2010, 2010c.
76. Oleson, K. W., Lawrence, D. M., Bonan, G. B., Flanne, M. G., Kluzek, E., Lawrence, P. J., Levis, S., Swenson, S. C., and Thronton, P. E.: Technical Description of version 4.0 of the Community Land Model (CLM), National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CONCAR/TN-478+STR, 2010.
77. Olofsson, M., Ek-Olausson, B., Jensen, N. O., Langer, S., and Ljungstrom, E.: The flux of isoprene from a willow coppice plantation and the effect on local air quality, Atmos. Environ., 39, 2061-2070, doi:10.1016/J.Atmosenv.2004. 12.015, 2005. (Pubitemid 40470369)
78. Pacifico, F., Harrison, S. P., Jones, C. D., Arneth, A., Sitch, S.,Weedon, G. P., Barkley, M. P., Palmer, P. I., Serca, D., Potosnak, M., Fu, T. M., Goldstein, A., Bai, J., and Schurgers, G.: Evaluation of a photosynthesis-based biogenic isoprene emission scheme in JULES and simulation of isoprene emissions under presentday climate conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4371-4389, doi:10.5194/acp-11-4371-2011, 2011.
79. Pacifico, F., Folberth, G. A., Jones, C. D., Harrison, S. P., and Collins,W. J.: Sensitivity of biogenic isoprene emissions to past, present, and future environmental conditions and implications for atmospheric chemistry, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D22302, doi:10.1029/2012jd018276, 2012.
80. Palmer, P. I., Jacob, D. J., Fiore, A. M., Martin, R. V., Chance, K., and Kurosu, T. P.:Mapping isoprene emissions over North America using formaldehyde column observations from space, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4180, doi:10.1029/2002jd002153, 2003.
81. Pattey, E., Desjardins, R. L., Westberg, H., Lamb, B., and Zhu, T.: Measurement of isoprene emissions over a black spruce stand using a tower-based relaxed eddy-accumulation system, J. Appl. Meteorol., 38, 870-877, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1999)0380870:Moieoa2.0.CO;2, 1999.
82. Pegoraro, E., Rey, A., Greenberg, J., Harley, P., Grace, J., Malhi, Y., and Guenther, A.: Effect of drought on isoprene emission rates from leaves of Quercus virginiana Mill., Atmos. Environ., 38, 6149-6156, doi:10.1016/J. Atmosenv.2004.07.028, 2004. (Pubitemid 39445791)
83. Pegoraro, E., Rey, A., Barron-Gafford, G., Monson, R., Malhi, Y., and Murthy, R.: The interacting effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration, drought and leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficit on ecosystem isoprene fluxes, Oecologia, 146, 120-129, doi:10.1007/S00442-005-0166-5, 2005. (Pubitemid 41549346)
84. Pegoraro, E., Rey, A., Abrell, L., Vanharen, J., and Lin, G. H.: Drought effect on isoprene production and consumption in Biosphere 2 tropical rainforest, Global Change Biol, 12, 456-469, doi:10.1111/J.1365-2486.2006.01112. X, 2006.
85. Pfister, G. G., Emmons, L. K., Hess, P. G., Lamarque, J. F., Orlando, J. J.,Walters, S., Guenther, A., Palmer, P. I., and Lawrence, P. J.: Contribution of isoprene to chemical budgets: A model tracer study with the NCAR CTM MOZART-4, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D05308, doi:10.1029/2007jd008948, 2008.
86. Pitman, A. J., Arneth, A., and Ganzeveld, L.: Regionalizing global climate models, Int. J. Climatol., 32, 321-337, doi:10.1002/Joc.2279, 2012.
87. Porporato, A., Laio, F., Ridolfi, L., and Rodriguez-Iturbe, I.: Plants in water-controlled ecosystems: active role in hydrologic processes and response to water stress-III. Vegetation water stress, Adv. Water Resour., 24, 725-744, doi:10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00006-9, 2001. (Pubitemid 32593049)
88. Possell, M., Heath, J., Nicholas Hewitt, C., Ayres, E., and Kerstiens, G.: Interactive effects of elevated CO2 and soil fertility on isoprene emissions from Quercus robur, Global Change Biol., 10, 1835-1843, doi:10.1111/J.1365- 2486.2004.00845.X, 2004. (Pubitemid 39631739)
89. Possell, M., Hewitt, C. N., and Beerling, D. J.: The effects of glacial atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate on isoprene emissions by vascular plants, Global Change Biol., 11, 60-69, doi:10.1111/J.1365-2486.2004.00889.X, 2005. (Pubitemid 40134046)
90. Possell, M. and Hewitt, C. N.: Isoprene emissions from plants are mediated by atmospheric CO2 concentrations, Global Change Biol., 17, 1595-1610, doi:10.1111/J.1365-2486.2010.02306.X, 2011.
91. Potosnak, M. J., Baker, B. M., LeStourgeon, L., Disher, S. M., Griffin, K. L., Bret-Harte, M. S., and Starr, G.: Isoprene emissions from a tundra ecosystem, Biogeosciences, 10, 871-889, doi:10.5194/bg-10-871-2013, 2013.
92. Pressley, S., Lamb, B., Westberg, H., Flaherty, J., Chen, J., and Vogel, C.: Long-term isoprene flux measurements above a northern hardwood forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D07301, doi:10.1029/2004jd005523, 2005. (Pubitemid 43066293)
93. Rayner, N. A., Brohan, P., Parker, D. E., Folland, C. K., Kennedy, J. J., Vanicek, M., Ansell, T. J., and Tett, S. F. B.: Improved analyses of changes and uncertainties in sea surface temperature measured in situ sice the mid-nineteenth century: The HadSST2 dataset, J. Climate, 19, 446-469, doi:10.1175/Jcli3637.1, 2006.
94. Richardson, A. D., Keenan, T. F., Migliavacca, M., Ryu, Y., Sonnentag, O., and Toomey, M.: Climate change, phenology, and phenological control of vegetation feedbacks to the climate system, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 169, 156-173, doi:10.1016/J.Agrformet.2012.09.012, 2013.
95. Rienecker, M. M., Suarez, M. J., Gelaro, R., Todling, R., Bacmeister, J., Liu, E., Bosilovich, M. G., Schubert, S. D., Takacs, L., Kim, G. K., Bloom, S., Chen, J. Y., Collins, D., Conaty, A., Da Silva, A., Gu, W., Joiner, J., Koster, R. D., Lucchesi, R., Molod, A., Owens, T., Pawson, S., Pegion, P., Redder, C. R., Reichle, R., Robertson, F. R., Ruddick, A. G., Sienkiewicz, M., and Woollen, J.: MERRA: NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, J. Climate, 24, 3624-3648, doi:10.1175/Jcli-D-11-00015.1, 2011.
96. Rinne, H. J. I., Guenther, A. B., Greenberg, J. P., and Harley, P. C.: Isoprene and monoterpene fluxes measured above Amazonian rainforest and their dependence on light and temperature, Atmos Environ, 36, 2421-2426, Pii S1352-2310(01)00523-4, 2002. (Pubitemid 34626270)
97. Rinne, J., Back, J., and Hakola, H.: Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from the Eurasian taiga: current knowledge and future directions, Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 807-826, 2009.
98. Rinne, J., Markkanen, T., Ruuskanen, T. M., Petaja, T., Keronen, P., Tang, M. J., Crowley, J. N., Rannik, U., and Vesala, T.: Effect of chemical degradation on fluxes of reactive compounds-a study with a stochastic Lagrangian transport model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4843-4854, doi:10.5194/acp-12-4843- 2012, 2012.
99. Rosenstiel, T. N., Potosnak, M. J., Griffin, K. L., Fall, R., and Monson, R. K.: Increased CO2 uncouples growth from isoprene emission in an agriforest ecosystem, Nature, 421, 256-259, doi:10.1038/Nature01312, 2003. (Pubitemid 36139127)
100. Rosenzweig, C. and Abramopoulos, F.: Land-surface model development for the GISS GCM, J Climate, 10, 2040-2054, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1997)0102040: Lsmdft2.0.CO;2, 1997.
101. Sacks, W. J., Deryng, D., Foley, J. A., and Ramankutty, N.: Crop planting dates: an analysis of global patterns, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19, 607-620, doi:10.1111/J.1466-8238.2010.00551.X, 2010.
102. Saito, T., Yokouchi, Y., Kosugi, Y., Tani, M., Philip, E., and Okuda, T.: Methyl chloride and isoprene emissions from tropical rain forest in Southeast Asia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19812, doi:10.1029/2008gl035241, 2008.
103. Schmidt, G. A., Ruedy, R., Hansen, J. E., Aleinov, I., Bell, N., Bauer, M., Bauer, S., Cairns, B., Canuto, V., Cheng, Y., Del Genio, A., Faluvegi, G., Friend, A. D., Hall, T. M., Hu, Y. Y., Kelley, M., Kiang, N. Y., Koch, D., Lacis, A. A., Lerner, J., Lo, K. K., Miller, R. L., Nazarenko, L., Oinas, V., Perlwitz, J., Perlwitz, J., Rind, D., Romanou, A., Russell, G. L., Sato, M., Shindell, D. T., Stone, P. H., Sun, S., Tausnev, N., Thresher, D., and Yao, M. S.: Present-day atmospheric simulations using GISS ModelE: Comparison to in situ, satellite, and reanalysis data, J. Climate, 19, 153-192, 2006.
104. Schurgers, G., Arneth, A., Holzinger, R., and Goldstein, A. H.: Process-based modelling of biogenic monoterpene emissions combining production and release from storage, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3409-3423, doi:10.5194/acp-9- 3409-2009, 2009.
105. Schurgers, G., Arneth, A., and Hickler, T.: Effect of climate-driven changes in species composition on regional emission capacities of biogenic compounds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D22304, doi:10.1029/2011jd016278, 2011.
106. Schwalm, C. R.,Williams, C. A., Schaefer, K., Anderson, R., Arain, M. A., Baker, I., Barr, A., Black, T. A., Chen, G. S., Chen, J. M., Ciais, P., Davis, K. J., Desai, A., Dietze, M., Dragoni, D., Fischer, M. L., Flanagan, L. B., Grant, R., Gu, L. H., Hollinger, D., Izaurralde, R. C., Kucharik, C., Lafleur, P., Law, B. E., Li, L. H., Li, Z. P., Liu, S. G., Lokupitiya, E., Luo, Y. Q., Ma, S. Y., Margolis, H., Matamala, R., McCaughey, H., Monson, R. K., Oechel, W. C., Peng, C. H., Poulter, B., Price, D. T., Riciutto, D. M., Riley, W., Sahoo, A. K., Sprintsin, M., Sun, J. F., Tian, H. Q., Tonitto, C., Verbeeck, H., and Verma, S. B.: A model-data intercomparison of CO2 exchange across North America: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 115, G00H05 doi:10.1029/2009jg001229, 2010.
107. Serca, D., Guenther, A., Klinger, L., Vierling, L., Harley, P., Druilhet, A., Greenberg, J., Baker, B., Baugh, W., Bouka-Biona, C., and Loemba-Ndembi, J.: EXPRESSO flux measurements at upland and lowland Congo tropical forest site, Tellus B, 53, 220-234, 2001. (Pubitemid 32812286)
108. Sharkey, T. D. and Loreto, F.: Water-Stress, Temperature, and Light Effects on Isoprene Emission and Photosynthesis of Kudzu Leaves, Plant Physiol., 102, 159-159, 1993.
109. Sharkey, T. D. and Singsaas, E. L.: Why Plants Emit Isoprene, Nature, 374, 769-769, doi:10.1038/374769a0, 1995.
110. Shindell, D. T., Faluvegi, G., Unger, N., Aguilar, E., Schmidt, G. A., Koch, D. M., Bauer, S. E., and Miller, R. L.: Simulations of preindustrial, present-day, and 2100 conditions in the NASA GISS composition and climate model G-PUCCINI, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4427-4459, doi:10.5194/acp-6-4427-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44521394)
111. Shindell, D. T., Pechony, O., Voulgarakis, A., Faluvegi, G., Nazarenko, L., Lamarque, J. F., Bowman, K., Milly, G., Kovari, B., Ruedy, R., and Schmidt, G. A.: Interactive ozone and methane chemistry in GISS-E2 historical and future climate simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2653-2689, doi:10.5194/acp-13-2653- 2013, 2013.
112. Sitch, S., Huntingford, C., Gedney, N., Levy, P. E., Lomas, M., Piao, S. L., Betts, R., Ciais, P., Cox, P., Friedlingstein, P., Jones, C. D., Prentice, I. C., and Woodward, F. I.: Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future plant geography and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks using five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs), Global Change Biol., 14, 2015-2039, doi:10.1111/J.1365-2486.2008.01626.X, 2008.
113. Spirig, C., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J. P., Calanca, P., and Tarvainen, V.: Tethered balloon measurements of biogenic volatile organic compounds at a Boreal forest site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 215-229, 2004, http://www.atmos-chem- phys.net/4/215/2004/. (Pubitemid 39073758)
114. Spirig, C., Neftel, A., Ammann, C., Dommen, J., Grabmer, W., Thielmann, A., Schaub, A., Beauchamp, J., Wisthaler, A., and Hansel, A.: Eddy covariance flux measurements of biogenic VOCs during ECHO 2003 using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 465-481, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/465/2005/. (Pubitemid 40405298)
115. Steinbrecher, R., Klauer, M., Hauff, K., Stockwell,W. R., Jaeschke, W., Dietrich, T., and Herbert, F.: Biogenic and anthropogenic fluxes of non-methane hydrocarbons over an urbanimpacted forest, Frankfurter Stadtwald, Germany, Atmos. Environ., 34, 3779-3788, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00518-X, 2000. (Pubitemid 30347274)
116. Toivonen, A., Rikala, R., Repo, T., and Smolander, H.: Autumn Colouration of First Year Pinus sylvestris Seedlings during Frost Hardening, Scand. J. Forest Res., 6, 31-39, doi:10.1080/02827589109382644, 1991.
117. Unger, N.: Global climate impact of civil aviation for standard and desulfurized jet fuel, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L20803, doi:10.1029/ 2011GL049289, 2011.
118. Vickers, C. E., Gershenzon, J., Lerdau, M. T., and Loreto, F.: A unified mechanism of action for volatile isoprenoids in plant abiotic stress, Nat. Chem. Biol., 5, 283-291, doi:10.1038/Nchembio.158, 2009.
119. von Caemmerer, S. and Farquhar, G. D.: Some Relationships between the Biochemistry of Photosynthesis and the Gas-Exchange of Leaves, Planta, 153, 3, 1981.
120. Warneke, C., de Gouw, J. A., Del Negro, L., Brioude, J., McKeen, S., Stark, H., Kuster, W. C., Goldan, P. D., Trainer, M., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Wiedinmyer, C., Guenther, A. B., Hansel, A., Wisthaler, A., Atlas, E., Holloway, J. S., Ryerson, T. B., Peischl, J., Huey, L. G., and Hanks, A. T. C.: Biogenic emission measurement and inventories determination of biogenic emissions in the eastern United States and Texas and comparison with biogenic emission inventories, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D00F18, doi:10.1029/2009jd012445, 2010.
121. Way, D. A., Schnitzler, J. P., Monson, R. K., and Jackson, R. B.: Enhanced isoprene-related tolerance of heat-and light-stressed photosynthesis at low, but not high, CO2 concentrations, Oecologia, 166, 273-282, doi:10.1007/S00442-011-1947-7, 2011.
122. Welp, L. R., Keeling, R. F., Meijer, H. A. J., Bollenbacher, A. F., Piper, S. C., Yoshimura, K., Francey, R. J., Allison, C. E., and Wahlen, M.: Interannual variability in the oxygen isotopes of atmospheric CO2 driven by El Nino, Nature, 477, 579-582, doi:10.1038/Nature10421, 2011.
123. Westberg, H., Lamb, B., Hafer, R., Hills, A., Shepson, P., and Vogel, C.: Measurement of isoprene fluxes at the PROPHET site, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 24347-24358, doi:10.1029/2000JD900735, 2001.
124. Wilkinson, M. J., Monson, R. K., Trahan, N., Lee, S., Brown, E., Jackson, R. B., Polley, H. W., Fay, P. A., and Fall, R.: Leaf isoprene emission rate as a function of atmospheric CO2 concentra-tion, Global Change Biol., 15, 1189-1200, doi:10.1111/J.1365-2486.2008.01803.X, 2009.
125. Wu, S. L., Mickley, L. J., Leibensperger, E. M., Jacob, D. J., Rind, D., and Streets, D. G.: Effects of 2000-2050 global change on ozone air quality in the United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D06302, doi:10.1029/ 2007JD008917, 2008.
126. Young, P. J., Arneth, A., Schurgers, G., Zeng, G., and Pyle, J. A.: The CO2 inhibition of terrestrial isoprene emission significantly affects future ozone projections, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2793-2803, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2793- 2009, 2009.
127. Young, P. J., Archibald, A. T., Bowman, K. W., Lamarque, J. F., Naik, V., Stevenson, D. S., Tilmes, S., Voulgarakis, A., Wild, O., Bergmann, D., Cameron-Smith, P., Cionni, I., Collins,W. J., Dalsoren, S. B., Doherty, R. M., Eyring, V., Faluvegi, G., Horowitz, L. W., Josse, B., Lee, Y. H., MacKenzie, I. A., Nagashima, T., Plummer, D. A., Righi, M., Rumbold, S. T., Skeie, R. B., Shindell, D. T., Strode, S. A., Sudo, K., Szopa, S., and Zeng, G.: Preindustrial to end 21st century projections of tropospheric ozone from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2063-2090, doi:10.5194/acp-13-2063-2013, 2013.