Ecotoxicological evaluation of caffeine and its derivatives from a simulated chlorination step

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 470-471, Issue , 2014, Pages 453-458

  Zarrelli, Armando ^a   DellaGreca, Marina ^a   Iesce, Maria Rosaria ^a   Lavorgna, Margherita ^b   Temussi, Fabio ^a   Schiavone, Luigi ^b   Criscuolo, Emma ^b   Parrella, Alfredo ^b   Previtera, Lucio ^a   Isidori, Marina ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^b SECOND UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES   (Italy)

Author keywords

Acute and chronic toxicity; Caffeine; Chlorination; Chlorine derivatives; Disinfection treatments; Genotoxicity

Indexed keywords

CHLORINATION; DISINFECTION; GROUNDWATER; POPULATION STATISTICS; SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS; SYSTEMS ENGINEERING; TOXICITY;

4 NITROQUINOLINE 1 OXIDES; ANTHROPOGENIC PRESSURES; ANTIGENOTOXIC EFFECTS; CHRONIC TOXICITY; DISINFECTION TREATMENTS; GENOTOXICITIES; PSEUDOKIRCHNERIELLA SUBCAPITATA; SURFACE AND GROUND WATERS;

CAFFEINE;

1,3 DIMETHYL 5 AZABARBITURIC ACID; 1,3 DIMETHYLUREA; 4 NITROQUINOLINE 1 OXIDE; 8 CHLOROCAFFEINE; BETA GALACTOSIDASE; CAFFEINE; CAFFEINE DERIVATIVE; METHYLUREA; N,N' DIMETHYLOXALAMIDE; N,N' DIMETHYLPARABANIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACTIVATED SLUDGE; ALGA; ALKALOID; CHLORINATION; DISINFECTION; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP; DRUG; ECOTOXICOLOGY; GENOTOXICITY; GROWTH RESPONSE; INHIBITION; SEWAGE;

ACUTE TOXICITY; ALGA; AMES TEST; ARTICLE; BRACHIONUS CALYCIFLORUS; CHLORINATION; CHRONIC TOXICITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISINFECTION; ECOTOXICITY; ECOTOXICOLOGY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENOTOXICITY; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSEUDOKIRCHNERIELLA SUBCAPITATA; ROTIFERA; SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT; SOS CHROMOTEST; TOXICITY TESTING;

ALGAE; BRACHIONUS CALYCIFLORUS; SELENASTRUM CAPRICORNUTUM;

ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITY; CAFFEINE; CHLORINATION; CHLORINE DERIVATIVES; DISINFECTION TREATMENTS; GENOTOXICITY;

ANIMALS; CAFFEINE; CHLOROPHYTA; ECOTOXICOLOGY; MUTAGENICITY TESTS; RISK ASSESSMENT; ROTIFERA; TOXICITY TESTS; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL;

EID: 84886257016     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.005     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Abraham S.K., Stopper H. Anti-genotoxicity of coffee against N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in mouse lymphoma cells. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2004, 561:23-33.
2. Albaiges J., Casado F., Ventura F. Organic indicators of groundwater pollution by a sanitary landfill. Water Res 1986, 20:1153-1159.
3. ASTM (American Society for Testing, Materials) Standard guide for acute toxicity with the rotifer Brachionus 1991, E1440-91. [Philadelphia PA USA].
4. Blaise C., Gagné F., Eullaffroy P., Férard J.-F. Ecotoxicity of selected pharmaceuticals of urban origin discharged to the Saint-Lawrence River (Québec, Canada): a review. Braz J Aquat Sci Technol 2006, 10:29-51.
5. Boleda M.A., Galceran M.A., Ventura F. Behavior of pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) using combined conventional and ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis (UF/RO) treatments. Environ Pollut 2011, 159(6):1584-1591.
6. Buerge I., Poiger T., Muller M.D., Buser H. Caffeine, an anthropogenic marker for wastewater contamination of surface waters. Environ Sci Technol 2003, 27(4):691-700.
7. Calleja M.C., Persoone G., Geladi P. Comparative acute toxicity of the first 50 multicentre evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity chemicals to aquatic non-vertebrates. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1994, 26:69-78.
8. Choundhury R.C., Palo A.K. Modulatory effects of caffeine on methotrexate-induced cytogenotoxicity in mouse bone marrow. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2004, 15:79-85.
9. Christman R.F., Norwood D.L., Millingtone D.S., Johnson J.D., Stevens A.A. Reactions of chlorine with selected aromatic models of aquatic humic materials. Environ Sci Technol 1983, 17:625-628.
10. Clark R.M., Thurnau R.C., Sivaganesan M., Ringhand P. Predicting the formation of chlorinated and brominated by-products. J Environ Eng 2001, 127:493-495.
11. Dalmazio I., Santos L.S., Lopes R.P., Eberlin M.N., Augusti R. Advanced oxidation of caffeine in water: on-line and real-time monitoring by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 2005, 39:5982-5988.
12. DellaGreca M., Iesce M.R., Pistillo P., Previtera L., Temussi F. Unusual products of the aqueous chlorination of atenolol. Chemosphere 2009, 74:730-734.
13. Doege U., Eger K. A simple HPLC-UV method for the determination of dimenhydrinate and related substances - identification of an unknown impurity. Pharmazie 2007, 62:174-178.
14. Focazio M.J., Kolpin D.W., Barnes K.K., Furlong E.T., Meyer M.T., Zaugg S.D., et al. A national reconnaissance for pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States - II. Untreated drinking water sources. Sci Total Environ 2008, 402:201-216.
15. Glassmeyer S.T., Shoemaker J.A. Effects of chlorination on the persistence of pharmaceuticals in the environment. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2005, 74:24-31.
16. Gomez M.J., Gomez-Ramos M.M., Malato O., Mezcua M., Fernandez-Alba A.R. Rapid automated screening, identification and quantification of organic micro-contaminants and their main transformation products in wastewater and river waters using liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry with an accurate-mass database. J Chromatogr 2010, 1217:7038-7054.
17. Gould J.P., Hay T.R. The nature of the reactions between chlorine and purine and pyrimidine bases: products and kinetics. Water Sci Technol 1982, 14:629-640.
18. Gould J.P., Richards J.T. The kinetics and products of the chlorination of caffeine in aqueous solution. Water Res 1984, 18:1001-1009.
19. Grung M., Lichtenthaler R., Ahel M., Tollefsen K.-E., Langford K., Thomas K.V. Effects-directed analysis of organic toxicants in wastewater effluent from Zagreb, Croatia. Chemosphere 2007, 67:108-120.
20. Helmer R. Water quality and health. Environmentalist 1999, 19:11-16.
21. Huerta-Fontela M., Galceran M.T., Ventura F. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of stimulatory drugs of abuse in wastewater and surface waters. Anal Chem 2007, 79:3821-3829.
22. Huerta-Fontela M., Galcern M.T., Ventura F. Stimulatory drugs of abuse in surface waters and their removal in a conventional drinking water treatment plant. Environ Sci Technol 2008, 42:6809-6816.
23. ISO Water quality-determination of chronic toxicity to Brachionus calyciflorus in 48h-population growth inhibition test 2008, ISO 20666, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva Switzerland.
24. ISO 8692 Water quality - fresh water algal growth inhibition test with Scenedesmus subspicatus and Selenastrum capricornutum 2004, ISO.
25. Khurana J.M., Sharma P., Gogia A., Kandpal B.M. Oxidative cleavage of 1,2-diols, α-ketols and 1,2-diketones with aqueous sodium hypochlorite. Org Prep Proc Int 2007, 39:185-202.
26. Kirkland D., Reeve L., Gatehouse D., Vanparys P. A core in vitro genotoxicity battery comprising the Ames Test plus the in vitro micronucleus test is sufficient to detect rodent carcinogens and in vivo genotoxins. Mutat Res 2011, 721(1):27-73.
27. Klawonn M., Bohr S., Mehltretter G., Dobler C., Fischer C., Beller M. A simple and convenient method for epoxidation of olefins without metal catalysts. Adv Synth Catal 2003, 345:389-392.
28. 2, and the transition state model between oxoiron and thymine. Chem Pharm Bull 2010, 58:775-781.
29. Kolonko Kenneth J., Shapiro Robert H., Barkley R.M., Sievers R.E. Ozonization of caffeine in aqueous solution. J Org Chem 1979, 44(22):3769-3778.
30. Kolpin D.W., Skopec M., Meyer M.T., Furlong E.T., Zaugg S.D. Urban contribution of pharmaceuticals and other organic contaminants to streams during differing flow conditions. Sci Total Environ 2004, 328:119-130.
31. Maron D.M., Ames B.N. Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutat Res 1983, 113:173-215.
32. Martinez-Bueno M.J., Ucles S., Hernando M.D., Davoli E., Fernandez-Alba A.R. Evaluation of selected ubiquitous contaminants in the aquatic environment and their transformation products. A pilot study of their removal from a sewage treatment plant. Water Res 2011, 45:2331-2341.
33. Metcalfe C.D., Miao X.-S., Koenig B.G., Struger J. Distribution of acidic and neutral drugs in surface waters near sewage treatment plants in the lower Great Lakes, Canada. Environ Toxicol Chem 2003, 22:2881-2889.
34. Moore M.T., Greenway S.L., Farris J.L. Assessing caffeine as an emerging environmental concern using conventional approaches. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2008, 54:31-35.
35. Nakamura H., Kawakami T., Niino T., Takahashi Y., Onodera S. Chemical fate and changes in mutagenic activity of antibiotics nitrofurazone and furazolidone during aqueous chlorination. J Toxicol Sci 2008, 33:621-629.
36. Neves C.M.B., Simoes M.M.Q., Santos I.C.M.S., Domingues F.M.J., Neves M.G.P.M.S., Almeida Paz F.A., et al. Oxidation of caffeine with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by metalloporphyrins. Tetrahedron Lett 2011, 52:2898-2902.
37. Nieuwenhuijsen M.J., Toledano M.B., Eaton N.E., Fawell J., Elliot P. Chlorination disinfection by-products in water and their association with adverse reproductive outcomes: a review. Occup Environ Med 2000, 57:73-85.
38. OECD SIDS [Screening Information Data Set] initial assessment profile: caffeine 2002, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
39. OECD SIDS [Screening Information Data Set] initial assessment profile: 1,3-dimethylurea 2003, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
40. Paixao S.M., Silva L., Fernandes A., O'Rourke K., Mendonca E., Picado A. Performance of a miniaturized algal bioassay in phytotoxicity screening. Ecotoxicology 2008, 17:165-171.
41. Quillardet P., Hofnung M. The SOS Chromotest: a review. Mutat Res 1993, 297:235-279.
42. Ruiz M.J., Marzin D. Genotoxicity of six pesticides by Salmonella mutagenicity test and SOS Chromotest. Mutat Res 1997, 390:245-255.
43. Sekizawa T., Onodera S. Chemical fate and mutagenic formation potentials of phenothiazine and related compounds during water chlorination. J Toxicol Sci 2010, 35:853-862.
44. Stackelber P.E., Furlong E.T., Meye M.T., Zaugg S.D., Henderson A.K., Reissman D.B. Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water treatment plant. Sci Total Environ 2004, 329:99-113.
45. Teijon G., Candela L., Tamoh K., Molina-Diaz A., Fernandez-Alba A.R. Occurrence of emerging contaminants, priority substances (2008/105/CE) and heavy metals in treated wastewater and ground water at Depurbaix facility (Barcelona, Spain). Sci Total Environ 2010, 408:3584-3595.
46. Traczewska T.M., Trusz-Zdybek A., Piekarska K., Bilyk A., Czarniecka J. Influence of preliminary oxidation of model water with chlorine dioxide on its mutagenicity. Environ Prot Eng 2009, 35(1):119-125.
47. U.S. EPA Interim procedures for conducting the Salmonella/microsomal mutagenicity assay (Ames Test). EPA-600-4-82-068 1983, Washington DC, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
48. Waiser M.J., Humphries D., Tumber V., Holm J. Effluent-dominated streams. Part 2: presence and possible effects of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Wascana Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada. Environ Toxicol Chem 2011, 30:508-519.
49. Woziwodzka A., Gwizdek-Wiśniewska A., Piosik J. Caffeine, pentoxifylline and theophylline form stacking complexes with IQ-type heterocyclic aromatic amines. Bioorg Chem 2011, 39:10-17.
50. Yang X., Flowers R.C., Weinberg H.S., Singer P.C. Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in an advanced wastewater reclamation plant. Water Res 2011, 45(16):5218-5228.
51. Yuo J., Lao W., Wang G. Analysis of organic pollutants in sewage by supercritical fluid extraction. Chromatographia 1999, 49:399-405.
52. Zarrelli A., DellaGreca M., Parolisi A., Iesce M.R., Cermola F., Temussi F., et al. Chemical fate and genotoxic risk associated with hypochlorite treatment of nicotine. Sci Total Environ 2012, 426:132-138.