How Self-Generated Thought Shapes Mood-The Relation between Mind-Wandering and Mood Depends on the Socio-Temporal Content of Thoughts

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 10, 2013, Pages

  Ruby, Florence J M ^a,b   Smallwood, Jonathan ^a,b   Engen, Haakon ^a   Singer, Tania ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN COGNITIVE AND BRAIN SCIENCES   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; ADULT; AFFECT; ARTICLE; CONTENT ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HAPPINESS; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LONELINESS; MALE; MOOD; NORMAL HUMAN; RESPONSE TIME; SOCIAL ASPECT; TASK PERFORMANCE; THINKING; TIME PERCEPTION; VOLUNTEER; ATTENTION; DECISION MAKING; GERMANY; PHYSIOLOGY; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL MODEL; TIME;

ADULT; AFFECT; ATTENTION; CHOICE BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; GERMANY; HAPPINESS; HUMANS; LINEAR MODELS; MALE; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; THINKING; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84886010804     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077554     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Smallwood J, (2013) Distinguishing how from why the mind wanders: A process-occurrence framework for self-generated mental activity. Psychol Bull 139: 519-535.
2. Smallwood J, Nind L, O'Connor RC, (2009) When is your head at? An exploration of the factors associated with the temporal focus of the wandering mind. Conscious Cogn 18: 118-125.
3. Baird B, Smallwood J, Schooler JW (2011) Back to the future: autobiographical planning and the functionality of mind-wandering. Conscious Cogn 20: 1604-1611.
4. Killingsworth MA, Gilbert DT, (2010) A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Science 330: 932.
5. Andrews-Hanna JR, Reidler JS, Huang C, Buckner RL, (2010) Evidence for the default network's role in spontaneous cognition. J Neurophysiol 104: 322-335.
6. Song X, Wang X, (2012) Mind wandering in Chinese daily lives--an experience sampling study. PLoS One 7: e44423.
7. Iijima Y, Tanno Y, (2012) [The effect of cognitive load on the temporal focus of mind wandering]. Shinrigaku Kenkyu 83: 232-236.
8. Tulving E, (2002) Episodic memory: From mind to brain. Annual Review of Psychology 53: 1-25.
9. Schacter DL, Addis DR, Hassabis D, Martin VC, Spreng RN, et al. (2012) The future of memory: remembering, imagining, and the brain. Neuron 76: 677-694.
10. Gollwitzer PM, (1999) Implementation intentions: strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist 54: 493.
11. Smallwood J, Ruby FJM, Singer T, (2013) Letting go of the present: Mind-wandering is associated with reduced delay discounting. Consciousness and Cognition 22: 1-7.
12. Baird B, Smallwood J, Mrazek MD, Kam JW, Franklin MS, et al. (2012) Inspired by distraction: mind wandering facilitates creative incubation. Psychol Sci 23: 1117-1122.
13. McVay JC, Kane MJ, (2012) Why Does Working Memory Capacity Predict Variation in Reading Comprehension? On the Influence of Mind Wandering and Executive Attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology-General 141: 302-320.
14. Smallwood J, McSpadden M, Schooler JW (2008) When attention matters: The curious incident of the wandering mind. Memory & Cognition 36: 1144-1150.
15. Lagarde E, Gabaude C, Maury B, Lemercier C, Salmi L-R, et al. (2012) Mind wandering and driving. Injury Prevention 18: A200.
16. Smallwood J, Fitzgerald A, Miles LK, Phillips LH, (2009) Shifting moods, wandering minds: negative moods lead the mind to wander. Emotion 9: 271-276.
17. Smallwood J, O'Connor RC, (2011) Imprisoned by the past: unhappy moods lead to a retrospective bias to mind wandering. Cogn Emot 25: 1481-1490.
18. StawarczykD, MajerusS, D'Argembeau A (in press) Concern-induced negative affect is associated with the occurrence and content of mind-wandering. Conscious Cogn.
19. Watkins E, Teasdale JD, (2001) Rumination and overgeneral memory in depression: Effects of self-focus and analytic thinking. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110: 353-357.
20. Nolen-Hoeksema S, Wisco BE, Lyubomirsky S, (2008) Rethinking Rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science 3: 400-424.
21. Schneider W, Eschman A, Zuccolotto A (2002) E-Prime User's Guide. Pittsburgh: Psychology Software Tools Inc.
22. Schneider W, Eschman A, Zuccolotto A (2002) E-Prime Reference Guide. Pittsburgh: Psychology Software Tools Inc.
23. Christoff K, Gordon AM, Smallwood J, Smith R, Schooler JW (2009) Experience sampling during fMRI reveals default network and executive system contributions to mind wandering. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106: 8719-8724.
24. Mrazek MD, Smallwood J, Franklin MS, Chin JM, Baird B, et al. (2012) The role of mind-wandering in measurements of general aptitude. J Exp Psychol Gen 141: 788-798.
25. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK (1996) BDI-II, Beck depression inventory: manual. San Antonio, Tex. Boston: Psychological Corp.; Harcourt Brace. vi, 38 p. p.
26. LimeSurvey Project Team, Schmitz C (2012) LimeSurvey: An Open Source survey tool,. Hamburg, Germany: LimeSurvey Project.
27. Berntsen D, Bohn A, (2010) Remembering and forecasting: The relation between autobiographical memory and episodic future thinking. Mem Cognit 38: 265-278.
28. Pinheiro JC, Bates DM (2000) Mixed-effects models in S and S-PLUS: Springer Verlag.
29. Baayen RH (2011) LanguageR: Data sets and functions with "Analyzing Linguistic Data: A practical introduction to statistics".
30. Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B (2012) Lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes.
31. R Core Team (2012) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienne, Autria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
32. Wickham H (2009) Ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. New York: Springer. viii, 212 p. p.
33. Smallwood J, Schooler JW (2006) The restless mind. Psychol Bull 132: 946-958.
34. McVay JC, Kane MJ, Kwapil TR, (2009) Tracking the train of thought from the laboratory into everyday life: an experience-sampling study of mind wandering across controlled and ecological contexts. Psychon Bull Rev 16: 857-863.
35. Smallwood J, Schooler JW, Turk DJ, Cunningham SJ, Burns P, et al. (2011) Self-reflection and the temporal focus of the wandering mind. Conscious Cogn 20: 1120-1126.
36. Klinger E, (1978) Dimensions of Thought and Imagery in Normal Waking States. Journal of Altered States of Consciousness 4: 97-113.
37. Klinger E (1999) Thought flow: Properties and mechanisms underlying shifts in content. In: Salovey JASP, editor. At play in the fields of consciousness: Essays in honor of Jerome L Singer. Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. pp. 29-50.