Licensing small modular reactors

Energy

Volumn 61, Issue , 2013, Pages 555-564

  Ramana, M V ^a   Hopkins, Laura Berzak ^a   Glaser, Alexander ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Licensing; Nuclear power; Regulation; Safety concerns; Small modular reactors

Indexed keywords

DESIGN; NUCLEAR ENERGY; NUCLEAR REACTOR LICENSING;

LICENSING PROCEDURES; POWER LEVELS; REACTOR DESIGNS; REGULATION; REGULATORY BODIES; SAFETY CONCERNS; SAFETY ENHANCEMENT; SMALL MODULAR REACTORS;

SMALL NUCLEAR REACTORS;

DESIGN; INDUSTRIAL POLICY; NUCLEAR POWER; NUCLEAR POWER PLANT; REGULATORY APPROACH; SAFETY;

EID: 84885952593     PISSN: 03605442     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2013.09.010     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Vujić J., Bergmann R.M., Škoda R., Miletić M. Small modular reactors: simpler, safer, cheaper?. Energy 2012, 45(1):288-295.
2. Ingersoll D.T. Deliberately small reactors and the second nuclear era. Prog Nucl Energy 2009, 51(4-5):589-603.
3. NEA Current status, technical feasibility, and economics of small nuclear reactors 2011, Nuclear Energy Agency, OECD, Paris.
4. Kozier K.S. The nuclear battery: a very small reactor power supply for remote locations. Energy 1991, 16(1-2):583-591.
5. General Atomics, Bechtel National MHTGR desalination for Southern California. Energy 1991, 16(1-2):593-610.
6. Yan X.L., Kasahara S., Tachibana Y., Kunitomi K. Study of a nuclear energy supplied steelmaking system for near-term application. Energy 2012, 39(1):154-165.
7. Cowan R. Nuclear power reactors: a study in technological lock-in. JEcon Hist 1990, 50(3):541-567.
8. WNA Small nuclear power reactors 2012 Apr, World Nuclear Association, London.
9. Squarer D. Potential of small and medium sized reactors (SMR) to support the GNEP vision 2006 Nov, Advanced Systems Technology and Management, Inc., Vienna, USA, Available from:. https://smr.inl.gov/Document.ashx?path=DOCS/Reading+Room/general/SMR+Final+Report.pdf.
10. EPI Economic and employment impacts of small modular reactors 2010 Jun, Energy Policy Institute, Boise, Idaho.
11. Nuclear Energy Insider Small modular reactors for coal replacement 2013, [Internet]. London, Available from:. http://www.nuclearenergyinsider.com/smr/pdf/USSMRUtilityMarket5.pdf.
12. Dittmar M. Nuclear energy: status and future limitations. Energy 2012, 37(1):35-40.
13. Makhijani A. Light water designs of small modular reactors: facts and analysis 2013, Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, Takoma Park.
14. ITA The commercial outlook for U.S. small modular nuclear reactors 2011 Feb, U.S. Department of commerce, international trade Administration, Available from:. http://trade.gov/publications/abstracts/the-commercial-outlook-for-us-small-modular-nuclear-reactors.asp.
15. Kim Y.-M., Chang S. The comprehensive nuclear promotion plan of the Republic of Korea. Prog Nucl Energy 2012, 58:58-63.
16. Vujić J., Antić D.P., Vukmirović Z. Environmental impact and cost analysis of coal versus nuclear power: the U.S. case. Energy 2012, 45(1):31-42.
17. Koley J., Harikumar S., Ashraf S.A., Chande S.K., Sharma S.K. Regulatory practices for nuclear power plants in India. Nucl Eng Des 2006, 236:894-913.
18. IAEA Technology options for a country's first nuclear power plant 2012, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, Report No.: GC56inf-3.
19. Bredimasa A., Nuttall W.J. An international comparison of regulatory organizations and licensing procedures for new nuclear power plants. Energy Policy 2008, 36:1344-1354.
20. Wahlstrom B. Reflections on regulatory oversight of nuclear power plants. Int J Nucl Law 2007, 1(4):344-377.
21. Michanek G., Söderholm P. Licensing of nuclear power plants: the case of Sweden in an international comparison. Energy Policy 2009, 37(10):4086-4097.
22. Grover R.B., Chandra S. Scenario for growth of electricity in India. Energy Policy 2006, 34(17):2834-2847.
23. Zhou S., Zhang X. Nuclear energy development in China: a study of opportunities and challenges. Energy 2010, 35(11):4282-4288.
24. Lawrence D., Katz A. China nuclear power poised for export in 'self-reliance' bid 2007 Nov 29, Bloomberg.
25. WNN Thorium-fuelled exports coming from India 2009 Sep 17, World Nuclear News.
26. UPI France begins "energy transition" debate 2012 Nov 28, United Press International, [cited 2012 Nov 28]; Available from:. http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2012/11/28/France-begins-energy-transition-debate/UPI-99421354078980/.
27. Schneider M. Post-Fukushima nuclear allergy spreads in France 2012 Apr 19, Japan Times Online [Internet], [cited 2012 Dec 5]; Available from:. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/eo20120419a1.html.
28. Shahrokhi F. AREVA steam cycle high temperature gas-cooled reactor 2012, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
29. WNN Areva modular reactor selected for NGNP development 2012 Feb 15, World Nuclear News, [cited 2012 May 14]; Available from:. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Areva_modular_reactor_selected_for_NGNP_development-1502124.html.
30. Ramana M.V. Nuclear policy responses to Fukushima: exit, voice, and loyalty. Bull At Sci 2013, 69(2):66-76.
31. Subki M.H. Global trends, prospects and challenges for innovative SMRs deployment 2012, [Internet]. Seoul (Korea), Available from:. http://www.iaea.org/INPRO/5th_Dialogue_Forum/Wednesday,_29.08.2012/Session_IV_Nuclear_Safety_and_Innovation/2._Hadid_Subki_IAEA_0829_no_distribute.pdf.
32. IAEA Licensing process for nuclear installations 2010, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, Report No.: SSG-12.
33. Trauger D.B. Safety and licensing for small and medium power reactors. Nucl Eng Des 1988, 109(1-2):267-271.
34. Nickel H., Hofmann K., Wachholz W., Weisbrodt I. The helium-cooled high-temperature reactor in the Federal Republic of Germany: safety features, integrity concept, outlook for design codes and licensing procedures. Nucl Eng Des 1991, 127(2):181-190.
35. Subki M.H. Common issues and challenges in development and deployment of small and medium-sized reactors (SMR) 2011, [Internet]. Vienna, Austria, Available from:. http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Technology/Meetings/2011-March-28-30-TWG-GCR-22.html.
36. NRC Potential policy, licensing, and key technical issues for small modular nuclear reactor designs 2010, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C, Report No.: SECY-10-0034.
37. O'Hara J., Higgins J., Pena M. Human-performance issues related to the design and operation of small modular reactors 2012, Brookhaven National Laboratory for Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, Report No.: NUREG/CR-7126 & BNL-NUREG-96654-102011.
38. IAEA Method for developing arrangements for response to a nuclear or radiological emergency 2003, International Atomic energy agency, Vienna, Austria.
39. Clarke L.B. Worst cases: terror and catastrophe in the popular imagination 2006, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
40. Ferrara J. B&W mPower small modular reactor: creating the future of nuclear power. Washington D.C.: Energy Facility Contractors Group Executive Council Semi-Annual Meeting 2012, Available from:. http://www.efcog.org/library/council_meeting/12SAECMtg/2012SAMindex.htm.
41. NuScale. Benefits of NuScale technology [Internet]. NuScale Power. [cited 2013 Aug 30]. Available from: http://www.nuscalepower.com/nuscalesmrbenefits.aspx.
42. Carelli M., Garrone P., Locatelli G., Mancini M., Mycoff C., Trucco P., et al. Economic features of integral, modular, small-to-medium size reactors. Prog Nucl Energy 2010, 52(4):403-414.
43. Wiwel M. Personal email, 12 February. 2013.
44. Golding D., Kasperson R.E. Emergency planning and nuclear power: looking to the next accident. Land Use Policy 1988, 5(1):19-36.
45. Lyman E. An examination of the safety and economics of light water small modular reactors 2011, [Internet], [cited 2012 May 17]. Available from:. http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/lyman-appropriations-subcom-7-14-11.pdf.
46. NRC Public participation 2012, [cited 2012 May 24]. Available from:. http://www.nrc.gov/public-involve/open/public-participation.html.
47. Roisman A., Honaker E., Spaner E. Regulating nuclear power in the new millennium (The role of the public). Pace Environ Law Rev 2009, 26(2):317.
48. Feigenbaum T. Generation mPower 2012, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
49. Lorenzini P. Testimony before the senate energy and water development subcommittee of appropriations 2011, [cited 2012 May 24]. Available from:. http://www.nuscale.com/pdf/NuScale-Senate%20Energy%20and%20Water%20Testimony-July%2014%202011.pdf.
50. NRC Development of an emergency planning and preparedness framework for small modular reactors 2011 Oct, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C., Report No.: SECY-11-0152.
51. Mayfield M. Advanced reactor program overview of small modular reactor licensing 2012.
52. Williams K. NRC Update on small modular reactors 2012, St. Paul, Minnesota.
53. NRC Policy, technical, and licensing issues pertaining to evolutionary and advanced light-water reactor (ALWR) designs 1993 Apr, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C., Report No.: SECY-93-087.
54. Lyman E. Small modular reactors: safety and security concerns 2012, [cited 2013 Apr 16]. Available from:. http://www.slideserve.com/nieve/small-modular-reactors-safety-and-security-concerns.
55. Carbonnel A de Russia doubles nuclear exports despite Fukushima 2012 Mar 23, Reuters.
56. Ryzhov S.B., Mokhov V.A., Nikitenko M.P., Chetverikov A.E., Veselov D.O., Shchekin I.G., et al. New designs of medium power VVER reactor plants. Nuclear power and energy security 2010, 167-179. Springer, Netherlands. S.A. Apikyan, D.J. Diamond (Eds.).
57. WNN Fast moves for nuclear development in Siberia 2012 Oct 4, World Nuclear News.
58. Rosatom Fifth national report of the Russian Federation on the fulfillment of commitments resulting from the convention on nuclear safety 2010, Russian Federation.
59. Shabasheva A. Asystem of legal measures aimed at ensuring nuclear and radiation safety 2005, Bellona Working Paper, [cited 2012 Nov 7]. Available from:. http://www.bellona.org/english_import_area/37216.
60. Koudrik I., Nikitin A. Second life: the questionable safety of life extensions for Russian nuclear power plants. Bull At Sci Online 2011 Dec 13, [cited 2011 Oct 23]; Available from:. http://thebulletin.org/web-edition/op-eds/second-life-the-questionable-safety-of-life-extensions-russian-nuclear-power-plan.
61. IAEA Status report for advanced nuclear reactor designs - report 73 2011 Jan., International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
62. WNN Reactors ready for floating plant 2009 Aug 7, World Nuclear News, [cited 2012 May 14]; Available from:. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Reactors_ready_for_first_floating_plant-0708094.html.
63. Nikitin A., Andreyev L. Floating nuclear power plants 2011, Bellona Foundation, Oslo.
64. WNN Heavy metal power reactor slated for 2017 2012, World Nuclear News.
65. Petrochenko V.V. The low-power SVBR 100. Nucl Eng Int 2011 Oct, 20-25.
66. Antysheva T., Borovitskiy S. SVBR-100: new generation power plants for small and medium-sized power applications 2011, Available from:. http://www.iaea.org/nuclearenergy/nuclearpower/Downloadable/Meetings/2011/2011-07-04-07-08-WS-NPTD/2_RUSSIA_SVBR_AKME-eng_Antysheva.pdf.
67. UxC SMART: design profile description. UxC SMR Design Profile 2013, [cited 2013 Apr 14]. Available from:. http://www.uxc.com/smr/uxc_SMRDetail.aspx?key=SMART.
68. Bae K.H., Kim H.C., Chang M.H., Sim S.K. Safety evaluation of the inherent and passive safety features of the smart design. Ann Nucl Energy 2001, 28(4):333-349.
69. WNN Consortium pledges cash for smart reactor 2010 Jun 18, World Nuclear News, [cited 2012 Apr 7]; Available from:. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/C-Consortium_pledges_cash_for_SMART_reactor-1806107.html.
70. Shin A. Status of regulatory research for sodium cooled fast reactor 2012, Chicago, U.S.A., [cited 2013 Jan 10]. Available from:. http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Meetings/2012/2012-06-20-06-22-TWG-NPTD.html.
71. Jo J.C., Chung H.H. Korean regulatory system and codes of nuclear boiler and pressure vessels. Companion guide to the ASME boiler and pressure vessel code 2009, vol. 3:655-678. ASME Press, Available from:. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.802717.ch69, 3rd ed.
72. Chang M.H., Kim S. Approach for SMART application to desalination and power generation. Advisory group meeting on materials and equipment for the coupling interfaces of nuclear reactors with desalination and district heating plants 1998, 105-113. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
73. Ryu Y.-H. Nuclear regulatory research in Korea: achievements and future direction. Nucl Eng Technol 2009, 41(4):403-412.
74. KAERI Licensing schedule. SMART 2012, [cited 2012 Apr 9]. Available from:. http://smart.kaeri.re.kr/pages/view/28/cooper.
75. Joo H-K. Personal email, 30 October. 2012.
76. Lee Y.W., Kang C.S., Moon J.H. Reduction of EPZ area for APR1400 and its public acceptance. Prog Nucl Energy 2004, 44(2):75-84.
77. Park K.B. SMART: an early deployable integral reactor for multi-purpose applications 2011, Vienna, Austria.
78. Joo H-K. Personal email, 30 March. 2012.
79. INL NGNP: high temperature gas-cooled reactor key definitions, plant capabilities, and assumptions. Next generation nuclear plant project 2012 Feb, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho, USA, Report No.: INL/EXT-11-23797.
80. Joo H-K. Personal email, 13 September. 2012.
81. Haas B. China may sell nuclear reactors overseas this year, daily says 2013 Mar 8, Bloomberg, [cited 2013 Jan 11]; Available from:. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-08/china-may-sell-nuclear-reactors-overseas-this-year-daily-says.html.
82. Xiaoyi Z., Wu Q. China advances in independently tapping nuclear power 2010 Feb 18, Xinhua [Internet], [cited 2012 Apr 24]; Available from:. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-02/18/c_13178421.htm.
83. Tu K.J. Nuclear crisis in Japan: preliminary policy implications for China 2011 Apr, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Available from:. http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/04/01/nuclear-crisis-in-japan-preliminary-policy-implications-for-china/3i2b.
84. Shentu J., Cao H., Dou Y. Current status and innovative improvement of small commercial reactor in China. Prog Nucl Energy 2011, 53(7):842-845.
85. WNN Westinghouse, SNPTC join forces for SMR 2013 May 17, World Nuclear News, [cited 2013 Aug 30]; Available from:. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/C-Westinghouse_SNPTC_join_forces_for_SMR-1705137.html.
86. Ramana M.V., Saikawa E. Choosing a standard reactor: international competition and domestic politics in Chinese nuclear policy. Energy 2011 Dec, 36(12):6779-6789.
87. Thomas S. The pebble bed modular reactor: an obituary. Energy Policy 2011, 39(5):2431-2440.
88. Zhang Z., Wu Z., Wang D., Xu Y., Sun Y., Li F., et al. Current status and technical description of Chinese 2× 250 MWth HTR-PM demonstration plant. Nucl Eng Des 2009, 239(7):1212-1219.
89. Bradsher K. China building nuclear reactors with radically different design 2011 Mar 24, New York Times, [cited 2012 Apr 24]; Available from:. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/business/energy-environment/25chinanuke.html.
90. NucNet China begins construction of first generation IV HTR-PM unit. The communications network for nuclear energy and ionising radiation 2013, [cited 2013 Jan 10]. Available from:. http://www.nucnet.org/all-the-news/2013/01/07/china-begins-construction-of-first-generation-iv-htr-pm-unit.
91. Sun Y. HTR development status in China 2013, Vienna, Austria, Available from:. http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Downloadable/Meetings/2013/2013-03-05-03-07-TWG-NPTD/Day_1/3.Sun.pdf.
92. Zhou Y., Rengifo C., Chen P., Hinze J. Is China ready for its nuclear expansion?. Energy Policy 2011, 39(2):771-781.
93. Dong Y. Status of development and deployment scheme of HTR-PM in the People's Republic of China 2011, Vienna, Austria, Available from:. http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Downloads/Technology/meetings/2011-Jul-4-8-ANRT-WS/5_CHINA_HTR-PM_TsinghuaU_Dong.pdf.
94. Dynabond China has begun to develop and apply those small reactors. Dynabond e-Newsletter 2011 Aug 4, [cited 2012 Jun 29]; Available from:. http://www.dynabondpowertech.com/en/nuclear-power-news/national-news/10-government-policy-orientation-and-regulation/4534-china-has-begun-to-develop-and-apply-those-small-reactors.
95. Sun S., Zhang L. The development of multi-purpose modular reactors with improved safety in China 2011, Vienna, Austria.
96. WNA China's nuclear fuel cycle 2011 Jan., World Nuclear Association, London.
97. Jinying L. Market analysis of Chinese SNRs (small nuclear reactors) 2012, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
98. WNN Small reactors planned for Zhangzhou 2011 Nov 17, World Nuclear News.
99. Yannan T. Putian in Fujian to be site of next nuclear plant 2012 Mar 4, China Daily, Available from:. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-03/04/content_14748951.htm.
100. Dazhong W., Yingyun L. Roles and prospect of nuclear power in China's energy supply strategy. Nucl Eng Des 2002, 218(1):3-12.
101. Tian L., Wang Y., Guo J. Economic analysis of a 2×200 MW nuclear heating reactor for seawater desalination by multi-effect distillation (MED). Desalination 2003, 152(1-3):223-228.
102. Tong J. Personal email, 25 December. 2012.
103. Chetal S.C. 500 MWe PFBR: concept to realisation and approach for future 500 MWe FBRs 2011, Vienna, Austria, Available from:. http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/NE/NENP/INPRO/3rd_Dialogue_Forum/11.Chetal.pdf.
104. Sinha R.K., Kakodkar A. Design and development of the AHWR - the Indian thorium fuelled innovative nuclear reactor. Nucl Eng Des 2006, 236(7-8):683-700.
105. Sinha R.K. Advanced nuclear reactor systems - an Indian perspective. Energy Procedia 2011, 7:34-50.
106. Sinha R.K., Kakodkar A. Advanced heavy water reactor. Nu-power 1999, 13(3):22-27.
107. Ramkumar K.L. Th-LEU Fuel in AHWR to enhance proliferation resistance characteristics 2011, Vienna, Austria.
108. AERB Annual Report 2006-2007 2007, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Mumbai.
109. Bureau No potential issue can prevent the licensing of AHWR: BARC 2008 Jan 27, Zee News.
110. Roshan A.D., Shylamani P., Acharya S. Monograph on siting of nuclear power plants 2008, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Bombay.
111. Srivastava V. In the future, N-plants will find themselves in cities: Expert 2012 Oct 24, Hindustan Times.
112. Subramanian T.S. "Radiation fears unfounded": interview with R.K. Sinha, Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission. Frontline 2012 Jun 30, (13):29.
113. Ramana M.V. Nuclear power and the public. Bull Atomic Sci 2011, 67(4):43-51.