Should all children be immunised against influenza?

Archives of Disease in Childhood

Volumn 98, Issue 11, 2013, Pages 846-849

  Thors, Valtyr ^a,b   Smith, Calum ^a   Finn, Adam ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS BRISTOL NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; INFLUENZA VACCINE; PLACEBO; TRIPLE VACCINE;

ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIUM; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHILD; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; EDITORIAL; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; GROUPS BY AGE; HEALTH PROGRAM; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFLUENZA; INFLUENZA A (H1N1); INFLUENZA A (H3N2); INFLUENZA VACCINATION; INFLUENZA VIRUS A H1N1; INFLUENZA VIRUS A H3N2; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PNEUMONIA; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK FACTOR; SEASONAL VARIATION; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; VIRUS STRAIN; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EPIDEMIOLOGY; INFECTIOUS DISEASES; INFLUENZA; VACCINES;

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; CHILD; COINFECTION; HUMANS; IMMUNIZATION; IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMS; INFLUENZA VACCINES; INFLUENZA, HUMAN;

EID: 84885851175     PISSN: 00039888     EISSN: 14682044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-304681     Document Type: Editorial

References (46)

1. Brundage JF, Shanks GD. Deaths from bacterial pneumonia during 1918-19 influenza pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:1193-9.
2. Brundage JF. Interactions between influenza and bacterial respiratory pathogens: implications for pandemic preparedness. Lancet Infect Dis 2006;6:303-12.
3. Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS. Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications for pandemic influenza preparedness. J Infect Dis 2008;198:962-70.
4. WHO recommends annual vaccination for (in order of priority). 2012. http://www.who.int/influenza/ vaccines/use/en/ (accessed 02 Jan 2013).
5. Jefferson T, Rivetti A, Di Pietrantonj C, et al. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;8:CD004879.
6. Neuzil KM, Zhu Y, Griffin MR, et al. Burden of interpandemic in fluenza in children younger than 5 years: a 25-year prospective study. J Infect Dis 2002;185:147-52.
7. Wright PF, Ross KB, Thompson J, et al. Influenza A infections in young children. Primary natural infection and protective efficacy of live-vaccine-induced or naturally acquired immunity. N Engl J Med 1977;296:829-34.
8. Monto AS, Sullivan KM. Acute respiratory illness in the community. Frequency of illness and the agents involved. Epidemiol Infect 1993;110:145-60.
9. Pitman RJ, Melegaro A, Gelb D, et al. Assessing the burden of influenza and other respiratory infections in England and Wales. J Infect 2007;54:530-8.
10. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, et al. Mortality associated with in fluenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. JAMA 2003;289:179-86.
11. Bhat N, Wright JG, Broder KR, et al. Influenza-associated deaths among children in the United States, 2003-2004. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2559-67.
12. Principi N, Esposito S, Gasparini R, et al. Burden of influenza in healthy children and their households. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:1002-7.
13. Viboud C, Boelle PY, Cauchemez S, et al. Risk factors of influenza transmission in households. Br J Gen Pract 2004;54:684-9.
14. Reichert TA, Sugaya N, Fedson DS, et al. The Japanese experience with vaccinating schoolchildren against influenza. N Engl J Med 2001;344:889-96.
15. Shimada T, Gu Y, Kamiya H, et al. Epidemiology of influenza A(H1N1)v virus infection in Japan, May-June 2009. Euro Surveill 2009;14:1-3.
16. Infectious Disease Surveillance Center (IDSC), National Institute of Infectious Disease (NIID). Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) situation report of Japan, update 20 October 29, 2009. http://idsc.nih.go.jp/disease/swinein fluenza-e/idsc-e2009/09idsc20e.html. 2009.
17. Syrjanen RK, Kilpi TM, Kaijalainen TH, et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Finnish children younger than 2 years old. J Infect Dis 2001;184:451-9.
18. McCullers JA, McAuley JL, Browall S, et al. Influenza enhances susceptibility to natural acquisition of and disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae in ferrets. J Infect Dis 2010;202:1287-95.
19. Vu HT, Yoshida LM, Suzuki M, et al. Association between nasopharyngeal load of Streptococcus pneumoniae, viral coinfection, and radiologically con firmed pneumonia in Vietnamese children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011;30:11-18.
20. Pettigrew MM, Gent JF, Pyles RB, et al. Viral-bacterial interactions and risk of acute otitis media complicating upper respiratory tract infection. J Clin Microbiol 2011;49:3750-5.
21. Bulut Y, Guven M, Otlu B, et al. Acute otitis media and respiratory viruses. Eur J Pediatr 2007;166:223-8.
22. Bogaert D, Keijser B, Huse S, et al. Variability and diversity of nasopharyngeal microbiota in children: a metagenomic analysis. PLoS One 2011;6:e17035.
23. Miller E, Andrews N, Stellitano L, et al. Risk of narcolepsy in children and young people receiving AS03 adjuvanted pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza vaccine: retrospective analysis. BMJ 2013;346:f794.
24. Mutsch M, Zhou W, Rhodes P, et al. Use of the inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine and the risk of Bell's palsy in Switzerland. N Engl J Med 2004;350:896-903.
25. Toback SL, Levin MJ, Block SL, et al. Quadrivalent Ann Arbor strain live-attenuated influenza vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012;11:1293-303.
26. Kanekiyo M, Wei CJ, Yassine HM, et al. Self-assembling influenza nanoparticle vaccines elicit broadly neutralizing H1N1 antibodies. Nature 2013;499:102-6.
27. Goodwin K, Viboud C, Simonsen L. Antibody response to influenza vaccination in the elderly: a quantitative review. Vaccine 2006;24:1159-69.
28. Heinonen S, Silvennoinen H, Lehtinen P, et al. Effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine in children aged 9 months to 3 years: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2011;11:23-9.
29. Mallory RM, Yi T, Ambrose CS. Shedding of Ann Arbor strain live attenuated influenza vaccine virus in children 6-59 months of age. Vaccine 2011;29:4322-7.
30. Belshe RB, Edwards KM, Vesikari T, et al. Live attenuated versus inactivated influenza vaccine in infants and young children. N Engl J Med 2007;356:685-96.
31. Ashkenazi S, Vertruyen A, Aristegui J, et al. Superior relative efficacy of live attenuated influenza vaccine compared with inactivated influenza vaccine in young children with recurrent respiratory tract infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006;25:870-9.
32. Fleming DM, Crovari P, Wahn U, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of live attenuated cold-adapted influenza vaccine, trivalent, with trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine in children and adolescents with asthma. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006;25:860-9.
33. Rhorer J, Ambrose CS, Dickinson S, et al. Efficacy of live attenuated influenza vaccine in children: a meta-analysis of nine randomized clinical trials. Vaccine 2009;27:1101-10.
34. Bracco Neto H, Farhat CK, Tregnaghi MW, et al. Efficacy and safety of 1 and 2 doses of live attenuated influenza vaccine in vaccine-naive children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009;28:365-71.
35. Lum LC, Borja-Tabora CF, Breiman RF, et al. Influenza vaccine concurrently administered with a combination measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine to young children. Vaccine 2010;28:1566-74.
36. Tam JS, Capeding MR, Lum LC, et al. Efficacy and safety of a live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccine, trivalent against culture-confirmed influenza in young children in Asia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007;26:619-28.
37. Vesikari T, Fleming DM, Aristegui JF, et al. Safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of cold-adapted influenza vaccine-trivalent against community-acquired, culture-confirmed influenza in young children attending day care. Pediatrics 2006;118:2298-312.
38. Belshe RB, Mendelman PM, Treanor J, et al. The efficacy of live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenzavirus vaccine in children. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1405-12.
39. Osterholm MT, Kelley NS, Sommer A, et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2012;12:36-44.
40. Belshe RB, Gruber WC, Mendelman PM, et al. Efficacy of vaccination with live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenza virus vaccine against a variant (A/Sydney) not contained in the vaccine. J Pediatr 2000;136:168-75.
41. Pitman RJ, Nagy LD, Sculpher MJ. Cost-effectiveness of childhood influenza vaccination in England and Wales: results from a dynamic transmission model. Vaccine 2013;31:927-42.
42. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. JCVI statement on the annual influenza vaccination programme - extension of the programme to children, 25 July 2012. https://www.wp.dh.gov.uk/transparency/files/2012/07/JCVI- statement-on-the-annual- influenza-vaccination-programme-25-July-2012.pdf. 2012.
43. Hollingsworth TD, Klinkenberg D, Heesterbeek H, et al. Mitigation strategies for pandemic influenza A: balancing conflicting policy objectives. PLoS Comput Biol 2011;7:e1001076.
44. Loeb M, Russell ML, Moss L, et al. Effect of influenza vaccination of children on infection rates in Hutterite communities: a randomized trial. JAMA 2010;303:943-50.
45. King JC, Stoddard JJ, Gaglani MJ, et al. Effectiveness of school-based influenza vaccination. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2523-32.
46. Glezen WP, Gaglani MJ, Kozinetz CA, et al. Direct and indirect effectiveness of influenza vaccination delivered to children at school preceding an epidemic caused by 3 new influenza virus variants. J Infect Dis 2010;202:1626-33.