Effectiveness of Inactivated Influenza Vaccines in Preventing Influenza-Associated Deaths and Hospitalizations among Ontario Residents Aged ≥65 Years: Estimates with Generalized Linear Models Accounting for Healthy Vaccinee Effects

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 10, 2013, Pages

  Ridenhour, Benjamin J ^a,b   Campitelli, Michael A ^c   Kwong, Jeffrey C ^c,d,e,f   Rosella, Laura C ^d,e   Armstrong, Ben G ^g   Mangtani, Punam ^g   Calzavara, Andrew J ^c   Shay, David K ^a  

^a CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (United States)

^c INSTITUTE FOR CLINICAL EVALUATIVE SCIENCES   (Canada)

^d PUBLIC HEALTH ONTARIO   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^f UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^g LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INFLUENZA VACCINE;

AGED; ARTICLE; CANADA; CAUSE OF DEATH; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INFECTION COMPLICATION; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RISK; INFLUENZA A; LINEAR SYSTEM; MORTALITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY;

AGED; CONFIDENCE INTERVALS; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; INFLUENZA VACCINES; INFLUENZA, HUMAN; LINEAR MODELS; ONTARIO; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; SEASONS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VACCINATION; VACCINES, INACTIVATED;

EID: 84885787186     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076318     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Schanzer DL, Tam TW, Langley JM, Winchester BT, (2007) Influenza-attributable deaths, Canada 1990-1999. Epidemiol Infect 135: 1109-1116.
2. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Bridges CB, et al. (2004) Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States. JAMA 292: 1333-1340.
3. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, et al. (2003) Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. JAMA 289: 179-186.
4. National Adisory Committee on Immunization (2008) Statement on influenza vaccination for the 2008-2009 season. An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS). Can Commun Dis Rep 34: 1-46.
5. Fiore AE, Shay DK, Broder K, Iskander JK, Uyeki TM, et al. (2009) Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009. MMWR Recomm Rep 58: 1-52.
6. Govaert TM, Sprenger MJ, Dinant GJ, Aretz K, Masurel N, et al. (1994) Immune response to influenza vaccination of elderly people. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Vaccine 12: 1185-1189.
7. Govaert TM, Thijs CT, Masurel N, Sprenger MJ, Dinant GJ, et al. (1994) The efficacy of influenza vaccination in elderly individuals. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. JAMA 272: 1661-1665.
8. Jefferson T, Rivetti D, Rivetti A, Rudin M, Di Pietrantonj C, et al. (2005) Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people: a systematic review. Lancet 366: 1165-1174.
9. Nichol KL, Nordin JD, Nelson DB, Mullooly JP, Hak E, (2007) Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in the community-dwelling elderly. N Engl J Med 357: 1373-1381.
10. Jackson LA, Jackson ML, Nelson JC, Neuzil KM, Weiss NS, (2006) Evidence of bias in estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in seniors. Int J Epidemiol 35: 337-344.
11. Simonsen L, Reichert TA, Viboud C, Blackwelder WC, Taylor RJ, et al. (2005) Impact of influenza vaccination on seasonal mortality in the US elderly population. Arch Intern Med 165: 265-272.
12. Simonsen L, Taylor RJ, Viboud C, Miller MA, Jackson LA, (2007) Mortality benefits of influenza vaccination in elderly people: an ongoing controversy. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 658-666.
13. Jackson LA, Nelson JC, Benson P, Neuzil KM, Reid RJ, et al. (2006) Functional status is a confounder of the association of influenza vaccine and risk of all cause mortality in seniors. Int J Epidemiol 35: 345-352.
14. Ferdinands JM, Gargiullo P, Haber M, Moore M, Belongia EA, et al. (2013) Inactivated Influenza Vaccines for Prevention of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: The Limits of Using Nonspecific Outcomes in Vaccine Effectiveness Studies. Epidemiology 24: 530-537.
15. Simonsen L, Clarke MJ, Williamson GD, Stroup DF, Arden NH, et al. (1997) The impact of influenza epidemics on mortality: introducing a severity index. Am J Public Health 87: 1944-1950.
16. Mangtani P, Cumberland P, Hodgson CR, Roberts JA, Cutts FT, et al. (2004) A cohort study of the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in older people, performed using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database. J Infect Dis 190: 1-10.
17. Jackson ML, Nelson JC, Weiss NS, Neuzil KM, Barlow W, et al. (2008) Influenza vaccination and risk of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent elderly people: a population-based, nested case-control study. Lancet 372: 398-405.
18. Armstrong BG, Mangtani P, Fletcher A, Kovats S, McMichael A, et al. (2004) Effect of influenza vaccination on excess deaths occurring during periods of high circulation of influenza: cohort study in elderly people. BMJ 329: 660.
19. Armstrong BG, (2010) Effect of influenza vaccination on excess deaths occurring during periods of high circulation of influenza: cohort study in elderly people (vol 329, pg 660, 2004). BMJ 340: c3409.
20. Fireman B, Lee J, Lewis N, Bembom O, van der Laan M, et al. (2009) Influenza vaccination and mortality: differentiating vaccine effects from bias. Am J Epidemiol 170: 650-656.
21. Chan B, (1999) Supply of physicians' services in Ontario. Hosp Q 3: 17.
22. Campitelli MA, Rosella LC, Stukel TA, Kwong JC, (2010) Influenza vaccination and all-cause mortality in community-dwelling elderly in Ontario, Canada, a cohort study. Vaccine 29: 240-246.
23. Kwong JC, Manuel DG, (2007) Using OHIP physician billing claims to ascertain individual influenza vaccination status. Vaccine 25: 1270-1274.
24. Clements ML, Betts RF, Tierney EL, Murphy BR, (1986) Serum and nasal wash antibodies associated with resistance to experimental challenge with influenza-A wild-type virus. J Clin Microbiol 24: 157-160.
25. Iron K, Zagorski BM, Sykora K, Manuel DG (2008) Living and Dying in Ontario: An Opportunity for Improved Health Information.
26. Kwong JC, Li P, Redelmeier DA, (2009) Influenza morbidity and mortality in elderly patients receiving statins: a cohort study. Plos One 4: e8087.
27. Naylor D, Slaughter P (1999) Cardiovascular health and services in Ontario.
28. Lipsitch M, Tchetgen ET, Cohen T, (2010) Negative Controls A Tool for Detecting Confounding and Bias in Observational Studies. Epidemiology 21: 383-388.
29. Falagas ME, Karageorgopoulos DE, Moraitis LI, Vouloumanou EK, Roussos N, et al. (2009) Seasonality of mortality: the September phenomenon in Mediterranean countries. Can Med Assoc J 181: 484-486.
30. Martel L, Caron-Malenfant E (2007) Portrait of the Canadian Population in 2006, 2006 Census. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
31. Zeger SL, Irizarry R, Peng RD, (2006) On time series analysis of public health and biomedical data. Annu Rev Publ Health 27: 57-79.
32. Kwong JC, Stukel TA, Lim J, McGeer AJ, Upshur RE, et al. (2008) The effect of universal influenza immunization on mortality and health care use. PLoS Med 5: e211.
33. Newey WK, West KD, (1987) A Simple, Positive Semi-Definite, Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix. Econometrica 55: 703-708.
34. Anderson RM, Crombie JA, Grenfell BT, (1987) The Epidemiology of Mumps in the UK: A Preliminary Study of Virus Transmission, Herd Immunity and the Potential Impact of Immunization. Epidemiology and Infection 99: 65-84.
35. Fine P, Eames K, Heymann DL, (2011) "Herd immunity": a rough guide. Clin Infect Dis 52: 911-916.
36. Talbot HK, Poehling KA, Williams JV, Zhu Y, Chen Q, et al. (2009) Influenza in older adults: impact of vaccination of school children. Vaccine 27: 1923-1927.
37. Baxter R, Ray GT, Fireman BH, (2010) Effect of influenza vaccination on hospitalizations in persons aged 50 years and older. Vaccine 28: 7267-7272.
38. Newhouse JP, McClellan M, (1998) Econometrics in outcomes research: the use of instrumental variables. Annual Review of Public Health 19: 17-34.
39. Stukel TA, Fisher ES, Wennberg DE, Alter DA, Gottlieb DJ, et al. (2007) Analysis of observational studies in the presence of treatment selection bias: effects of invasive cardiac management on AMI survival using propensity score and instrumental variable methods. JAMA 297: 278-285.
40. Wong K, Campitelli MA, Stukel TA, Kwong JC, (2012) Estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness in community-dwelling elderly patients using the instrumental variable analysis method. Arch Intern Med 172: 484-491.
41. Mangtani P, Hajat S, Kovats S, Wilkinson P, Armstrong B, (2006) The association of respiratory syncytial virus infection and influenza with emergency admissions for respiratory disease in London: An analysis of routine surveillance data. Clin Infect Dis 42: 640-646.
42. Keitel WA, Treanor JJ, El Sahly HM, Gilbert A, Meyer AL, et al. (2009) Comparative immunogenicity of recombinant influenza hemagglutinin (rHA) and trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) among persons > = 65 years old. Vaccine 28: 379-385.