Treatment of infection in burns

Total Burn Care: Fourth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages

  Gallagher, James J ^a,b   Branski, Ludwik K ^c   Williams Bouyer, Natalie ^d   Villarreal, Cynthia ^f   Herndon, David N ^e  

^a WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^b NEW YORK PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

^d University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL BRANCH   (United States)

^f NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885586607     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-2786-9.00012-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (97)

1. Altoparlak U, et al. The time-related changes of antimicrobial resistance patterns and predominant bacterial profiles of burn wounds and body flora of burned patients. Burns 2004, 30(7):660-664.
2. Lowbury EJ, Babb JR, Ford PM Protective isolation in a burns unit: the use of plastic isolators and air curtains. J Hyg (Lond) 1971, 69(4):529-546.
3. Robson MC Burn sepsis. Crit Care Clin 1988, 4(2):281-298.
4. Teplitz C, et al. Pseudomonas Burn Wound Sepsis. I Pathogenesis of Experimental Pseudomonas Burn Wound Sepsis. J Surg Res 1964, 4:200-216.
5. Robson MC, Krizek TJ, Heggers JP Biology of surgical infection. Current Problems in Surgery 1973, 1-62. Yearbook Medical, Chicago. M.M. Ravitch (Ed.).
6. Pruitt BA, et al. Burn wound infections: current status. World J Surg 1998, 22(2):135-145.
7. Robson MC Bacterial control in the burn wound. Clin Plast Surg 1979, 6(4):515-522.
8. Lindberg RB, et al. The successful control of burn wound sepsis. J Trauma 1965, 5(5):601-616.
9. Burke JF, et al. The contribution of a bacterially isolated environment to the prevention of infection in seriously burned patients. Ann Surg 1977, 186(3):377-387.
10. Bone RC, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest 1992, 101(6):1644-1655.
11. Levy MM, et al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Intensive Care Med 2003, 29(4):530-538.
12. Calandra T, Cohen J The international sepsis forum consensus conference on definitions of infection in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2005, 33(7):1538-1548.
13. Greenhalgh DG, et al. American Burn Association consensus conference to define sepsis and infection in burns. J Burn Care Res 2007, 28(6):776-790.
14. Napolitano LM Severe soft tissue infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2009, 23(3):571-591.
15. White MC, Thornton K, Young AE Early diagnosis and treatment of toxic shock syndrome in paediatric burns. Burns 2005, 31(2):193-197.
16. Heggers JP, et al. Bactericidal and wound-healing properties of sodium hypochlorite solutions: the 1991 Lindberg Award. J Burn Care Rehabil 1991, 12(5):420-424.
17. Pham TN, et al. Impact of tight glycemic control in severely burned children. J Trauma 2005, 59(5):1148-1154.
18. Desai MH, Herndon DN, Abston S Candida infection in massively burned patients. J Trauma 1987, 27(10):1186-1188.
19. Kobayashi K, et al. Diagnostic value of serum antibody to candida in an extensively burned patient. Burns 1990, 16(6):414-417.
20. Goldstein E, Hoeprich PD Problems in the diagnosis and treatment of systemic candidiasis. J Infect Dis 1972, 125(2):190-193.
21. Solomkin JS, Simmons RL Candida infection in surgical patients. World J Surg 1980, 4(4):381-394.
22. Spebar MJ, Lindberg RB Fungal infection of the burn wound. Am J Surg 1979, 138(6):879-882.
23. Artz CP, Reiss E The treatment of burns 1957, Saunders, Philadelphia.
24. Mayhall CG The epidemiology of burn wound infections: then and now. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37(4):543-550.
25. Pruitt BA, Foley FD The use of biopsies in burn patient care. Surgery 1973, 73(6):887-897.
26. Robson MC, Krizek TJ Predicting skin graft survival. J Trauma 1973, 13(3):213-217.
27. Steer JA, et al. Quantitative microbiology in the management of burn patients. II. Relationship between bacterial counts obtained by burn wound biopsy culture and surface alginate swab culture, with clinical outcome following burn surgery and change of dressings. Burns 1996, 22(3):177-181.
28. Barret JP, Herndon DN Effects of burn wound excision on bacterial colonization and invasion. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003, 111(2):744-750. discussion 751-2.
29. Linnemann CC, MacMillan BG Viral infections in pediatric burn patients. Am J Dis Child 1981, 135(8):750-753.
30. Rennekampff HO, Hamprecht K Cytomegalovirus infection in burns: a review. J Med Microbiol 2006, 55(Pt 5):483-487.
31. Deepe GS, MacMillan BG, Linnemann CC Unexplained fever in burn patients due to cytomegalovirus infection. JAMA 1982, 248(18):2299-2301.
32. Ljungman P, Griffiths P, Paya C Definitions of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 34(8):1094-1097.
33. Kealey GP, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection in burn patients. J Burn Care Rehabil 1987, 8(6):543-545.
34. Bale JF, et al. The epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infection among patients with burns. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990, 11(1):17-22.
35. Hamprecht K, et al. Human cytomegalovirus infection of a severe-burn patient: evidence for productive self-limited viral replication in blood and lung. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43(5):2534-2536.
36. Bale JF, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection in a cyclosporine-treated burn patient: case report. J Trauma 1992, 32(2):263-267.
37. Bale JF, Gay PE, Madsen JA Monitoring of serum amylase levels during valproic acid therapy. Ann Neurol 1982, 11(2):217-218.
38. Hamilton JR, Overall JC Synergistic infection with murine cytomegalovirus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice. J Infect Dis 1978, 137(6):775-782.
39. Tenenhaus M, et al. Cytomegalovirus and burns: current perceptions, awareness, diagnosis, and management strategies in the United States and Germany. J Burn Care Res 2006, 27(3):281-288.
40. Goodwin CW, McManus WF Viral Infections in Burned Patients. Immunology 1985, 12(3-4):8-9.
41. Fidler PE, et al. Incidence, outcome, and long-term consequences of herpes simplex virus type 1 reactivation presenting as a facial rash in intubated adult burn patients treated with acyclovir. J Trauma 2002, 53(1):86-89.
42. Edgar P, Kravitz M, Heggers JP Herpes Simplex in Pediatric Burn Patients. Proceedings of the American Burn Association 1990, 22(56).
43. Wahl WL, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 2005, 26(1):57-61.
44. Ramzy PI, et al. Comparison of wound culture and bronchial lavage in the severely burned child: implications for antimicrobial therapy. Arch Surg 1998, 133(12):1275-1280.
45. Pruitt BA, et al. Intravenous therapy in burn patients. Suppurative thrombophlebitis and other life-threatening complications. Arch Surg 1970, 100(4):399-404.
46. Reim M, Redbrake C, Schrage N Chemical and thermal injuries of the eyes. Surgical and medical treatment based on clinical and pathophysiological findings. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2001, 76(2):79-124.
47. Sherman RT The prevention and treatment of tetanus in the burn patient. Surg Clin North Am 1970, 50(6):1277-1281.
48. Larkin JM, Moylan JA Tetanus following a minor burn. J Trauma 1975, 15(6):546-548.
49. Mzezewa S, et al. HIV infection reduces skin graft survival in burn injuries: a prospective study. Br J Plast Surg 2003, 56(8):740-745.
50. Murray PR, Baron EJ Manual of clinical microbiology 2003, American Society for Microbiology, ASM Press, Washington, D.C. 8th ed.
51. Martyn J Clinical pharmacology and drug therapy in the burned patient. Anesthesiology 1986, 65(1):67-75.
52. Edwards-Jones V, Greenwood JE What's new in burn microbiology? James Laing Memorial Prize Essay 2000. Burns 2003, 29(1):15-24.
53. Mandell GL, et al. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases [Book review (E-STREAMS)] 2005; 6th:[2 v. (xxxviii, 3661, cxxx p.) ill. (some col.) 29 cm. + 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)]. Available from. http://www.e-streams.com/es0806_7/es0867_4196.html.
54. McEvoy GK AHFS drug information essentials 2004, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD, v.
55. Rybak MJ The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of vancomycin. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 42(Suppl 1):S35-S39.
56. Law EJ, Blecher K, Still JM Enterococcal infections as a cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 1994, 15(3):236-239.
57. Church D, et al. Burn wound infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006, 19(2):403-434.
58. Albrecht MC, et al. Impact of Acinetobacter infection on the mortality of burn patients. J Am Coll Surg 2006, 203(4):546-550.
59. Patel JA, Williams-Bouyer NM Infections in Burn Patients. Feigin & Cherry's textbook of pediatric infectious diseases 2009, 1139-1151. Saunders/Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA. R.D. Feigin (Ed.).
60. Branski LK, et al. Emerging infections in burns. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2009, 10(5):389-397.
61. Kunin CM, Bugg A Binding of polymyxin antibiotics to tissues: the major determinant of distribution and persistence in the body. J Infect Dis 1971, 124(4):394-400.
62. Kunin CM, Bugg A Recovery of tissue bound polymyxin B and colistimethate. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1971, 137(3):786-790.
63. Baron S Medical microbiology 1996, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Tex., xvii, 1273. 4th ed.
64. Woods GL Diagnostic pathology of infectious diseases 1993, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, xiv, 656.
65. Becker WK, et al. Fungal burn wound infection. A 10-year experience. Arch Surg 1991, 126(1):44-48.
66. Winn WC, Koneman EW Koneman's color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology 2006, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, xxxi, 1535, 30, 79 leaves of plates. 6th ed.
67. Pruitt BA Phycomycotic Infections. Probl Gen Surg 1984, 664-678.
68. Sheridan RL Sepsis in pediatric burn patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005, 6(3 Suppl):S112-S119.
69. Saliba F, Dupont B Renal impairment and amphotericin B formulations in patients with invasive fungal infections. Med Mycol 2008, 46(2):97-112.
70. Walsh TJ, et al. Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46(3):327-360.
71. Moncrief JA The status of topical antibacterial therapy in the treatment of burns. Surgery 1968, 63(5):862-867.
72. Glasser JS, et al. Activity of topical antimicrobial agents against multidrug-resistant bacteria recovered from burn patients. Burns 2010, 36(8):1172-1184.
73. Dai T, et al. Topical antimicrobials for burn wound infections. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov 2010, 5(2):124-151.
74. Heggers JP The use of antimicrobial agents. Clin Plast Surg 1979, 545-551. Saunders, Philadelphia. T.J. Krizek, M.C. Robson (Eds.).
75. Heggers JP, Robson MC Quantitative bacteriology: its role in the armamentarium of the surgeon 1991, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 139.
76. Moncrief JA Topical antibacterial treatment of the burn wound. Burns, a team approach 1979, 250-269. Saunders, Philadelphia. C.P. Artz, J.A. Moncrief, B.A. Pruitt (Eds.).
77. Georgiade NG, Harris WA Open and closed treatment of burns with povidone-iodine. Therapeutic advances and new clinical implications: medical and surgical antisepsis with batadine microbicides; the proceedings of the symposium co-sponsored by the Departments of Surgery, Epidemiology, and Public Health, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 1972, x. Purdue Frederick Co., n.p., 157. H.C. Polk, N.J. Ehrenkranz (Eds.).
78. Krizek TJ, et al. Topical therapy of burns: experimental evaluation. Plast Reconstr Surg 1967, 39(3):248-255.
79. Buchvald J An evaluation of topical mupirocin in moderately severe primary and secondary skin infections. J Int Med Res 1988, 16(1):66-70.
80. Denning DW, Haiduven-Griffiths D Eradication of low-level methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization with topical mupirocin. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1988, 9(6):261-263.
81. Rode H, et al. Bactericidal efficacy of mupirocin in multi-antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus burn wound infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 1988, 21(5):589-595.
82. Acikel C, et al. Comparison of silver sulfadiazine 1%, mupirocin 2%, and fusidic acid 2% for topical antibacterial effect in methicillin-resistant staphylococci-infected, full-skin thickness rat burn wounds. J Burn Care Rehabil 2003, 24(1):37-41.
83. Kooistra-Smid AM, et al. Prevention of Staphylococcus aureus burn wound colonization by nasal mupirocin. Burns 2008, 34(6):835-839.
84. Strock LL, et al. Topical Bactroban (mupirocin): efficacy in treating burn wounds infected with methicillin-resistant staphylococci. J Burn Care Rehabil 1990, 11(5):454-459.
85. Khundkar R, Malic C, Burge T Use of Acticoat dressings in burns: what is the evidence?. Burns 2010, 36(6):751-758.
86. Brooks P, Phang KL, Moazzam A Nanocrystalline silver (Acticoat) for itch relief in the burns patient. ANZ J Surg 2007, 77(9):797.
87. Varas RP, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of Acticoat versus silver sulfadiazine in the treatment of partial-thickness burns: which method is less painful?. J Burn Care Rehabil 2005, 26(4):344-347.
88. Supp AP, et al. Evaluation of cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of Acticoat Burn Dressing for management of microbial contamination in cultured skin substitutes grafted to athymic mice. J Burn Care Rehabil 2005, 26(3):238-246.
89. Holder IA, et al. Assessment of a silver-coated barrier dressing for potential use with skin grafts on excised burns. Burns 2003, 29(5):445-448.
90. Barret JP, et al. Topical nystatin powder in severe burns: a new treatment for angioinvasive fungal infections refractory to other topical and systemic agents. Burns 1999, 25(6):505-508.
91. Heggers JP, et al. The efficacy of nystatin combined with topical microbial agents in the treatment of burn wound sepsis. J Burn Care Rehabil 1989, 10(6):508-511.
92. Branski LK, Al-Mousawi A, Rivero H, et al. Emerging Infections in Burns. 2009;10(5):389-397.
93. Church D, Elsayed S, Reid O, et al. Burn Wound Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006, 19(2):403-434.
94. Greenhalgh DG, Saffle JR, Holmes JH, et al. American Burn Association consensus conference to define sepsis and infection in burns. J Burn Care Res 2007, 28:776-790.
95. Patel JA, Williams-Bouyer NM Infections in Burn Patients. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 2009, 1139-1151. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. 6th ed. R.D. Feigen (Ed.).
96. Polavarapu N, Olgilvie MP, Panthaki ZJ Microbiology of Burn Wound Infections. J Craniofacial Surgery 2008, 19(4):899-902.
97. Williams FN, Herndon DN, Hawkins HK, et al. The leading causes of death after burn injury in a single pediatric burn center. Crit Care 2009, 13(6):R183.