Vaginal microbiome in women from Greenland assessed by microscopy and quantitative PCR

BMC Infectious Diseases

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Datcu, Raluca ^a   Gesink, Dionne ^b   Mulvad, Gert ^c   Montgomery Andersen, Ruth ^d   Rink, Elisabeth ^e   Koch, Anders ^a   Ahrens, Peter ^a   Jensen, Jørgen S ^a  

^a STATENS SERUM INSTITUT   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c Centre for Primary Care   (Greenland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF GREENLAND   (Greenland)

^e MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bacterial vaginosis; Clusters; Nugent criteria; ROC curve analysis; Sensitivity; Specificity

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; ARTICLE; ATOPOBIUM VAGINAE; BACTERIAL LOAD; BACTERIUM DETECTION; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; EGGERTHELLA; FEMALE; FINEGOLDIA MAGNA; GARDNERELLA VAGINALIS; GREENLAND; HUMAN; LEPTOTRICHIA; LEPTOTRICHIA AMNIONII; LIMIT OF DETECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MEGASPHAERA; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; MICROSCOPY; MIXED INFECTION; MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM; NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREVALENCE; PREVOTELLA; RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; UREAPLASMA PARVUM; VAGINA FLORA; VAGINA SMEAR; VAGINITIS; VALIDITY; BACTERIA; EPIDEMIOLOGY; GENETICS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROFLORA; MIDDLE AGED; PREGNANCY; VAGINA; VAGINOSIS, BACTERIAL; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; BACTERIA; FEMALE; GREENLAND; HUMANS; MICROBIOTA; MICROSCOPY; MIDDLE AGED; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREGNANCY; ROC CURVE; TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; VAGINA; VAGINOSIS, BACTERIAL; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84885462749     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712334     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-480     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Donders G. Diagnosis and management of bacterial vaginosis and other types of abnormal vaginal bacterial flora: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2010, 65:462-473. 10.1097/OGX.0b013e3181e09621, 20723268.
2. Lamont RF, Morgan DJ, Wilden SD, Taylor-Robinson D. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in women attending one of three general practices for routine cervical cytology. Int J STD AIDS 2000, 11:495-498. 10.1258/0956462001916371, 10990331.
3. Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA, Chen KC, Eschenbach D, Holmes KK. Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med 1983, 74:14-22. 10.1016/0002-9343(83)91112-9, 6600371.
4. Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol 1991, 29:297-301. 269757, 1706728.
5. Verhelst R, Verstraelen H, Claeys G, Verschraegen G, Van Simaey L, De Ganck C, et al. Comparison between gram stain and culture for the characterization of vaginal microflora: definition of a distinct grade that resembles grade I microflora and revised categorization of grade I microflora. BMC Microbiol 2005, 5:5-61. 10.1186/1471-2180-5-5, 549562, 15673471.
6. Ison CA, Hay PE. Validation of a simplified grading of gram stained vaginal smears for use in genitourinary medicine clinics. Sex Transm Infect 2002, 78:413-415. 10.1136/sti.78.6.413, 1758337, 12473800.
7. Verstraelen H, Verhelst R, Roelens K, Claeys G, Weyers S, De Backer E, et al. Modified classification of Gram-stained vaginal smears to predict spontaneous preterm birth: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007, 196:528-529.
8. Josey WE, Schwebke JR. The polymicrobial hypothesis of bacterial vaginosis causation: a reassessment. Int J STD AIDS 2008, 19:152-154. 10.1258/ijsa.2007.007260, 18397551.
9. Allsworth JE, Peipert JF. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis: 2001-2004 national health and nutrition examination survey data. Obstet Gynecol 2007, 109:114-120. 10.1097/01.AOG.0000247627.84791.91, 17197596.
10. Ravel J, Gajer P, Abdo Z, Schneider GM, Koenig SS, McCulle SL, et al. Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011, 108(Suppl 1):4680-4687. 3063603, 20534435.
11. Catlin BW. Gardnerella vaginalis: characteristics, clinical considerations, and controversies. Clin Microbiol Rev 1992, 5:213-237. 358241, 1498765.
12. Dawson SG, Ison CA, Csonka G, Easmon CS. Male carriage of Gardnerella vaginalis. Br J Vener Dis 1982, 58:243-245. 1046058, 6980683.
13. Fethers KA, Fairley CK, Morton A, Hocking JS, Hopkins C, Kennedy LJ, et al. Early sexual experiences and risk factors for bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis 2009, 200:1662-1670. 10.1086/648092, 19863439.
14. Fethers KA, Fairley CK, Hocking JS, Gurrin LC, Bradshaw CS. Sexual risk factors and bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47:1426-1435. 10.1086/592974, 18947329.
15. Verstraelen H, Verhelst R, Vaneechoutte M, Temmerman M. The epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis in relation to sexual behaviour. BMC Infect Dis 2010, 10:81. 10.1186/1471-2334-10-81, 3161362, 20353563.
16. Gesink D, Rink E, Mulvad G, Koch A. Sexual health and sexually transmitted infections in the North American Arctic. Emerg Infect Dis 2008, 14:4-9. 10.3201/eid1401.071112, 2600166, 18258070.
17. Gesink DC, Mulvad G, Montgomery-Andersen R, Poppel U, Montgomery-Andersen S, Binzer A, et al. Mycoplasma genitalium presence, resistance and epidemiology in Greenland. Int J Circumpolar Health 2012, 71:1-8.
18. Moller BR, From E, Christensen RB, Heilmann B, Jensen KE, Thorsen P. The venereological profile in Godthab district venereal clinic, Nuuk, Gronland. A 3-month study in 1991. Ugeskr Laeger 1992, 154:1505-1508.
19. Gesink D, Rink E, Montgomery-Andersen R, Mulvad G, Koch A. Developing a culturally competent and socially relevant sexual health survey with an urban Arctic community. Int J Circumpolar Health 2010, 69:25-37.
20. Rink E, Gesink LD, Montgomery-Andersen R, Mulvad G, Koch A. The practical application of community-based participatory research in Greenland: initial experiences of the Greenland sexual health study. Int J Circumpolar Health 2009, 68:405-413.
21. Jensen JS, Bjornelius E, Dohn B, Lidbrink P. Use of TaqMan 5′ nuclease real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Mycoplasma genitalium DNA in males with and without urethritis who were attendees at a sexually transmitted disease clinic. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42:683-692. 10.1128/JCM.42.2.683-692.2004, 344445, 14766837.
22. De Backer E, Verhelst R, Verstraelen H, Alqumber MA, Burton JP, Tagg JR. Quantitative determination by real-time PCR of four vaginal Lactobacillus species, Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae indicates an inverse relationship between L. gasseri and L. iners. BMC Microbiol 2007, 7:115. 10.1186/1471-2180-7-115, 2233628, 18093311.
23. Jensen JS, Borre MB, Dohn B. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. J Clin Microbiol 2003, 41:261-266. 10.1128/JCM.41.1.261-266.2003, 149599, 12517858.
24. Westh H, Jensen JS. Low prevalence of the new variant of Chlamydia trachomatis in Denmark. Sex Transm Infect 2008, 84:546-547. 10.1136/sti.2008.031906, 18653564.
25. Hjelmevoll SO, Olsen ME, Sollid JU, Haaheim H, Unemo M, Skogen V. A fast real-time polymerase chain reaction method for sensitive and specific detection of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae porA pseudogene. J Mol Diagn 2006, 8:574-581. 10.2353/jmoldx.2006.060024, 1876173, 17065426.
26. Kengne P, Veas F, Vidal N, Rey JL, Cuny G. Trichomonas vaginalis: repeated DNA target for highly sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction diagnosis. Cell Mol Biol 1994, 40:819-831.
27. Fredricks DN, Fiedler TL, Thomas KK, Oakley BB, Marrazzo JM. Targeted PCR for detection of vaginal bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol 2007, 45:3270-3276. 10.1128/JCM.01272-07, 2045326, 17687006.
28. Fredricks DN, Fiedler TL, Thomas KK, Mitchell CM, Marrazzo JM. Changes in vaginal bacterial concentrations with intravaginal metronidazole therapy for bacterial vaginosis as assessed by quantitative PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2009, 47:721-726. 10.1128/JCM.01384-08, 2650913, 19144794.
29. Zozaya-Hinchliffe M, Lillis R, Martin DH, Ferris MJ. Quantitative PCR assessments of bacterial species in women with and without bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol 2010, 48:1812-1819. 10.1128/JCM.00851-09, 2863870, 20305015.
30. Prince AM, Andrus L. PCR - How to kill unwanted DNA. Biotechniques 1992, 12:358.
31. Bukusi EA, Cohen CR, Meier AS, Waiyaki PG, Nguti R, Njeri JN, et al. Bacterial vaginosis: risk factors among Kenyan women and their male partners. Sex Transm Dis 2006, 33:361-367. 10.1097/01.olq.0000200551.07573.df, 16547451.
32. Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Klebanoff SJ, Eschenbach DA. The relationship of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli to bacterial vaginosis and genital microflora in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 1992, 79:369-373. 10.1097/00006250-199203000-00008, 1738516.
33. Das S, Allan S. Higher vaginal pH is associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a predominantly white population. Sex Transm Dis 2006, 33:527-528. 10.1097/01.olq.0000230430.60398.e4, 16865049.
34. Das S, Sabin C, Allan S. Higher vaginal pH is associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women: a prospective case-controlled study. Int J STD AIDS 2005, 16:290-293. 10.1258/0956462053654221, 15899081.
35. Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Landers DV, Sweet RL. Bacterial vaginosis is a strong predictor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36:663-668. 10.1086/367658, 12594649.
36. Moi H. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and its association with genital infections, inflammation, and contraceptive methods in women attending sexually transmitted disease and primary health clinics. Int J STD AIDS 1990, 1:86-94.
37. Desseauve D, Chantrel J, Fruchart A, Khoshnood B, Brabant G, Ancel PY, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of bacterial vaginosis during the first trimester of pregnancy in a large French population-based study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012, 163:30-34. 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.04.007, 22572215.
38. Johnson AM, Mercer CH, Erens B, Copas AJ, McManus S, Wellings K, et al. Sexual behaviour in Britain: partnerships, practices, and HIV risk behaviours. Lancet 2001, 358:1835-1842. 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06883-0, 11741621.
39. Menard JP, Fenollar F, Henry M, Bretelle F, Raoult D. Molecular quantification of Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae loads to predict bacterial vaginosis. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47:33-43. 10.1086/588661, 18513147.
40. Cartwright CP, Lembke BD, Ramachandran K, Body BA, Nye MB, Rivers CA, et al. Development and validation of a semiquantitative, multitarget PCR assay for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol 2012, 50:2321-2329. 10.1128/JCM.00506-12, 3405607, 22535982.
41. Shipitsyna E, Roos A, Datcu R, Hallen A, Fredlund H, Jensen JS, et al. Composition of the vaginal microbiota in women of reproductive age - sensitive and specific molecular diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis is possible?. PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e60670. 10.1371/journal.pone.0060670, 3621988, 23585843.
42. Fethers K, Twin J, Fairley CK, Fowkes FJ, Garland SM, Fehler G, et al. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) candidate bacteria: associations with BV and behavioural practices in sexually-experienced and inexperienced women. PLoS One 2012, 7:e30633. 10.1371/journal.pone.0030633, 3281856, 22363457.
43. Srinivasan S, Hoffman NG, Morgan MT, Matsen FA, Fiedler TL, Hall RW, et al. Bacterial communities in women with bacterial vaginosis: high resolution phylogenetic analyses reveal relationships of microbiota to clinical criteria. PLoS One 2012, 7:e37818. 10.1371/journal.pone.0037818, 3377712, 22719852.
44. Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Rabe LK, Klebanoff SJ, Eschenbach DA. The normal vaginal flora, H2O2-producing lactobacilli, and bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women. Clin Infect Dis 1993, 16(Suppl 4):S273-S281.
45. Spear GT, Sikaroodi M, Zariffard MR, Landay AL, French AL, Gillevet PM. Comparison of the diversity of the vaginal microbiota in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women with or without bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis 2008, 198:1131-1140. 10.1086/591942, 2800037, 18717638.
46. Pybus V, Onderdonk AB. Evidence for a commensal, symbiotic relationship between Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella bivia involving ammonia: potential significance for bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis 1997, 175:406-413. 10.1093/infdis/175.2.406, 9203662.