Rippling graphene at the nanoscale through dislocation addition

Nano Letters

Volumn 13, Issue 10, 2013, Pages 4937-4944

  Warner, Jamie H ^a   Fan, Ye ^a   Robertson, Alex W ^a   He, Kuang ^a   Yoon, Euijoon ^b   Lee, Gun Do ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b Seoul National University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

dislocations; Graphene; ripples; TEM

Indexed keywords

DISLOCATIONS (CRYSTALS); ELECTRON BEAMS; HIGH RESOLUTION TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; MONOLAYERS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

ABERRATION-CORRECTED; FOCUSED ELECTRON BEAMS; GEOMETRIC PHASE ANALYSIS; NANOSCALE PRECISION; OUT-OF-PLANE DISTORTIONS; RIPPLES; STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS; TIME-DEPENDENT IMAGING;

GRAPHENE;

GRAPHITE; NANOMATERIAL;

ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; METHODOLOGY; PARTICLE SIZE; SURFACE PROPERTY; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

GRAPHITE; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, TRANSMISSION; NANOSTRUCTURES; PARTICLE SIZE; SURFACE PROPERTIES;

EID: 84885462139     PISSN: 15306984     EISSN: 15306992     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/nl402902q     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Meyer, J. C.; Geim, A. K.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Novoselov, K. S.; Booth, T. J.; Roth, S. The structure of suspended graphene sheets Nature 2007, 446, 60-63
2. Fasolino, A.; Los, J. H.; Katsnelson, M. I. Intrinsic ripples in graphene Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 858-861
3. Kirilenko, D. A.; Dideykin, A. T.; Van Tendeloo, G. Measuring the Corrugation Amplitude of Suspended and Supported Graphene Phys. Rev. B 2011, 84, 235417
4. Seol, J.-H.; Jo, I.; Moore, A. L.; Lindsay, L.; Aitken, Z. H.; Pettes, M. T.; Li, X.; Yao, Z.; Huang, R.; Broido, D.; Mingo, N.; Ruoff, R. S.; Shi, L. Two-dimensional Phonon Transport in Supported Graphene Science 2010, 328, 213-216
5. Mariani, E.; von Oppen, F. Flexural Phonons in Free-Standing Graphene Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 100, 076801
6. Lindsay, L.; Broido, D. A.; Mingo, N. Flexural Phonons and Thermal Transport in Graphene Phys. Rev. B 2010, 82, 115427
7. Bao, W.; Miao, F.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, H.; Jang, W.; Dames, C.; Lau, C. N. Controlled Ripple Texturing of Suspended Graphene and Ultrathin Graphite Membranes Nat. Nanotechnol. 2009, 4, 562-566
8. Bonilla, L. L.; Carpio, A. Models of Ripples in Graphene Phys. Rev. B 2012, 86, 195402
9. Lui, C. H.; Liu, L.; Mak, K. F.; Flynn, G. W.; Heinz, T. F. Ultraflat Graphene Nature 2009, 462, 339-341
10. Bangert, U.; Gass, M. H.; Bleloch, A. L.; Nair, R. R.; Geim, A. K. Manifestation of Ripples in Free-Standing Graphene in Lattice Images Obtained in an Aberration-corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope Phys. Status Solidi A 2009, 206, 1117-1122
11. Wang, W. L.; Bhandari, S.; Yi, W.; Bell, D. C.; Westervelt, R.; Kaxiras, E. Direct Imaging of Atomic-scale Ripples in Few Layer Graphene Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 2278-2282
12. Liu, Y.; Yakobson, B. I. Cones, Pringles, and Grain Boundary Landscapes in Graphene Topology Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 2178-2183
13. Duong, D. L.; Han, G. H.; Lee, S. M.; Gunes, F.; Kim, E. S.; Kim, S. T.; Kim, H.; Ta, Q. H.; So, K. P.; Yoon, S. J.; Chae, S. J.; Jo, Y. W.; Park, M. H.; Chae, S. H.; Lim, S. C.; Choi, J. Y.; Lee, Y. H. Probing Graphene Grain Boundaries with Optical Microscopy Nature 2012, 490, 235-240
14. Yakobson, B. I.; Ding, F. Observation Geology of Graphene, at the Nanoscale ACS Nano 2011, 5, 1569-1574
15. Lehtinen, O.; Kurasch, S.; Krasheninnikov, A. V.; Kaiser, U. Atomic Scale Study of the Life Cycle of a Dislocation in Graphene from Birth to Annihilation Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 2098
16. Hashimoto, A.; Suenaga, K.; Gloter, A.; Urita, K.; Iijima, S. Direct evidence for atomic defects in graphene layers Nature 2004, 430, 870
17. Gómez-Navarro, C. Atomic structure of reduced graphene oxide Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 1144
18. Warner, J. H.; Margine, E. R.; Mukai, M.; Robertson, A. W.; Giustino, F.; Kirkland, A. I. Dislocation Driven Deformations in Graphene Science 2012, 337, 209-212
19. Robertson, A. W.; Allen, C. S.; Wu, Y. A.; He, K.; Olivier, J.; Neethling, J.; Kirkland, A. I.; Warner, J. H. Spatial Control of Defect Creation in Graphene at the Nanoscale Nat. Commun. 2012, 3, 1144
20. Cowley, J. M.; Moodie, A. F. The scattering of electrons by atoms and crystals. I. A new theoretical approach Acta Crystallogr. 1957, 10, 609
21. Goodman, P.; Moodie, A. F. Numerical evaluations of N-beam wave functions in electron scattering by the multi-slice method Acta Crystallogr., A 1974, 30, 280
22. Hÿtch, M. J.; Snoeck, E.; Kilaas, R. Quantitative measurement of displacement and strain fields from HREM micrographs Ultramicroscopy 1998, 74, 131
23. Ding, F.; Jiao, K.; Wu, M.; Yakobson, B. I. Pseudoclimb and Dislocation Dynamics in Superplastic Nanotubes Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 98, 075503
24. Ding, F.; Jiao, K.; Lin, Y.; Yakobson, B. I. How Evaporating Carbon Nanotubes Retain Their Perfection Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 681-684
25. Perdew, J. P.; Burke, K.; Ernzerhof, M. Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple Phys. Rev. Lett. 1996, 77, 3865-3868
26. Kresse, G.; Furthmuller, J. Efficient Iterative Schemes for Ab Initio Total-Energy Calculations Using a Plane-Wave Basis Set Phys. Rev. B 1996, 54, 11169-11186
27. Lee, G.-D.; Wang, C. Z.; Yoon, E.; Hwang, N.-M.; Ho, K. M. Vacancy defects and the formation of local haeckelite structures in graphene from tight-binding molecular dynamics Phys. Rev. B 2006, 74, 245411
28. Tang, M. S.; Wang, C. Z.; Chan, C. T.; Ho, K. M. Environment-dependent tight-binding potential model Phys. Rev. B 1996, 53, 979
29. Lee, G.-D.; Wang, C. Z.; Yoon, E.; Hwang, N.-M.; Kim, D.-Y.; Ho, K. M. Diffusion, Coalescence, and Reconstruction of Vacancy Defects in Graphene Layers Phys. Rev. Lett. 2005, 95, 205501
30. Lee, G.-D.; Wang, C.-Z.; Yu, J.; Yoon, E.; Hwang, N.-M.; Ho, K.-M. Formation of carbon nanotube semiconductor-metal intramolecular junctions by self-assembly of vacancy defects Phys. Rev. B 2007, 76, 165413
31. Lee, G.-D.; Wang, C.-Z.; Yoon, E.; Hwang, N.-M.; Ho, K.-M. The role of pentagon-heptagon pair defect in carbon nanotube: The center of vacancy reconstruction Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 97, 093106
32. Lee, G.-D.; Wang, C. Z.; Yoon, E.; Hwang, N.-M.; Ho, K. M. Reconstruction and evaporation at graphene nanoribbon edges Phys. Rev. B 2010, 81, 195419
33. Xu, C. H.; Wang, C. Z.; Chan, C. T.; Ho, K. M. A transferable tight-binding potential for carbon J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 1992, 4, 6047
34. Wu, Y. A. Large Single Crystals of Graphene on Melted Copper Using Chemical Vapor Deposition ACS Nano 2012, 6, 5010-5017