Estimated number of birds killed by house cats (Felis catus) in Canada;Estimation du nombre d'oiseaux tués par les chats domestiques (Felis catus) au Canada

Avian Conservation and Ecology

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2013, Pages

  Blancher, Peter ^a  

^a ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Bird mortality; Cat predation; House cats

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885367267     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17126568     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5751/ACE-00557-080203     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. American Pet Products Association (APPA). 2011. Industry statistics and trends: pet ownership. APPA, Washington, D. C., USA. [online] URL: http://www.americanpetproducts. org/press_industrytrends.asp
2. Baker, P. J., A. J. Bentley, R. J. Ansell, and S. Harris. 2005. Impact of predation by domestic cats Felis catus in an urban area. Mammal Review 35:302-312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.1365-2907.2005.00071.x
3. Baker, P. J., S. E. Molony, E. Stone, I. C. Cuthill, and S. Harris. 2008. Cats about town: is predation by free-ranging pet cats Felis catus likely to affect urban bird populations? Mammal Review 150 (Suppl. 1):86-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2008.00836. x
4. Baker, P. J., C. D. Soulsbury, G. Iossa, and S. Harris. 2010. Domestic cat (Felis catus) and domestic dog (Canis familiaris). Pages 157-172 in S. D. Gehrt, S. P. D. Riley, and E. L. Cypher, editors. Urban carnivores: ecology, conflict and conservation. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
5. Balogh, A. L., T. B. Ryder, and P. P. Marra. 2011. Population demography of Gray Catbirds in the suburban matrix: sources, sinks and domestic cats. Journal of Ornithology 152:717-726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-011-0648-7
6. Barratt, D. G. 1997. Predation by house cats, Felis catus (L.), in Canberra, Australia. I. Prey composition and preference. Wildlife Research 24:263-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ WR96020
7. Barratt, D. G. 1998. Predation by house cats, Felis catus (L.), in Canberra, Australia. II. Factors affecting the amount of prey caught and estimates of the impact on wildlife. Wildlife Research 25:475-487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/WR97026
8. Beckerman, A. P., M. Boots, and K. J. Gaston. 2007. Urban bird declines and the fear of cats. Animal Conservation 10:320-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2007.00115. x
9. Blancher, P. J., K. V. Rosenberg, A. O. Panjabi, B. Altman, J. Bart, C. J. Beardmore, G. S. Butcher, D. Demarest, R. Dettmers, E. H. Dunn, W. Easton, W. C. Hunter, E. E. Iñigo-Elias, D. N. Pashley, C. J. Ralph, T. D. Rich, C. M. Rustay, J. M. Ruth, and T. C. Will. 2007. Guide to the Partners in Flight population estimates database. Version: North American landbird conservation plan 2004. Partners in Flight Technical Series No 5. [online] URL: http://rmbo.org/pif_db/laped/ download/Guide%20to%20PIF%20Population%20Estimates% 20Database%202.pdf
10. Botelho, S. J. 2011. Helping strays a community responsibility. Sheridan Sun Online, 27 January.
11. Bradt, G. W. 1949. Farm cat as predator. Michigan Conservation 18(4):23-25.
12. Calver, M., S. Thomas, S. Bradley, and H. McCutcheon. 2007. Reducing the rate of predation on wildlife by pet cats: the efficacy and practicability of collar-mounted pounce protectors. Biological Conservation 137:341-348. http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.02.015
13. Calvert, A. M., C. A. Bishop, R. D. Elliot, E. A. Krebs, T. M. Kydd, C. S. Machtans, and G. J. Robertson. 2013. A synthesis of human-related avian mortality in Canada. Avian Conservation and Ecology 8(2): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ ACE-00581-080211
14. Campbell, R. W., N. K. Dawe, I. McTaggart-Cowan, J. M. Cooper, G. W. Kaiser, M. C. E. McNall, and G. E. J. Smith. 1997. Say's Phoebe. Pages 84-89 in The birds of British Columbia. Volume 3 passerines: flycatchers through vireos. UBC Press, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
15. Canadian Animal Health Institute (CAHI). 2007. Latest pet population figures released. Press Release, 15 November 2007. CAHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
16. Canadian Federation of Humane Societies (CFHS). 2009. Feral cats. CFHS, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. [online] URL: http://cfhs.ca/athome/feral_cats/
17. Cat Populations Increase at Winnipeg Shelters. 2011. CBC News Canada, 27 January. [online] URL: http://www.cbc.ca/ news/canada/manitoba/story/2011/01/27/mb-cats-shelters.html
18. Chapuis, J. L., P. Boussès, and G. Barnaud. 1994. Alien mammals, impact, and management in the French subantarctic islands. Biological Conservation 67:97-104. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)90353-0
19. Chaseling, S. 2001. Pet populations in Australia. Dogs increasing and cats decreasing-why is it so? Urban Animal Management Conference Proceedings. Australian Veterinary Association, New South Wales, Australia. [online] URL: http://www.ccac.net.au/files/Pet_pops_in_Aust_UAM01Chaseling_0. pdf
20. Churcher, P. B., and J. H. Lawton. 1987. Predation by domestic cats in an English village. Journal of Zoology 212:439-455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb02915.x
21. Clarke, A. L., and T. Pacin. 2002. Domestic cat "colonies" in natural areas: a growing exotic species threat. Natural Areas Journal 22:154-159.
22. Coleman, J. S., and S. A. Temple. 1993. Rural residents' freeranging domestic cats: a survey. Wildlife Society Bulletin 21:381-390.
23. Coleman, J. S., and S. A. Temple. 1996. On the prowl. Wisconsin Natural Resources 20(6):4-8.
24. Coman, B. J., and H. Brunner. 1972. Food habits of the feral house cat in Victoria. Journal of Wildlife Management 36:848-853. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3799439
25. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 2003. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Short-tailed Albatross Phoebastria albatrus in Canada. COSEWIC, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. [online] URL: http:// www.sararegistry.gc.ca/document/default_e.cfm?documentID=443
26. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 2004a. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Loggerhead Shrike excubitorides subspecies Lanius ludovicianus in Canada. COSEWIC, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. [online] URL: http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/ document/default_e.cfm?documentID=476
27. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 2004b. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Pink-footed Shearwater Puffinus creatopus in Canada. COSEWIC, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. [online] URL: http:// www.sararegistry.gc.ca/document/default_e.cfm?documentID=490
28. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 2007. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Black-footed Albatross Phoebastria nigripes in Canada. COSEWIC, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. [online] URL: http:// www.sararegistry.gc.ca/document/default_e.cfm?documentID=1418
29. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 2012. Canadian Wildlife Species at Risk, October 2012. COSEWIC, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. [online] URL: http://www.cosewic.gc.ca/eng/sct0/rpt/csar_e.html
30. Crooks, K. R., and M. E. Soulé. 1999. Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system. Nature 400:563-566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/23028
31. Dauphine, N., and R. J. Cooper. 2009. Impacts of free-ranging domestic cats (Felis catus) on birds in the United States: a review of recent research with conservation and management recommendations. Proceedings of the Fourth International Partners in Flight Conference: Tundra to Tropics 205-219. [online] URL: http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/pif/pubs/McAllenProc/ articles/PIF09_Anthropogenic%20Impacts/Dauphine_1_PIF09. pdf
32. Davis, D. E. 1957. The use of food as a buffer in a predatorprey system. Journal of Mammalogy 38:466-472. http://dx. doi.org/10.2307/1376399
33. Dunn, E. H., and D. L. Tessaglia. 1994. Predation of birds at feeders in winter. Journal of Field Ornithology 65:8-16.
34. Dunning, J. B. 1984. Body weights of 686 species of North American birds. Western Bird Banding Association Monograph. Eldon Publishing, Cave Creek, Arizona, USA.
35. Eberhard, T. 1954. Food habits of Pennsylvania house cats. Journal of Wildlife Management 18:284-286. http://dx.doi. org/10.2307/3797736
36. Environment Canada. 2011. Canadian climate normals or averages 1971-2000. National Climate Data and Information Archive. Environment Canada, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. [online] URL: http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/ climate_normals/index_e.html
37. Erickson, W. P., G. D. Johnson, and D. P. Young, Jr. 2005. A summary and comparison of bird mortality from anthropogenic causes with an emphasis on collisions. General Technical Report PSW-191 U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, California, USA.
38. Errington, P. L. 1936. Notes on food habits of the southern Wisconsin house cats. Journal of Mammalogy 17:64-65.
39. FEDIAF 2010. Facts and Figures 2010. European Pet Food Industry Federation, Brussels, Belgium. [online] URL: http:// www.fediaf.org/facts-figures/
40. Fitzgerald, B. M. 1988. Diet of domestic cats and their impact on prey populations. Pages 123-147 in D. C. Turner and P. Bateson, editors. The domestic cat: the biology of its behaviour. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
41. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FFWCC). 2003. Impacts of feral and free-ranging domestic cats on wildlife in Florida. Whitepaper Prepared by Feral Cat Issue Team 3 March 2003. FFWCC, Tallahassee, Florida, USA. [online] URL: http://www.icwdm.org/Publications/pdf/ House_Cats/FLFW_feralcats.pdf
42. Flux, J. E. C. 2007. Seventeen years of predation by one suburban cat in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 34:289-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014220709510087
43. George, W. G. 1974. Domestic cats as predators and factors in winter shortages of raptor prey. Wilson Bulletin 86:384-396.
44. Gillies, C., and M. Clout. 2003. The prey of domestic cats (Felis catus) in two suburbs of Auckland City, New Zealand. Journal of Zoology 259:309-315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ S095283690200328X
45. Gochfeld, M., J. Burger, and I. C. Nisbet. 1998. Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii). In A. Poole, editor. The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA. [online] URL: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/ species/370
46. Guthrie, S. 2009. Cat licensing: a conservation strategy that can work. BC Nature Spring 2009:17-18.
47. Harris, S., P. Morris, S. Wray, and D. Yalden. 1995. A review of British mammals: population estimates and conservation status of British mammals other than cetaceans. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, UK.
48. Hawkins, C. C., W. E. Grant, and M. T. Longnecker. 2004. Effect of house cats, being fed in parks, on California birds and rodents. Pages 164-170 in W. W. Shaw, L. K. Harris, and L. Vandruff, editors. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Urban Wildlife Conservation. University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. [online] URL: http://cals. arizona.edu/pubs/adjunct/snr0704/snr07042l.pdf
49. Horan, S. 2009. Where do 1.6 million stray cats go during the winter? Senior Times, 7 February. [online] URL: http:// theseniortimes.com/article/2009/02/where-do-16-million-straycats-go.html
50. Hubbs, E. L. 1951. Food habits of feral house cats in the Sacramento Valley. California Fish and Game 37:177-189.
51. Hudon, J. 1999. Western Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana). In A. Poole, editor. The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA. [online] URL: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/432
52. Humane Society of Canada (HSC). 2007. Rescue Me. HSC, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [online] URL: http://www. humanesociety.com/index.php?option=com_content&view= article&id=789&Itemid=274
53. Hutchings, S. 2003. The diet of feral house cats (Felis catus) at a regional rubbish tip, Victoria. Wildlife Research 30:103-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/WR99067
54. Ipsos-Reid. 2001. Paws and claws. A syndicated study on Canadian pet ownership. Ipsos-Reid, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [online] URL: http://ocpm.qc.ca/sites/default/files/ pdf/P56/7a1a.pdf
55. Jackson, W. B. 1951. Food habits of Baltimore, Maryland, cats in relation to rat populations. Journal of Mammalogy 32:458-461. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1375794
56. Kays, R. W., and A. A. DeWan. 2004. Ecological impact of inside/outside house cats around a suburban nature preserve. Animal Conservation 7:273-283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ S1367943004001489
57. Keitt, B. S., C. Wilcox, B. R. Tershy, D. A. Croll, and C. J. Donlan. 2002. The effect of feral cats on the population viability of Black-vented Shearwaters (Puffinus opisthomelas) on Natividad Island, Mexico. Animal Conservation 5:217-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1367943002002263
58. Kennedy, J. A., P. Dilworth-Christie, and A. J. Erskine. 1999. The Canadian breeding bird (mapping) census database. Technical Report Series No. 342, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
59. Klem, D., Jr. 2004. Sheet glass: an invisible and lethal hazard for birds. Birds and Buildings Forum, Chicago, Illinois, USA. [online] URL: http://www.birdsandbuildings.org/docs/ SheetGlassPolicyApri04.pdf
60. Klug, P. E., L. L. Wolfenbarger, and J. P. McCarty. 2010. Snakes are important nest predators of Dickcissels in an agricultural landscape. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 122:799-803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/09-203.1
61. Krauze-Gryz, D., J. Gryz, and J. Goszczynski. 2012. Predation by domestic cats in rural areas of central Poland: an assessment based on two methods. Journal of Zoology 288:260-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2012.00950.x
62. Lakey, J. 2009. Cats 'capable' of surviving outside. Toronto Star, 7 January. [online] URL: http://www.thestar.com/GTA/ Fixer/article/572755
63. Lepczyk, C. A., A. G. Mertig, and J. Liu. 2004. Landowners and cat predation across rural-to-urban landscapes. Biological Conservation 115:191-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207 (03)00107-1
64. Liberg, O. 1984. Food habits and prey impact by feral and house-based domestic cats in a rural area of southern Sweden. Journal of Mammalogy 65:424-432. http://dx.doi. org/10.2307/1381089
65. Llewellyn, L. M., and F. M. Uhler. 1952. The foods of fur animals of the Patuxent Research Refuge, Maryland. American Midland Naturalist 48:193-203. http://dx.doi. org/10.2307/2422142
66. Loss, S. R., T. Will, and P. P. Marra. 2013. The impact of freeranging domestic cats on wildlife of the United States. Nature Communications 4:1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2380
67. Lowe, L. 2009. Port of Halifax's cat fix. The Coast, 9 April. [online] URL: http://www.thecoast.ca/halifax/port-of-halifaxscat-fix/Content?oid=1102067
68. Loyd, K. A. T, S. M. Hernandez, J. P. Carroll, K. J. Abernathy, and J. G. Marshall. 2013. Quantifying domestic cat predation using animal-borne video cameras. Biological Conservation 160:183-189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.01.008
69. Maclean, M. M., D. J. Carslake, M. R. Evans, S. Townley, and D. J. Hodgson. 2008. The usefulness of sensitivity analysis for predicting the effects of cat predation on the population dynamics of their avian prey. Biological Conservation 150(Suppl. 1):100-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2008.00864.x
70. McKinney, D. 2008. Feral cats pose a problem with no solution. Anchorage Daily News, 19 October. [online] URL: http://www.adn.com/2008/10/19/561409/feral-cats-pose-a-problemwith. html
71. McMurry, F. B., and C. C. Sperry. 1941. Food of feral house cats in Oklahoma, a progress report. Journal of Mammalogy 22:185-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1374915
72. Mead, C. J. 1982. Ringed birds killed by cats. Mammal Review 12:183-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.1982.tb00014. x
73. Mills, K. L., W. J. Sydeman, and P. J. Hodum, editors. 2005. The California current marine bird conservation plan. Version 1.0. PRBO Conservation Science, Stinson Beach, California, USA.
74. Mitchell, J., and R. A. Beck. 1992. Free-ranging domestic cat predation on native vertebrates in rural and urban Virginia. Virginia Journal of Science 43:197-206.
75. New South Wales Government. 2011. Feral Cats. Office of Heritage & Environment, New South Wales Government, Sydney, Australia. [online] URL: http://www.environment. nsw.gov.au/pestsweeds/FeralCats.htm
76. Nogales, M., A. Martin, B. R. Tershy, C. J. Donlan, D. Veitch, N. Puerta, B. Wood, and J. Alonso. 2004. A review of feral cat eradication on islands. Conservation Biology 18:310-319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00442.x
77. North American Bird Conservation Initiative, U.S. Committee (NABCI). 2000. Bird conservation region descriptions, a supplement to the North American bird conservation initiative bird conservation regions map. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington, Virginia, USA. [online] URL: http://www.nabcius. org/aboutnabci/bcrdescrip.pdf
78. North American Bird Conservation Initiative, U.S. Committee (NABCI). 2009. The state of the birds, United States of America, 2009. U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D. C., USA. [online] URL: http://www.stateofthebirds.org/2009/ pdf_files/State_of_the_Birds_2009.pdf
79. Ormsby, M., and J. Wilkes. 2011. Cats now housebound in Oakville-or owners face fine. Toronto Star, 17 January. [online] URL: http://www.thestar.com/news/article/923314--cats-now-housebound-in-oakville-or-owners-face-fine
80. Paltridge, R. 2002. The diets of cats, foxes and dingoes in relation to prey availability in the Tanami Desert, Northern Territory. Wildlife Research 29:389-403. http://dx.doi. org/10.1071/WR00010
81. Paltridge, R., D. Gibson, and G. Edwards. 1997. Diet of the feral cat (Felis catus) in Central Australia. Wildlife Research 24:67-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/WR96023
82. Parmalee, P. W. 1953. Food habits of the feral house cat in east-central Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 17:375-376. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3797127
83. Pascal, M. 1980. Structure et dynamique de chats harets de l'archipel des Kerguelen. Mammalia 44:161-182. http://dx. doi.org/10.1515/mamm.1980.44.2.161
84. Pearson, C. 2009. Just call this cat man Mr. fix it. Windsor Star, 8 October. [online] URL: http://www2.canada.com/ windsorstar/news/story.html?id=66fec7a0-e31a-414a-b929-e98544eddec0
85. Peck, D. R., L. Faulquier, P. Pinet, S. Jaquemet, and M. Le Corre. 2008. Feral cat diet and impact on sooty terns at Juan de Nova Island, Mozambique Channel. Animal Conservation 11:65-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2007.00153. x
86. Perrin, J. 2009. The business of urban animals survey: the facts and statistics on companion animals in Canada. Canadian Veterinary Journal 50:48-52.
87. Ridgely, R. S., T. F. Allnutt, T. Brooks, D. K. McNicol, D. W. Mehlman, B. E. Young, and J. R. Zook. 2007. Digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere. Version 3.0. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, USA.
88. Rithet's Bog Conservation Society (RBCS). 2011. Cat predation on songbirds at Rithet's Bog. RBCS, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. [online] URL: http://www. rithetsbog.org/
89. Roberts, C. 2000. Canada product brief-pet food industry sector report. Global Agriculture Information Network (GAIN) Report #CA0174. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Washington, D.C., USA. [online] URL: http://www. fas.usda.gov/GainFiles/200011/55678719.pdf
90. Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory (RMBO). 2007. PIF landbird population estimates database. RMBO, Brighton, Colorado, USA. [online] URL: http://www.rmbo.org/pif_db/ laped/default.aspx
91. Rosatte, R., D. Donovan, M. Allan, L.-A. Howes, A. Silver, K. Bennett, C. MacInnes, C. Davies, A. Wandeler, and B. Radford. 2001. Emergency response to raccoon rabies introduction into Ontario. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37:265-279.
92. Rosatte, R. C., C. D. MacInnes, R. T. Williams, and O. Williams. 1997. A proactive prevention strategy for raccoon rabies in Ontario, Canada. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25:110-116.
93. SAS Institute. 2003. PROC GLM, General Linear Models procedure. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA.
94. Skerritt, J. 2011. 50,000 feral cats in the city. Bylaws to deal with burgeoning problem 'antiquated'. Winnipeg Free Press, 3 April. [online] URL: http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/ local/50000-feral-cats-in-the-city-119139904.html?path=/ local&id=119139904&sortBy=oldest
95. Statistics Canada. 2007. 2006 Community profiles. 2006 Census. Catalogue no. 92-591-XWE. Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Released March 13, 2007. [online] URL: http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dppd/ prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E
96. Statistics Canada. 2008. Farm population and total population by rural and urban population, by province, (2001 and 2006 Census of Agriculture and Census of Population). Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. [online] URL: http://www. statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/agrc42a-eng. htm
97. Statistics Canada. 2011a. Does Statistics Canada collect this information? Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. [online] URL: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/help-aide/collectioneng. htm
98. Statistics Canada. 2011b. Canada's population clock. Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. [online] URL: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/ig-gi/pop-ca-eng.htm
99. Stray Cats a Big Problem. 2008. Windsor Star, 17 July. [online] URL: http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/story.html? id=4071c08b-415b-49a9-9804-c01a6d610518
100. Sullivan, S. 2011. Dog's life for tens of thousands of feral cats in Vancouver. Spay and neuter program to raise awareness of issue. Province, 20 February.
101. Thomas, R. L., M. D. E. Fellowes, and P. J. Baker. 2012. Spatio-temporal variation in predation by urban domestic cats (Felis catus) and the acceptability of possible management actions in the UK. PLoS ONE 7(11):e49369. http://dx.doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049369
102. THS Feral Cat Clinics Coming in May. 2011. Toronto News24, Retrieved 14 May.
103. Tindal, L. 2010. There's more than one way to save a feral cat. McGill Tribune, 12 October.
104. Toner, G. C. 1956. House cat predation on small animals. Journal of Mammalogy 37:119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1375546
105. Tschanz, B., D. Hegglin, S. Gloor, and F. Bontadina. 2011. Hunters and non-hunters: skewed predation rate by domestic cats in a rural village. European Journal of Wildlife Research 57:597-602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-010-0470-1
106. U.S. Census Bureau. 2011. U.S. POPClock Projection. U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C., USA. [online] URL: http:// www.census.gov/population/www/popclockus.html
107. van Heezik, Y., A. Smyth, A. Adams, and J. Gordon. 2010. Do domestic cats impose an unsustainable harvest on urban bird populations? Biological Conservation 143:121-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.09.013
108. Winnipeg's Feral Cat Population Grows. 2011. Global News, 25 February.
109. Winnipeg's Stray-Cat Population Out of Control. 2009. Winnipeg Free Press, 7 March.
110. Winter, L. 2004. Trap-neuter-release programs: the reality and the impacts. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 225:1369-1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ javma.2004.225.1369
111. Winter, L., and G. E. Wallace. 2006. Impacts of feral and freeranging cats on bird species of conservation concern: a five-state review of New York, New Jersey, Florida, California, and Hawaii. American Bird Conservancy, The Plains, Virginia, USA. [online] URL: http://www.abcbirds.org/newsandreports/ NFWF.pdf
112. Wong, I. W., D. K. McNicol, P. Fong, D. Fillman, J. Neysmith, and R. Russell. 2003. The WILDSPACETM decision support system. Environmental Modelling & Software 18:521-530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1364-8152(03)00027-6
113. Woods, M., R. A. McDonald, and S. Harris. 2003. Predation of wildlife by domestic cats (Felis catus) in Great Britain. Mammal Review 33:174-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/ j.1365-2907.2003.00017.x