Why foragers choose acorns before salmon: Storage, mobility, and risk in aboriginal California

Journal of Anthropological Archaeology

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 527-537

  Tushingham, Shannon ^a   Bettinger, Robert L ^b  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

California; Foraging theory; Front back loaded model; Hunter gatherers; Mobility; Northwest Coast; Resource intensification; Risk; Storage; Subsistence

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885345264     PISSN: 02784165     EISSN: 10902686     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaa.2013.09.003     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Ames K.M. The Archaeology of the longue durée: temporal and spatial scale in the evolution of social complexity on the southern Northwest Coast. Antiquity 1991, 85:935-945.
2. Ames K.M. The Northwest Coast: Complex hunter-gatherers, ecology, and social evolution. Annual Reviews in Anthropology 1994, 23:209-229.
3. Ames K.M. Life in the big house, household labor and dwelling size on the Northwest Coast. People Who Lived in Big Houses, Archaeological Perspectives on Large Domestic Structures 1996, 178-200. Prehistory Press, Madison. G. Coupland, E.B. Banning (Eds.).
4. Ames K.M. Economic prehistory of the northern British Columbia coast. Arctic Anthropology 1998, 35(1):68-87.
5. Ames K.M., Raetz D.F., Hamilton S., McAfee C. Household archaeology of a southern Northwest Coast plank house. Journal of Field Archaeology 1992, 19(3):275-290.
6. Ames K.M., Smith C.McP., Bourdeau A. Large domestic pits on the Northwest Coast of North America. Journal of Field Archaeology 2008, 33(1):3-18.
7. Anderson M.K. Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge and the Management of California's Natural Resources 2005, University of California Press, Berkeley.
8. Augerot X. Atlas of Pacific Salmon 2005, University of California Press, Berkeley.
9. Bard, J.C., Busby, C.I., Fong, M.R., Harmon, R.M., Tannam, M.E., Garaventa, D.M., Banet, A.M., Jarvis, S.A., Rossa, S.J., Sidhu, R.S., 1992. Archaeological Site Testing Report, CA-ALA-483, Laguna Oaks Project, Pleasanton, Alameda County, California. Basin Research Associates Inc., San Leandro, California. On file, Northwest Information Center, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California.
10. Barrett S.A., Gifford E.W. Miwok material culture. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 1933, 2(4):117-376.
11. Bartelink, E.J., 2006. Resource Intensification in Pre-Contact Central California: A Bioarchaeological Perspective on Diet and Health Patterns Among Hunter-Gatherers from the Lower Sacramento Valley and San Francisco Bay. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
12. Bartelink E.J. Late Holocene dietary change in the San Francisco Bay area: stable isotope evidence for an expansion in diet breadth. California Archaeology 2009, 1(2):227-252.
13. Basgall M.E. Resource intensification among hunter-gatherers: acorn economies in prehistoric California. Research in Economic Anthropology 1987, 9:21-52.
14. Baumhoff, M.A., 1963. Ecological determinants of aboriginal California populations. In: University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Berkeley, vol. 49, no. (2), pp. 155-236.
15. Bean L.J. Social organization in native California. Native Californians: A Theoretical Retrospective 1976, 99-123. Ballena Press, Menlo Park, California. L.J. Bean (Ed.).
16. Bean, L.J., 1978. Social organization. In: Heizer, R.F. (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 8, California. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 673-682.
17. Beasley, M., 2008. Dietary Trends of the Ellis Landing Site (CA-CCO-295): Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Analysis of Prehistoric Human Remains from a San Francisco Bay Area Shellmound. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, California State University, Chico, Department of Anthropology.
18. Beasley M., Martinez A., Simons D., Bartelink E. Paleodietary analysis of a San Francisco Bay area shellmound: stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of late Holocene humans from the Ellis Landing site (CA-CCO-295). Journal of Archaeological Science 2013, 40(4):2084-2094.
19. Bettinger R.L. From traveler to processor: regional trajectories of hunter-gatherer sedentism in the Inyo-Mono region, California. Settlement Pattern Studies in the Americas: Fifty Years since Viru 1999, 39-55. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. B.R. Billman, G.M. Feinman (Eds.).
20. Bettinger R.L. What happened in the medithermal. Models for the Millennium: Great Basin Anthropology Today 1999, 62-74. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. C. Beck (Ed.).
21. Bettinger, R.L., 2002. Why corn never came to California. Paper presented at the Santa Fe Institute symposium on the Co-Evolution of Institutions and Behaviors. Ms. in possession of the author.
22. Bettinger R.L. Hunter-Gatherer Foraging: Five Simple Models 2009, Eliot Werner Publications Inc., Clinton Corners, New York.
23. Bettinger R.L., Baumhoff M.A. The Numic spread: great basin cultures in competition. American Antiquity 1982, 47(3):485-503.
24. Bettinger R.L., Malhi R., McCarthy H. Central place models of acorn and mussel processing. Journal of Archaeological Science 1997, 24:887-899.
25. Binford L.R. Willow smoke and dogs tails: hunter-gatherer settlement systems and archaeological site formation. American Antiquity 1980, 45:4-20.
26. Binford L.R. Mobility, housing and environment: a comparative study. Journal of Anthropological Research 1990, 46:119-152.
27. Blackburn T.C., Anderson K. Before the Wilderness: Environmental Management by Native Californians 1993, Ballena Press, Menlo Park, California.
28. Bock C.E., Bock J.H. Geographical ecology of the acorn woodpecker: diversity versus abundance of resources. American Naturalist 1974, 108:694-698.
29. Broughton J.M. Late Holocene resource intensification in the Sacramento valley: the vertebrate evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science 1994, 21:501-514.
30. Broughton J.M. Declines in mammalian foraging efficiency during the late Holocene, San-Francisco Bay, California. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1994, 13:371-401.
31. Broughton J.M. Widening diet breadth, declining foraging efficiency, and prehistoric harvest pressure: icthyofaunal evidence from the Emeryville shellmound, California. Antiquity 1997, 71:845-862. (Am. Anthropol.).
32. Broughton J.M. Resource Depression and Intensification during the Late Holocene, San Francisco Bay: Evidence from the Emeryville Shellmound Vertebrate Fauna, University of California Publications in Anthropological Records 32 1999, University of California Press, Berkeley.
33. Burcham, L.T., 1981. California Range Land. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis Publication 7. Davis, California.
34. Butler V.L. Resource depression on the Northwest Coast of North America. Antiquity 2000, 74:649-661.
35. Butler V.L., Campbell S.K. Resource intensification and resource depression in the Pacific Northwest of North America: a zooarchaeological review. Journal of World Prehistory 2004, 18(4):327-405.
36. California Department of Fish and Game (CalFish) n.d. California Cooperative Anadromous Fish and Habitat Data Program. Salmon Maps. (accessed January 2013). http://www.calfish.org/DataampMaps/CalFishGeographicData/tabid/91/Default.aspx.
37. Campbell, S.K., 1989. Postcolumbian Culture History in the Northern Columbia Plateau: AD 1506-1900. Dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle.
38. Cannon A., Yang D.Y. Early storage and sedentism on the Pacific Northwest Coast: ancient DNA analysis of salmon remains from Namu, British Columbia. American Antiquity 2006, 71:123-140.
39. Cannon A., Yang D., Speller C. Site-specific salmon fisheries on the Central Coast of British Columbia. The Archaeology of North Pacific Fisheries 2011, 57-74. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks. M.L. Moss, A. Cannon (Eds.).
40. Carlson C.C. "Where's the Salmon?": a reevaluation of the role of anadromous fisheries to aboriginal New England. Human Holocene Ecology in Northeastern North America 1988, 47-80. Plenum Press, New York. G.P. Nichols (Ed.).
41. Chestnut, V.K., 1902. Plants Used by Indians of Mendocino County, California. Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium, vol. 7, Washington, DC, pp. 295-408.
42. Cohen, M.N., 1981. Pacific Coast Foragers: Affluent or Overcrowded? Seri Ethnological Studies No. 9. Osaka.
43. Coupland G., Stewart K., Patton K. Do you never get tired of salmon? Evidence for extreme salmon specialization at Prince Rupert harbour, British Columbia. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2010, 29:189-207.
44. DeGerogey, A., 2007. Final Report on Archaeological Investigations at CA-MRN-44/H. Angel Island State Park, Marin County, California. Sentinel Archaeological Research LLC, Geyserville, California. Prepared for California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento, California.
45. Driver, H.E., 1939. Culture Element Distributions X: Northwest California. University of California Anthropological Records, vol. 1, No. 6, Berkeley.
46. Driver H.E. The acorn in North American Indian diet. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 1953, 62:56-62.
47. DuBois, C., 1935. Wintu Ethnography. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Berkeley, vol. 36, pp. 1-148.
48. Fredrickson, D.A., 1966. CCO-308: The Archaeology of a Middle Horizon Site in Interior Contra Costa County. California. Master's Thesis, Department of Anthropology, UC Davis.
49. Fredrickson, D.A., 1973. Early Cultures of the North Coast of the North Coast Ranges, California. Ph.D. Dissertation, Anthropology, UC Davis.
50. Gifford E.W. Californian Balanophagy. Essays in Anthropology presented to A.L. Kroeber 1936, 87-98. Books for Libraries Press Inc., New York. R.H. Lowie (Ed.).
51. Gifford, E.W., n.d. Karok Field Notes 1939-1942. Ethnological Documents of the Department and Museum of Anthropology, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
52. Gobalet K.W., Schultz P.D., Wake T.A., Siefkin N. Archaeological perspectives on native American Fisheries of California, with emphasis on steelhead and salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 2004, 133:801-833.
53. Goddard, P., 1945. Indians of the Northwest Coast. Handbook Series, vol. 10. American Museum of Natural History, New York.
54. Goldschmidt W.R. Subsistence activities among the Hupa. Indian Land Use and Occupancy in California, vol. 1 1974, 52-55. Garland, New York. R. Beals, J. Hester (Eds.).
55. Gould, R.A., 1966. Archaeology of the Point St. George Site and Tolowa Prehistory, vol. 4. University of California Publications in Anthropology, Berkeley.
56. Habu J. Ancient Jomon of Japan 2004, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
57. Hallock R.J., Fry D.H. Five species of salmon, Oncorhynchus, in the Sacramento River, California. California Fish and Game 1967, 53(1):5-22.
58. A Complex Culture of the British Columbia Plateau: Traditional Stl'atl'imx Resource Use 1992, University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver. B. Hayden (Ed.).
59. Hayes An Analysis of Redwood National Park Artifacts 1985, On file at Redwood National Park, Arcata, California.
60. Hewes, G.W., 1938. Aboriginal Use of Fishery Resources in Northwestern North America. Ph.D. Dissertation, UC Berkeley.
61. Hildebrandt, W.R., 1983. Final Report, Archaeological Research of the Southern Santa Clara Valley Project: Based on a Data Recovery Program from Sites CA-SCL-54, CA-SCL-163, CA-SCL-178, CA-SCL-237, and CA-SCL-241 Located in the Route 101 Corridor, Santa Clara County, California. On file, California Department of Transportation, Oakland.
62. Hildebrandt, W.R., 1985. A Pre-Mortar and Pestle Milling Assemblage from the Southern Santa Clara Valley, California. Manuscript in possession of the author.
63. Hildebrandt W.R. Northwest California: ancient lifeways among forested mountains, flowing rivers, and rocky ocean shores. California Prehistory 2007, 83-97. Altamira Press, Lanham. T.L. Jones, K.A. Klar (Eds.).
64. Hildebrandt W.R., Hayes J.F. Archaeological Investigations on Pilot Ridge, Six Rivers National Forest 1983, On file, Northwest Information Center, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California.
65. Hildebrandt, W.R., Hayes, J.F., 1993. Settlement pattern change in the mountains of Northwest California: a view from Pilot Ridge. In: White, G., Mikkelsen, P., Hildebrandt, W.R. Basgall, M. (Eds.), There Grows a Green Tree, Papers in Honor of David A. Fredrickson. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis Publication 11. UC Davis, pp. 107-120.
66. Hildebrandt W.R., Levulett V.A. Middle Holocene adaptations of the Northern California coast: terrestrial resource productivity and its influence on the use of marine foods. Archaeology of the California Coast during the Middle Holocene 1997, 143-150. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. M.A. Glassow, J.M. Erlandson (Eds.).
67. Hurtado A.L. Indian Survival on the California Frontier 1988, Yale University Press, New Haven.
68. Ingold T. Comment on Testart: the significance of food storage among hunter-gatherers: residence patterns, population densities, and social inequalities. Current Anthropology 1982, 23(5):531-532.
69. Ingold T. The significance of storage in hunting societies. Man 1983, 18(3):553-571.
70. Jackson T.L. Pounding acorn: women's production as social and economic focus. Engendering Archaeology 1994, 301-325. Basil Blackwell, Oxford. J.M. Gero, M.W. Conkey (Eds.).
71. Jenson, P.M., 1977. Test Excavations at CA-SHA-543 on East Fork Creek, Shasta County, California. Manuscript on file at the Bureau of Land Management, Redding, California.
72. Johnson, K.L., 1976. Test Excavations at the Old Tower House Site (CA-SHA-192), Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Shasta County, California. Report on file at the National Park Service, Tuscon.
73. Johnson, J.J., 1984. Ground Stone Assemblages in Northeastern California. Dissertation, UC Davis.
74. Johnson, K.L., Skjelstad, L., 1974. The Salvage Archaeology of Site 4-SHA-177, Whiskeytown Recreation Area, Shasta County, California. Report on file at the National Park Service, Tuscon.
75. Keeley, L.H., 1999. Use of Plant Foods among Hunter-Gatherers: A Cross-Cultural Survey. Institute of Archaeology, UC Los Angeles, pp. 6-14.
76. Koenig W.D., Haydock J. Oaks, acorns, and the geographical ecology of acorn woodpeckers. Journal of Biogeography 1999, 26(1):159-165.
77. Koenig, W.D., Carmen, W.J., Stanback, M.T., Mumme, R.L., 1991. Determinants of Acorn Productivity among Five Species of Oaks in Central Coastal California. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-126, pp. 136-142.
78. Koenig W.D., Mumme R.L., Carmen W.J., Stanback M.T. Acorn production by oaks in central coastal California: variation within and among years. Ecology 1994, 75:99-109.
79. Kroeber, A.L., 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 78. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
80. Kroeber, A.L., 1962. The Nature of Land-Holding Groups in Aboriginal California. University of California Archaeological Reports 56. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 19-58.
81. Kroeber, A.L., Barrett, S.A., 1960. Fishing among the Indians of Northwestern California. University of California Anthropological Records 21, pp. 1-210.
82. Kuijt I. What do we really know about food storage, surplus, and feasting in preagricultural communities?. Current Anthropology 2009, 50(5):641-644.
83. LaJeunesse R.M., Pryor J.H. Skyrocket Chronology and Bifaces Appendices 1996, California State University.
84. Lightfoot K., Luby E. Late Holocene in the San Francisco bay: temporal trends in the use and abandonment of shell mounds in the east bay. Catalysts to Complexity: Late Holocene Societies on the California Coast, Perspectives in California Archaeology, vol. 6 2002, 263-281. University of California, Los Angeles. J.M. Erlandson, T.L. Jones (Eds.).
85. Lightfoot K., Parrish O. California Indians and their Environment: An Introduction 2009, University of California Press, Berkeley.
86. Lightfoot K., Cuthrell R.Q., Striplen C.J., Hylkema M.G. Rethinking the study of landscape management practices among hunter-gatherers in North America. American Antiquity 2013, 78(2):285-301.
87. Lindström, S., 1996. Great basin Fisherfolk: optimal diet breadth modeling the Truckee River aboriginal subsistence fishery. In: Plew, M.G. (Ed.), Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherer Fishing Strategies, pp. 114-179.
88. MacArthur R.H., Pianka E.R. An optimal use of a patchy environment. American Naturalist 1966, 100:603-609.
89. Maschner, H.D.G., 1998. Salmon run volatility, subsistence, and the development of North Pacific Societies. In: Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples (Ed.), Proceedings of the 12th International Abashiri Symposium: Salmon Fishery in the North and its Change through Time. Association for the Promotion of Northern Cultures, Abashiri, Hokkaido, Japan, pp. 11-28.
90. Matsui A. Archaeological investigations of anadromous salmonid fishing in Japan. World Archaeology 1996, 27(3):444-460.
91. Mayer, P.J., 1976. Miwok Balanophagy: Implications for the Cultural Development of Some California Acorn-Eaters. Archaeological Research Facility, University of California, Berkeley.
92. McCarthy H. Managing the Oaks and the acorn crop. Before the Wilderness: Environmental Management by Native Californians 1993, 213-228. Ballena Press, Menlo Park, California. T.C. Blackburn, K. Anderson (Eds.).
93. McCarthy, H., 1993b. A Political Economy of Western Mono Acorn Production. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Davis.
94. Meyer, J., Rosenthal, J.S., 1998. An Archaeological Investigation of Artifacts and Human Remains from CA-CCO-637, Los Vaqueros Project Reservoir Area, Contra Costa County, California. Anthropological Studies Center, Sonoma State Academic Foundation Inc., Rohnert Park. On file, Contra Costa Water District, Concord, California.
95. Milliken R., Fitzgerald R.T., Hylkema M.G., Groza R., Origer T., Bieling D.G., Leventhal A., Wiberg R.S., Gottsfield A., Gillette D., Bellifemine V., Strother E., Cartier R., Fredrickson D.A. Punctuated culture change in the San Francisco Bay area. California Prehistory 2007, 99-123. Altamira Press, Lanham. T.L. Jones, K.A. Klar (Eds.).
96. Monks G.G. Prey as bait: the deep bay example. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 1987, 11:119-142.
97. Moratto M.J. California Archaeology 1984, Academic Press, New York.
98. Morgan C. Modeling modes of hunter-gatherer food storage. American Antiquity 2012, 77(4):714-736.
99. Moss M.L. Shellfish, gender, and status on the Northwest Coast: reconciling archeological, ethnographic, and ethnohistorical records of the Tlingit. American Anthropologist 1993, 93:631-652.
100. Moss M.L. Understanding variability in Northwest Coast faunal assemblages: beyond economic intensification and cultural complexity. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2012, 7(1):1-22.
101. Moss M.L., Cannon A. The archaeology of North Pacific fisheries: an introduction. The Archaeology of North Pacific Fisheries 2011, 1-15. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks. M.L. Moss, A. Cannon (Eds.).
102. The Archaeology of North Pacific Fisheries 2011, University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks. M.L. Moss, A. Cannon (Eds.).
103. Moyle P.B. Inland Fishes of California 2002, University of California Press, Berkeley.
104. Price T.D., Brown J.A. Aspects of hunter-gatherer complexity. Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers: The Emergence of Cultural Complexity 1985, 3-20. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida. T.D. Price, J.A. Brown (Eds.).
105. Ragir, S., 1972. The Early Horizon in Central California Prehistory. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility ** 15. Berkeley.
106. Rogers L.A., Schindler D.E., Lisi P.J., Holtgrieve G.W., Leavitt P.R., Bunting L., Finney B.P., Selbie D.T., Chen G., Gregory-Eaves I., Lisac M.J., Walsh P.B. Centennial-scale fluctuations and regional complexity characterize Pacific salmon population dynamics over the past five centuries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2013, 110(5):1750-1755.
107. Rosenthal, J.S., Meyer, 2004. Cultural Resources Inventory of Caltrans District 10 Rural Conventional Highways, Vol. III: Geoarchaeological Study, Landscape Evolution and the Archaeological Record of Central California. Far Western Anthropological Group Inc., Davis, California. Prepared for California Department of Transportation, District 10, Stockton.
108. Rosenthal J.S., White G.G., Sutton M.Q. The Central Valley: a view from the catbird's seat. California Prehistory 2007, 147-163. Altamira Press, Lanham. T.L. Jones, K.A. Klar (Eds.).
109. Rowley-Conwy P., Zvelebil M. Saving it for later: storage by prehistoric hunter-gatherers in Europe. Bad Year Economics: Cultural Responses to Risk and Uncertainly 1989, 40-56. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. P. Halstead, J. O'Shea (Eds.).
110. Sakaguchi T. Storage adaptations among hunter-gatherers: a quantitative approach to the Jomon period. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2009, 28:290-303.
111. Sassaman K.E. The Eastern Archaic, Historicized 2010, Alta Mira Press, Lanham, Maryland.
112. Schalk R. The structure of an anadromous fish resource. For Theory Building in Archaeology: Essays on Faunal Remains, Aquatic Resources, Spatial Analysis, and Systemic Modeling 1977, 207-249. Academic Press, New York. L.N. Binford (Ed.).
113. Schultz, P.D., 1981. Osteoarchaeology and Subsistence Change in Prehistoric Central California. Ph.D. Dissertation, UC Davis.
114. Simons D.D., Carpenter T. Fish remains from CA-MRN-44/H, Angel Island, Marin County, California. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology 2009, 21:69-81.
115. Soffer O. Storage, sedentism, and the Eurasian Palaeolithic record. Antiquity 1989, 63:719-732.
116. Suttles W. Coping with abundance: subsistence on the Northwest Coast. Man the Hunter 1968, 56-68. Aldine Press, Chicago. R.B. Lee, I. Devore (Eds.).
117. Testart A. The significance of food storage among hunter-gatherers: residence patterns, population densities, and social inequalities. Current Anthropology 1982, 23(5):523-537.
118. Thornton, T.F., Butler, V., Funk, F., Moss, M., Hebert, J., Elder, T., 2010. Herring Synthesis: Documenting and Modeling Herring Spawning Areas within Socio-Ecological Systems over Time in the Southeastern Gulf of Alaska. Final Report to the North Pacific Research Board, Project #728. http://herringsynthesis.research.pdx.edu/final_docs/HerringSynthesisFINAL102710.pdf.
119. Tushingham, S., 2009. The Development of Intensive Foraging Systems in Northwestern California. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Davis.
120. Tushingham S., Bencze J. Macro and micro scale signatures of hunter-gatherer organization at the coastal sites of point St. George, Northwestern Alta California. California Archaeology 2013, 5(1):37-77.
121. Tushingham, S., Bettinger, R.L., 2010. Why Foragers Choose Acorns Before Salmon: Modeling Back-loaded Resources vs. Front-Loaded Resources. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology, vol. 24.
122. Tveskov M.A., Erlandson J.M. The Haynes Inlet weirs: estuarine fishing and archaeological site visibility on the southern Cascadia coast. Journal of Archaeological Science 2003, 30:1023-1035.
123. Wallace, E., 1978. Sexual status and role differences. In: Heizer, R.F. (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: California, vol. 8. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 683-689.
124. Wallace W.J., Lathrap D.W. West Berkeley (CA-ALA-307): A Culturally Stratified Shellmound on the East Shore of San Francisco Bay. Contributions of the California Archaeological Research Facility, vol. 29 1975, University of California Press, Berkeley.
125. West, G.J., 1993. The late Pleistocene-Holocene pollen record and prehistory of California's North Coast ranges. In: White, G., Mikkelsen, P., Hildebrandt, W.R., Basgall, M.E. (Eds.), There Grows a Green Tree: Papers in Honor of David A. Fredrickson. Center Archaeological Research at Davis Publication 11, pp. 219-236.
126. West G.J., Woolfenden W., Wanket J.A., Anderson R.S. Late Pleistocene and Holocene environments. California Prehistory 2007, 11-34. AltaMira Press, Lanham, MD. T.L. Jones, K.A. Klar (Eds.).
127. Whitaker, A.R., Rosenthal, J.S., 2010. 9000Years of Prehistory at the Poppy Hills Site: Data Recovery Report for CA-TUO-2797/H. Far Western Anthropological Group Inc., Davis, California. Report prepared for California Department of Transportation, Central California Cultural Resources Branch, Fresno.
128. White, G.G., Fredrickson, D.A., Hager, L.D., Meyer, J., Rosenthal, J.S., Waters, M.R., West, G.J., Wohlgemuth, E., 2002. Cultural Diversity and Culture Change in Prehistoric Clear Lake Basin: Final Report of the Anderson Flat Project. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis Publication No. 13. University of California, Davis.
129. Wiberg, R.S., 1996. Archaeological Excavations and Burial Removal at Sites CA-ALA-483, CA-ALA-483 Extension, and CA-ALA-555, Pleasanton, Alameda County, California. Holman and Associates, San Francisco, California. Submitted to Davidson Homes, Walnut Creek. On file, Northwest Information Center, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California.
130. Wiberg, R.S., Clark, M., 2004. Report of Phase II Section 106 Evaluative Test Excavations at CA-CCO-548, Vineyards at Marsh Creek Project Area, Brentwood, Contra Costa County, California. Holman and Associates Archaeological Consultants, San Francisco.
131. Willoughby, N.C., 1963. Division of Labor among the Indians of California. University of California Archaeological Survey Reports, Berkeley, vol. 60, pp. 7-79.
132. Wohlgemuth E. Resource intensification in prehistoric central California: evidence from Archaeobotanical data. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 1996, 18:81-103.
133. Wohlgemuth, E., 2004. The Course of Plant Food Intensification in Native Central California. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Davis, Anthropology.
134. Wohlgemuth E. Plant resource structure and the prehistory of plant use in Central Alta California. California Archaeology 2010, 2(1):57-76.
135. Wohlgemuth, E., 2012. Aquatic faunal influence on native plant use at San Francisco Bay Shellmounds. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for California Archaeology, San Diego.
136. Woodburn J. Hunters and gatherers today and reconstruction of the past. Soviet and Western Anthropology 1980, 95-117. Duckworth, London. E. Gellner (Ed.).
137. Yoshiyama R.M., Fisher F.W., Moyle P.B. Historical abundance and decline of Chinook Salmon in the Central Valley region of California. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 1998, 18:487-521.
138. Yoshiyama R.M., Gerstung E.R., Fisher F.W., Moyle P.B. Chinook salmon in the Central Valley: an assessment. Fisheries 2000, 25(2):6-20.
139. Yoshiyama, R.M., Gerstung, E.R., Fisher, F.W., Moyle, P.B., 2001. Historical and present distribution of Chinook salmon in the Central Valley drainage of California. In: Brown, R.L. (Ed.), Contributions to the Biology of Central Valley Salmonids, California Fish and Game Fish Bulletin, vol. 179, No. 1, pp. 71-176.