The Written Word in Archaic Attica

Klio

Volumn 78, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 28-52

  Vrhely, Zsuzsanna ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84885225819     PISSN: 00756334     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1524/klio.1996.78.1.28     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Transi, by Da. A. Campbell, Greek Lyric III, Cambridge/Mass. 1991 = Diog. Laert. 1.89.
2. On the importance of distinguishing contemporary from later sources, especially in Archaic Greek studies, see E. A. Havelock, The Oral and the Written Word: a Reappraisal, in: id., The Literate Revolution in Greece and its Consequences, Princeton 1982, 3–38; 30–1.
3. Practices and assumptions certainly do not determine, but affect one other mutually. Therefore, practices are seen here as representing contemporary assumptions, as well as the assumptions from later ages under the effect of both earlier assumptions and practices. On the use of such a principle in ancient studies, see I. Morris, Death-ritual and Social Structure in Classical Antiquity, Cambridge 1992, 3–8.
4. On the socio-political context of literacy and its significance in Archaic Greece and Etruria see s. Stod-dart, J. Whitley, The Social Context of Literacy in Archaic Greece and Etruria, Antiquity 62
5. A. Kirchoff, Studien zur Geschichte des griechischen Alphabeths, Berlin 1887 4.
6. The best survey of opinions up to its date is A. Heubeck, Schrift, in: F. Matz - H.-G. Buchholz, Archaeologia Homérica, Göttingen 1979, Chapter X., though the existence of early “Warenaufstellungen, Rechnungen, Geschäftsbriefen” (pp. 151–152.) supposed by him is questionable. Later literature is to be found in die two most important recent contributions to the problem of early Greek writing:
7. R. Wächter, Zur Vorgeschichte des griechischen Alphabets, Kadmos 28
8. C. Marek, Euboia und die Entstehung der Alphabetschrift bei den Griechen. Klio 75, 1993, 27–44.
9. On the problems of Semine origin see now B. Sass, Studia alphabeóca, Freiburg 1991, Ch. rv. with earlier literature.
10. P. Vidal-Naquet, Temps des dieux et temps des homines, in: id., Le chasseur no?. Formes de pensées et formes de société dans le monde grec (Ed. rev. et corr.), Paris 1983, 69-94;
11. P. Ricoeur, Myth and History, in: M. Eliade (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Religion, New York 1987, Vol. 10
12. Homeric epic was seen as true and real already by W. Schadewaldt, Von Homers Welt und Werk, Leipzig 1944, 81–3. See also M. I. Finley, Myth, Memory and History, in: The Use and Abuse of History, London 1975, 11-33. and from another point of view p. Veyne, Les Grecs ont-ils cru à leurs mythes?, Paris1983, English transi.: Did the Greeks Believe ÚI their Myths?, Chicago 1988, Ch. II.
13. A. Perry (ed.), The Making of Homeric Verse: The Collected Papers of Milman Parry, Oxford 1971, and
14. A. B. Lord, The Singer of Tales, Cambridge/Mass. 1960.
15. (Oral Tradition as History, Madison 1985, 21–4), especially in its form by Jan Assmann (Das kulturelle Gedächtnis, München 1992, 48-59) can be applied, and we can differentiate between die memory of the recent history and that of the mythological past.
16. Inscriptions are marked according to the three basic sourcebooks of Archaic Attic writing;IC I3 1 = Inscriptíones Graecae I3 Fase. 1. ed. D. Lewis, Berlin 1981 and
17. Fase. 2, ed. D. Lewis, L. Jeffery and E. Erxleben. Berlin 1994.AS 1 =
18. H. R. Immerwahr, Attic Script. A Survey (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology), Oxford 1990, no. 1.LSAG 76/1 =
19. L. H. Jefferey, The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece: A Study of the Origins of the Greek. Alphabet and Its Development from the Eighth to the Fifth Centuries B. c. (Oxford Momographs on Classical Archaeology), Oxford 1990, (2nd. rev. ed. with a supplement by A. w. Johnston) p. 76. no. 1.
20. The various readings of end of the inscription are collected by B. B. Powell, The Dipylon Oinochoe and the Spread of Literacy in Eighth-century Athens, Kadmos 27
21. Meanwhile his consequences might be questioned, as they have been by Y. Duhoux, Observations sur l'œnochoé du Dipylon, Kadmos 30
22. Quotation from C. Segal, Greek Tragedy: Writing, Truth, and the Representation of the Self, in: id., Interpreting Greek Tragedy. Myth, Poetry, Text, Ithaca 1986, 75–109; 79.
23. H. A. Havelock, The Preliteracy of the Greeks, New Literaty History 8
24. The position taken by B. B. Powell, Why was the Greek Alphabet Invented? The Epigraphical Evidence, CA 8
25. H. T. Wade-Gery, The Poet of the Iliad, Cambridge 1952.
26. M. Lombardo, Marchands, transactions économiques, écriture, in: M. Detienne (ed.), Les savoirs de l'écriture. En Grèce ancienne, Lille 1988, 159–187; 172.n.37.
27. W. Burkert, Oriental Myth and Literature in the Iliad, in: R. Hägg, The Greek Renaissance of the Eighth century B. C.: Tradition and Innovation, Stockholm 1983, 51–56.
28. Attested later in the story of Uriah: 2 Samuel 11: 14–17;
29. R. Schenda, s. V. Brief in: Enzyklopädie des Märchens II, Berlin 1979, 786–7.
30. M.E.L. Mallowan, The Excavations at Nimrud (Kalhu) 1953, Iraq 16
31. Our surviving texts of this age aie mostly results of later dictations, e. g. those of Archilochus (D. Page, Archilochus and the Oral Tradition. Entretiens Hardt, X., Archiloque, Genève 1964, 1IV---63; 163).
32. R. Wächter, Zur Vorgeschichte des griechischen Alphabets, Kadmos 1989, 28, 19–78, especially 37, 65. It is worth remarking that Driver, in his basic book on Semitic writing, leads its origin back to the elementary need of signing property. (G. R. Driver, Semitic Writing. From Pictograph to Alphabet, London 1948, 90).
33. A. Johnston, Trademarks on Greek Vases, Warminster 1979, 1, 27.
34. R. Carpenter, The Antiquity of the Greek Alphabet, AJA 37
35. AS 11 (See s. P. Morris, The Black and White Style: Athens and Aegina in the Orientalizing Period (Yale Classical Monographs 6.), New Haven 1984, 34.); AS 13 = LSAG 76/5d.
36. M. Harbsmeier, Inventions of Writing, in: J. Gledhill-B. Bender - M. T. Larsen (eds.), State and Society. The Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralization, London 1988, 253–276, 255–257.
37. H. Donner - W. Röllig, Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften. I---III, 3rd ed. Berlin 1971-1976.
38. AS 12-14., A. w. Johnston - R. E. Jones, The “SOS” Amphora, BSA 73
39. Reconstructed on the basis of the evidence found in Dion. Hal. Opuse. Rhet. V, Demosth. 52.4, and Quint. 1.1.24, by M. p. Nilsson (Die Übernahme und Entwicklung des Alphabets durch die Griechen, Danske Videnskabemes Selskab, Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser I, 6, 1918 = Opuscula Selecta Vol. II. 1029-56).
40. M. K. Langdon, A Sanctuary of Zeus on Mount Hymettos, Hesperia Supplement XVI (American School of Classical Studies at Athens), Princeton 1976, no. 20, a similar example from the sixth century is in M. L. Lang, Graffiti and Dipinri (The Athenian Agora: Results of Excavations conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 21.), Princeton 1976. no. A/2.
41. LSAG 66. Altogether three occurrences: her nos. 76/3c, 76/7, 77/23.
42. The following on Hymettos are based mostly on Langdon, A Sanctuary of Zeus (n. 33).
43. The graffia names of Hymettos are normally not considered as part of any political practice, e. g. ostracism, which occurs not earlier than the end of the sixth century, (e. g. AS 14; pace Lang, Graffiti and Dipinti [n. 33] 16.) As to the question of ostracism, see the bibliography in REG 102, 1989, 124---45; 127-8. nos. 42-50. The main argumentation is in R. Thomsen, The Origin of Ostracism. Copenhagen 1972, 108–141.
44. L. H. Jeffery, Hymettos (Review of Langdon's book.), JHS 98
45. A. B. Cook, Zeus. A Study in Ancient Religion I---III, Cambridge 1914-1940. II. 1–4 and 897–8.
46. W. K. C. Guthrie, The Greeks and their Gods, London 1977 (Reprint of the first ed. of 1950), 217–54.
47. J. Bingen, no. 79, in: H. F. Mussche- J. Bingen-J. Servais- p. Spitaels, Thorikos VIII 1972-1976, Rapport préliminaire sur les 9e, 10e, 11e et 12' campagnes de fouilles, Gent 1984.
48. J. Svenbro, Phrasikleia: anthropologie de la lecture en Grèce ancienne, Paris 1988, 51.
49. On the voice of the speaking inscriptions see also: J. Svenbro, J'écris, donc je m'efface. L' énonciation dans les premières inscriptions grecques, in: M. Detienile (ed.), Les savo?s de récriture. En Grèce ancienne, Lille 1988, 459–479.
50. Morris (n. 28) 30. Already by K. Friis-Johansen, The Iliad in Early Greek Art, Copenhagen 1967. 38–9, 223–30. suggesting the independent presence of the last third of the Iliad at Athens in the first half of the 6th century.
51. On the economic circumstances of this age: C. G. Starr, The Economic and Social Growth of Early Greece 800-500 B. C., New York 1977. The idea of untruth develops in stages: w. Rosier, Die Entdeckung der Fikoonalität in der Antike, Poetica 12
52. On narration: G. M. A. Hanfmann, Narration in Greek Art, AJA 61
53. J. Boardman, Athenian Black Figure Vases. London 1974, 201. Examples are from AS 73 = LSAG 77/11 and 62.
54. A recent attempt to separate ypaM. Vickers, Artful Crafts: the Influence of Metalwork on Athenian Painted Pottery, JHS 105
55. is rightly rejected by R. M. Cook (“Artful crafts”: a commentary, JHS 107
56. Boardman, Black Figure Vases (n. 50) 12.
57. A recent version of this theory: D. W. J. Gill-M. Vickers, Reflected Glory: Pottery and Precious Metal in Classical Greece, JDAI 105
58. R. S. Stroud (State documents in Archaic Athens, in: Athens comes of age. From Solon to Salamis. Papers of a Symposium sponsored by the Archaeological Institute of America, Princeton Society and the Department of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University, Princeton 1978, 20-42.) gives an overview of the polarised state of the debate: either an enormous quantity of various documents is supposed to have existed in this time (to which view Stroud himself tends to belong) or almost nothing (an early case in point is c. Hignett, A History of the Athenian Constitution, Oxford 1952).
59. IG I'1 590 = AS 109 = LSAG 77/12. For such an “official character” see A. E. Raubitschek, Dedications from the Athenian Acropolis: A Catalogue of the Inscriptions of the sixth and fifth centuries B. c. (With L. H. Jeffery) Cambridge 1949, no. 330.
60. Interestingly, the tamiai are new offidals who take the place of the naukraroi in the nomenclature: B. Jordan, Servants of the Gods, Gottingen 1979 (Hypomnemata 55), 61. Chairion might not belong to the c?cle of Peisistratos, because he was buried in Eretlia: IG I3 1516.
61. For the opinion that all existing names come from genuine written contemporary lists see F. Jacoby, Atthis, Oxford 1949, 169-176, and
62. R. w. Wallace, The Aeropagos Council to 307 B. C., Baltimore 1989, 236–7. n.l02.
63. A more sceptical view: R. Sherk, The Eponymous Officials of Greek Cines. I, ZPE 83
64. All four fragments that refer to the Archaic age were first edited by D. w. Bradeen, The fifth-century Archon List, Hesperia 32
65. R. Thomas (Literacy and Orality in ancient Greece, Cambridge 1992, 132–150) suggested both.
66. S. Todd - P. Millett, Law, Society and Athens, in: p. Cartledge - p. Millett- s. Todd (ed.), Nomos. Essays in Athenian Law, Politics and Society, Cambridge 1990, 5.
67. Ath. Pol. 3
68. S. c. Humphreys, The Evolution of Legal Process in Ancient Attica, in: E. Gabba (ed.), Tria Corda. Scritti in onore di Arnaldo Momigliano (Biblioteca di Athenaeum), Como 1983, 229-56; 229; K. J. Höl-keskamp, Written Law in Archaic Greece, PCPS 38
69. Arist. pol. 1321
70. see R. J. Bonner, Evidence in Athenian Courts, Chicago 1905, 58–66, but the role of the personal witnesses remains important there too. Whether private symboleia were written already in the 6th century B. C., we do not know. They might occur first at the end of the century.
71. Hölkeskamp, Written Law (n. 68) 90.
72. A. Maffi, Écriture et pratique juridique dans la Grèce classique, in: M. Detienile (ed.), Les savo?s de l'écriture. En Grèce ancienne, Lille 1988, 188–210; 188–190.
73. IG I3 231-2 = AS 458 = LSAG 78/44. L. H. Jeffery, The Boustrophedon Sacral Inscriptions from the Agora, Hesperia 17
74. B. S. Ridgway, The Archaic Style in Greek Sculpture, Princeton 1977, 137. The column with the dedica-rive text, already referred to, is Raubitschek's no. 6.
75. Zs. Ritoók, The Pisistratus Tradition and die Canonization of Homer, Acta Andqua Acad. Sci. Hung. 34
76. Hdt. V. 90;
77. Geli. VII. 17.
78. Ps. Plat. Hipp. 228B;
79. Hdt. VII. 6.
80. On the organised tradition of epic and its integrative function, Assmann, Das kulturelle Gedächtnis (n. 10)
81. F. Graf, Eleusis und die Ofphische Dichtung Athens in vorhellenisrischer Zeit, Berlin 1974.
82. H. A. Shapiro, Art and Cult under the Tyrants in Athens, Mainz am Rhein 1989, 1–17.
83. IG I3 596 = AS 101, with the name discussed in L. Threatte, The grammar of Attic inscriptions I, Berlin 1980
84. Shapiro (n. 80)
85. Athenian Agora (n. 83)
86. The only surviving inscription from a herm is a broken piece: IG I3 1023 = AS 482 = LSAG 78/35. The text proves its function as a milestone, all other information come from Ps. Plat. Hipparchos 228B–229D.
87. Shapiro, Art and Cult (n. 80)
88. n R. Osborne, The Erection and Mutilation of the Heraiai, PCPhS 211 (31 n.s.), 1985
89. W. H. D. Rouse, Greek Votive Offerings, Cambridge 1902, 322–334.
90. The process of development: G. M. A. Richter, The Archaic gravestones of Attica, London 1961.
91. Phraskleia: J. Svenbro, Phrasikleia: anthropologie de la lecture en Grèce ancienne, Paris 1988, 13–14.
92. J. w. Day, Rituals in Stone. Early Greek Grave Epigrams and Monuments, JHS 109
93. Clairmont, Gravestone and Epigram, Mainz 1970, 13–22.
94. L. H. Jeffery, The Inscribed Gravestones of Archaic Attica, BSA 57
95. U. Ecker, Grabmal und Epigramm, Stuttgart 1990, 45–50.
96. Clairmont, Gravestone and Epigram (n. 94), 9-10.
97. On this point R. Scodel, Inscription, Absence and Memory - Epic and Early Epigraphy, SIFC 1992, 1, 57–76.
98. Cic. leg. II 26. postulates a law of Solon against luxury burials, see Ch. Karusos, Aristodikos, Stuttgart 1961, 41-3. The funeral oration is overshadowed by the notion of the city as the ultímate authority of all Memory, see N. Loraux, L'invention d'Athènes, Paris 1981.
99. LSAG 71, AS p. 23.
100. Boustrophedon as conservative: L. H. Jeffery, The Boustrophedon Sacra) Inscriptions from the Agora, Hesperia 17
101. AS p. 44.
102. R. Wächter, The Inscriptions on the François Vase, Museum Helvericum 48
103. AS p. 45.
104. M. Guarducci, Epigrafica greca III, Rom 1974, 494–495
105. M. Donderer, Merkwürdigkeiten im Umgang mit griechischer und lateinischer Schrift in der Antike, Gymnasium 102
106. AS p. 31.
107. H. R. Goette, Attische Felsinschiiften, Klio 76
108. I. Scheibler, Bild und GefäSz. Zur ikonographischen und funktionalen Bedeutung der attischen BUdfeld-amphoren, Jdl 102
109. A. Steiner, The Meaning of Repetition. Visual Redundancy in Archaic Athenian Vases, Jdl 108, 1993, 197-219.
110. T. B. L. Webster suggested that these vases were made originally for use in Athens, and resold to foreigners thereafter. (Potter and Painter in Classical Athens, London 1972, XIII.)
111. Lang, Graffiti and Dipinti (n. 33).
112. On these two possible models of literacy B. V. Street, Literacy in Theory and Practice, Cambridge 1984. Cases in point are for the autonomous model (stress on the receiving community) R. Thomas, Literacy and Orality in Ancient Greece, Cambridge 1992, and
113. for die ideological model (stress on the previously given characteristics of writing), J. Goody-I. Watt, The Consequences of Literacy. In. J. Goody (ed.) = Literacy in Traditional Societies. Cambridge 1968
114. K. Robb, Poetic Sources of the Greek Alphabet: Rhythm and Abecedarium from Phonician to Greek, in: E. A. Havelock - J. p. Hershbell (eds.), Communication Arts in the Ancient World, New York 1978, 23-38.
115. M. I. Finley, The Ancient Historian and his Sources, in: Ancient History. Evidence and Models, London 1984
116. The possibility of distortion: J. Derrida, De la grammatologie, Paris 1967.
117. J. A. Davison, Literature and Literacy in Ancient Greece, Phoenix 16
118. J. Svenbro, The Interior Voice: On the Invention of Silent Reading, in: J. J. Winkler - F. I. Zeitlin (eds.), Nothing to do with Dionysos? Athenian Drama in its Social Context, Princeton 1990, 366–384.
119. G. E. R. Lloyd, The Revolutions of Wisdom, London 1989, 109.
120. Especially in Phaidros, see Th. A. Szlezák, Platon lesen, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt 1993, Ch. 12.
121. To these questions: E. A. Havelock, Preface to Plato, Cambridge 1963, Chs. 1-3.;
122. J. Derrida, La dissémination, Paris 1972, 172–175.