메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-200

Multiple Stable States in Natural Ecosystems

Author keywords

Community ecology; Environmental management; Multiple stable states; Natural ecosystems

Indexed keywords


EID: 84885211237     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199569342.001.0001     Document Type: Book
Times cited : (143)

References (345)
  • 1
    • 0027095246 scopus 로고
    • A demographic study of two populations of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum
    • Åberg, P. (1992a). A demographic study of two populations of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum. Ecology, 73, 1473-87.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 1473-1487
    • Åberg, P.1
  • 2
    • 0026579970 scopus 로고
    • Size based demography of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum in stochastic environments
    • Åberg, P. (1992b). Size based demography of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum in stochastic environments. Ecology, 73, 1488-501.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 1488-1501
    • Åberg, P.1
  • 3
    • 67349204069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are drought and wildfires turning Mediterranean cork oak forests into persistent shrublands?
    • Acácio, V., Holmgren, M., Rego, F., Moreira, F. and Mohren, G. M. J. (2009). Are drought and wildfires turning Mediterranean cork oak forests into persistent shrublands? Agroforestry Systems, 76, 389-400.
    • (2009) Agroforestry Systems , vol.76 , pp. 389-400
    • Acácio, V.1    Holmgren, M.2    Rego, F.3    Moreira, F.4    Mohren, G.M.J.5
  • 4
    • 0000183561 scopus 로고
    • On Horn's Markovian model of forest dynamics with particular reference to tropical forests
    • Acevedo, M. F. (1981). On Horn's Markovian model of forest dynamics with particular reference to tropical forests. Theoretical Population Biology, 19, 230-50.
    • (1981) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.19 , pp. 230-250
    • Acevedo, M.F.1
  • 5
    • 0038380482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible positive-feedback mechanisms: plants change abiotic soil parameters in wet calcareous dune slacks
    • Adema, E. B. and Grootjans, A. P. (2003). Possible positive-feedback mechanisms: plants change abiotic soil parameters in wet calcareous dune slacks. Plant Ecology, 167, 141-9.
    • (2003) Plant Ecology , vol.167 , pp. 141-149
    • Adema, E.B.1    Grootjans, A.P.2
  • 8
    • 0031852225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sagebrush-grass vegetation dynamics: comparing classical and state-transition models
    • Allen-Diaz, B. and Bartolome, J. W. (1998). Sagebrush-grass vegetation dynamics: comparing classical and state-transition models. Ecological Applications, 8, 795-804.
    • (1998) Ecological Applications , vol.8 , pp. 795-804
    • Allen-Diaz, B.1    Bartolome, J.W.2
  • 9
  • 11
    • 33847072317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect effects of environmental temperature on the evolution of reproductive strategies: an informationtheoretic approach
    • Angilletta, M. J., Oufiero, C. E. and Leaché, A. D. (2006). Direct and indirect effects of environmental temperature on the evolution of reproductive strategies: an informationtheoretic approach. The American Naturalist, 168, E123-E135.
    • (2006) The American Naturalist , vol.168 , pp. E123-E135
    • Angilletta, M.J.1    Oufiero, C.E.2    Leaché, A.D.3
  • 12
    • 0024880609 scopus 로고
    • Have southern Texas savannas been converted to woodlands in recent history?
    • Archer, S. (1989). Have southern Texas savannas been converted to woodlands in recent history? The American Naturalist, 134, 545-61.
    • (1989) The American Naturalist , vol.134 , pp. 545-561
    • Archer, S.1
  • 13
    • 0002840663 scopus 로고
    • Prey species replacement along a gradient of nutrient enrichment: a graphical approach
    • Armstrong, R. A. (1979). Prey species replacement along a gradient of nutrient enrichment: a graphical approach. Ecology, 60, 76-84.
    • (1979) Ecology , vol.60 , pp. 76-84
    • Armstrong, R.A.1
  • 16
    • 0031766904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for two alternate stable states in an ungulate crazing system
    • Augustine, D. J., Frelich, L. E. and Jordan, P. A. (1998). Evidence for two alternate stable states in an ungulate crazing system. Ecological Applications, 8, 1260-9.
    • (1998) Ecological Applications , vol.8 , pp. 1260-1269
    • Augustine, D.J.1    Frelich, L.E.2    Jordan, P.A.3
  • 17
    • 0027332701 scopus 로고
    • Historic vegetation change, mesquite increases, and climate in southeastern Arizona
    • Bahre, C. J. and Shelton, M. L. (1993). Historic vegetation change, mesquite increases, and climate in southeastern Arizona. Journal of Biogeography, 20, 489-504.
    • (1993) Journal of Biogeography , vol.20 , pp. 489-504
    • Bahre, C.J.1    Shelton, M.L.2
  • 19
    • 2142799632 scopus 로고
    • Predator-prey role reversal in a marine benthic ecosystem
    • Barkai, A. and McQuaid, C. (1988). Predator-prey role reversal in a marine benthic ecosystem. Science, 242, 62-4.
    • (1988) Science , vol.242 , pp. 62-64
    • Barkai, A.1    McQuaid, C.2
  • 21
    • 35348998017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequent regime shifts in trophic states in shallow lakes on the boreal plain: alternative "unstable" states?
    • Bayley, S. E., Creed, I. F., Sass, G. Z. and Wong, A. S. (2007). Frequent regime shifts in trophic states in shallow lakes on the boreal plain: alternative "unstable" states? Limnology and Oceanography, 52, 2002-12.
    • (2007) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.52 , pp. 2002-2012
    • Bayley, S.E.1    Creed, I.F.2    Sass, G.Z.3    Wong, A.S.4
  • 23
    • 0021545060 scopus 로고
    • Perturbation experiments in community ecology-theory and practice
    • Bender, E. A., Case, T. J. and Gilpin, M. E. (1984). Perturbation experiments in community ecology-theory and practice. Ecology, 65, 1-13.
    • (1984) Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 1-13
    • Bender, E.A.1    Case, T.J.2    Gilpin, M.E.3
  • 24
    • 0037800374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do alternate stable community states exist in the Gulf of Maine rocky intertidal zone?
    • Bertness, M. D., Trussell, G. C., Ewanchuk, P. J. and Silliman, B. R. (2002). Do alternate stable community states exist in the Gulf of Maine rocky intertidal zone? Ecology, 83, 3434-48.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 3434-3448
    • Bertness, M.D.1    Trussell, G.C.2    Ewanchuk, P.J.3    Silliman, B.R.4
  • 25
    • 4444293257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do alternate stable community states exist in the Gulf of Maine rocky intertidal zone? Reply
    • Bertness, M. D., Trussell, G. C., Ewanchuk, P. J. and Silliman, B. R. (2004a). Do alternate stable community states exist in the Gulf of Maine rocky intertidal zone? Reply. Ecology, 85, 1165-7.
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , pp. 1165-1167
    • Bertness, M.D.1    Trussell, G.C.2    Ewanchuk, P.J.3    Silliman, B.R.4
  • 26
    • 4444233818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consumer-controlled community states on Gulf of Maine rocky shores
    • Bertness, M. D., Trussell, G. C., Ewanchuk, P. J., Silliman, B. R. and Crain, C. M. (2004b). Consumer-controlled community states on Gulf of Maine rocky shores. Ecology, 85, 1321-31.
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , pp. 1321-1331
    • Bertness, M.D.1    Trussell, G.C.2    Ewanchuk, P.J.3    Silliman, B.R.4    Crain, C.M.5
  • 27
    • 33747338751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Threshold concepts and their use in rangeland management and restoration: the good, the bad, and the insidious
    • Bestelmeyer, B. T. (2006). Threshold concepts and their use in rangeland management and restoration: the good, the bad, and the insidious. Restoration Ecology, 14, 325-9.
    • (2006) Restoration Ecology , vol.14 , pp. 325-329
    • Bestelmeyer, B.T.1
  • 30
    • 0036399391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single-species models of the Allee effect: extinction boundaries, sex ratios and mate encounters
    • Boukal, D. S. and Berec, L. (2002). Single-species models of the Allee effect: extinction boundaries, sex ratios and mate encounters. Journal of Theoretical Biology 218, 375-94.
    • (2002) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.218 , pp. 375-394
    • Boukal, D.S.1    Berec, L.2
  • 32
    • 0041766739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation dynamics on rangelands: a critique of the current paradigms
    • Briske, D. D., Fuhlendorf, S. D. and Smeins, F. E. (2003). Vegetation dynamics on rangelands: a critique of the current paradigms. Journal of Applied Ecology, 40, 601-14.
    • (2003) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.40 , pp. 601-614
    • Briske, D.D.1    Fuhlendorf, S.D.2    Smeins, F.E.3
  • 33
    • 33749179214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A unified framework for assessment and application of ecological thresholds
    • Briske, D. D., Fuhlendorf, S. D. and Smeins, F. E. (2006). A unified framework for assessment and application of ecological thresholds. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 59, 225-36.
    • (2006) Rangeland Ecology and Management , vol.59 , pp. 225-236
    • Briske, D.D.1    Fuhlendorf, S.D.2    Smeins, F.E.3
  • 37
    • 0000816639 scopus 로고
    • Vegetational changes on a semidesert grassland range from 1858 to 1963
    • Buffington, L. C. and Herbel, C. H. (1965). Vegetational changes on a semidesert grassland range from 1858 to 1963. Ecological Monographs, 35, 139-64.
    • (1965) Ecological Monographs , vol.35 , pp. 139-164
    • Buffington, L.C.1    Herbel, C.H.2
  • 38
    • 0002630664 scopus 로고
    • What is pseudoscience?
    • Bunge, M. (1984). What is pseudoscience? The Skeptical Inquirer, 9, 36-46.
    • (1984) The Skeptical Inquirer , vol.9 , pp. 36-46
    • Bunge, M.1
  • 39
    • 0006781704 scopus 로고
    • What is science-does it matter to distinguish it from pseudoscience-reply
    • Bunge, M. (1991). What is science-does it matter to distinguish it from pseudoscience-reply. New Ideas in Psychology, 9, 245-83.
    • (1991) New Ideas in Psychology , vol.9 , pp. 245-283
    • Bunge, M.1
  • 41
    • 33644933342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rising variance: a leading indicator of ecological transition
    • Carpenter, S. R. and Brock, W. A. (2006). Rising variance: a leading indicator of ecological transition. Ecology Letters, 9, 311-18.
    • (2006) Ecology Letters , vol.9 , pp. 311-318
    • Carpenter, S.R.1    Brock, W.A.2
  • 43
    • 0020423738 scopus 로고
    • Catastrophes, control and the inevitability of spruce budworm outbreaks
    • Casti, J. (1982). Catastrophes, control and the inevitability of spruce budworm outbreaks. Ecological Modelling, 14, 293-300.
    • (1982) Ecological Modelling , vol.14 , pp. 293-300
    • Casti, J.1
  • 44
    • 1842578587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marine ecosystem engineering by the alien ascidian Pyura praeputialis on a mid-intertidal rocky shore
    • Castilla, J. C., Lagos, N. A. and Cerda, M. (2004). Marine ecosystem engineering by the alien ascidian Pyura praeputialis on a mid-intertidal rocky shore. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 268, 119-30.
    • (2004) Marine Ecology-Progress Series , vol.268 , pp. 119-130
    • Castilla, J.C.1    Lagos, N.A.2    Cerda, M.3
  • 45
    • 0033380552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food web effects of prey size refugia: variable interactions and alternative stable equilibria
    • Chase, J. M. (1999). Food web effects of prey size refugia: variable interactions and alternative stable equilibria. The American Naturalist, 154, 559-70.
    • (1999) The American Naturalist , vol.154 , pp. 559-570
    • Chase, J.M.1
  • 46
    • 0042629344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental evidence for alternative stable equilibria in a benthic pond food web
    • Chase, J. M. (2003a). Experimental evidence for alternative stable equilibria in a benthic pond food web. Ecology Letters, 6, 733-41.
    • (2003) Ecology Letters , vol.6 , pp. 733-741
    • Chase, J.M.1
  • 47
    • 0141457922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community assembly: when should history matter?
    • Chase, J. M. (2003b). Community assembly: when should history matter? Oecologia, 136, 489-98.
    • (2003) Oecologia , vol.136 , pp. 489-498
    • Chase, J.M.1
  • 48
    • 0038582764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strong and weak trophic cascades along a productivity gradient
    • Chase, J. M. (2003c). Strong and weak trophic cascades along a productivity gradient. Oikos, 101, 187-95.
    • (2003) Oikos , vol.101 , pp. 187-195
    • Chase, J.M.1
  • 49
    • 0000754358 scopus 로고
    • Invasibility and stochastic boundedness in monotonic competition models
    • Chesson, P. L. and Ellner, S. (1989). Invasibility and stochastic boundedness in monotonic competition models. Journal of Mathematical Biology, 27, 117-38.
    • (1989) Journal of Mathematical Biology , vol.27 , pp. 117-138
    • Chesson, P.L.1    Ellner, S.2
  • 50
    • 0001668788 scopus 로고
    • Environmental variability promotes coexistence in lottery competitive systems
    • Chesson, P. L. and Warner, R. R. (1981). Environmental variability promotes coexistence in lottery competitive systems. The American Naturalist, 117, 923-43.
    • (1981) The American Naturalist , vol.117 , pp. 923-943
    • Chesson, P.L.1    Warner, R.R.2
  • 52
    • 59649106299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical slowing down as an indicator of transitions in two-species models
    • Chisholm, R. A. and Filotas, E. (2009). Critical slowing down as an indicator of transitions in two-species models. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 257, 142-9.
    • (2009) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.257 , pp. 142-149
    • Chisholm, R.A.1    Filotas, E.2
  • 53
    • 15944402862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grazing effects on rangeland diversity: a synthesis of contemporary models
    • Cingolani, A. M., Noy-Meir, I. and Diaz, S. (2005). Grazing effects on rangeland diversity: a synthesis of contemporary models. Ecological Applications, 15, 757-73.
    • (2005) Ecological Applications , vol.15 , pp. 757-773
    • Cingolani, A.M.1    Noy-Meir, I.2    Diaz, S.3
  • 56
    • 0021076028 scopus 로고
    • Assembly of mangrove ant communities-patterns of geographicaldistribution
    • Cole, B. J. (1983). Assembly of mangrove ant communities-patterns of geographicaldistribution. Journal of Animal Ecology, 52, 339-47.
    • (1983) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.52 , pp. 339-347
    • Cole, B.J.1
  • 57
    • 7044269477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing impacts of dredge spoil disposal using equivalence tests: implications of a precautionary (proof of safety) approach
    • Cole, R. and McBride, G. (2004). Assessing impacts of dredge spoil disposal using equivalence tests: implications of a precautionary (proof of safety) approach. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 279, 63-72.
    • (2004) Marine Ecology-Progress Series , vol.279 , pp. 63-72
    • Cole, R.1    McBride, G.2
  • 58
    • 58149407156 scopus 로고
    • Spatial-aspects of nest defense by pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus)-stimulus features and an application of catastrophe-theory
    • Colgan, P. W., Nowell, W. A. and Stokes, N. W. (1981). Spatial-aspects of nest defense by pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus)-stimulus features and an application of catastrophe-theory. Animal Behaviour, 29, 433-42.
    • (1981) Animal Behaviour , vol.29 , pp. 433-442
    • Colgan, P.W.1    Nowell, W.A.2    Stokes, N.W.3
  • 59
    • 2142708264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regime shifts: can ecological theory illuminate the mechanisms?
    • Collie, J. S., Richardson, K. and Steele, J. H. (2004). Regime shifts: can ecological theory illuminate the mechanisms? Progress in Oceanography, 60, 281-302.
    • (2004) Progress in Oceanography , vol.60 , pp. 281-302
    • Collie, J.S.1    Richardson, K.2    Steele, J.H.3
  • 60
    • 0001262894 scopus 로고
    • Influence of interspecific competition and other factors on distribution of barnacle Chthamalus stellatus
    • Connell, J. H. (1961). Influence of interspecific competition and other factors on distribution of barnacle Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology, 42, 710-23.
    • (1961) Ecology , vol.42 , pp. 710-723
    • Connell, J.H.1
  • 61
    • 0020922895 scopus 로고
    • On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition-evidence from field experiments
    • Connell, J. H. (1983). On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition-evidence from field experiments. The American Naturalist, 122, 661-96.
    • (1983) The American Naturalist , vol.122 , pp. 661-696
    • Connell, J.H.1
  • 62
    • 0021029661 scopus 로고
    • On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or persistence
    • Connell, J. H. and Sousa, W. P. (1983). On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or persistence. The American Naturalist, 121, 789-824.
    • (1983) The American Naturalist , vol.121 , pp. 789-824
    • Connell, J.H.1    Sousa, W.P.2
  • 63
    • 65349131829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indicators of regime shifts in ecological systems: what do we need to know and when do we need to know it?
    • Contamin, R. and Ellison, A. M. (2009). Indicators of regime shifts in ecological systems: what do we need to know and when do we need to know it? Ecological Applications, 19, 799-816.
    • (2009) Ecological Applications , vol.19 , pp. 799-816
    • Contamin, R.1    Ellison, A.M.2
  • 64
    • 0030455053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The "file drawer problem" of nonsignificant results: does it apply to biological research?
    • Csada, R. D., James, P. C. and Espie, R. H. M. (1996). The "file drawer problem" of nonsignificant results: does it apply to biological research? Oikos, 76, 591-3.
    • (1996) Oikos , vol.76 , pp. 591-593
    • Csada, R.D.1    James, P.C.2    Espie, R.H.M.3
  • 65
    • 33750175245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A probabilistic analysis of fire-induced treegrass coexistence in savannas
    • D'Odorico, P., Laio, F. and Ridolfi, L. (2006). A probabilistic analysis of fire-induced treegrass coexistence in savannas. The American Naturalist, 167, E79-E87.
    • (2006) The American Naturalist , vol.167 , pp. E79-E87
    • D'Odorico, P.1    Laio, F.2    Ridolfi, L.3
  • 70
    • 0031914596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viewpoint: sustainability of piñon-juniper ecosystems-a unifying perspective of soil erosion thresholds
    • Davenport, D. W., Breshears, D. D., Wilcox, B. P. and Allen, C. D. (1998). Viewpoint: sustainability of piñon-juniper ecosystems-a unifying perspective of soil erosion thresholds. Journal of Range Management, 51, 231-40.
    • (1998) Journal of Range Management , vol.51 , pp. 231-240
    • Davenport, D.W.1    Breshears, D.D.2    Wilcox, B.P.3    Allen, C.D.4
  • 71
    • 0025392038 scopus 로고
    • Catastrophe modeling in the biological sciences
    • Deakin, M. A. B. (1990). Catastrophe modeling in the biological sciences. Acta Biotheoretica, 38, 3-22.
    • (1990) Acta Biotheoretica , vol.38 , pp. 3-22
    • Deakin, M.A.B.1
  • 72
    • 0023504374 scopus 로고
    • Equilibrium and nonequilibrium concepts in ecological models
    • DeAngelis, D. L. and Waterhouse, J. C. (1987). Equilibrium and nonequilibrium concepts in ecological models. Ecological Monographs, 57, 1-21.
    • (1987) Ecological Monographs , vol.57 , pp. 1-21
    • DeAngelis, D.L.1    Waterhouse, J.C.2
  • 74
    • 20644462782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are systems with strong underlying abiotic regimes more likely to exhibit alternative stable states?
    • Didham, R. K., Watts, C. H. and Norton, D. A. (2005). Are systems with strong underlying abiotic regimes more likely to exhibit alternative stable states? Oikos, 110, 409-16.
    • (2005) Oikos , vol.110 , pp. 409-416
    • Didham, R.K.1    Watts, C.H.2    Norton, D.A.3
  • 75
    • 34248343110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paradoxes of enrichment: effects of increased light versus nutrient supply on pelagic producer-grazer systems
    • Diehl, S. (2007). Paradoxes of enrichment: effects of increased light versus nutrient supply on pelagic producer-grazer systems. The American Naturalist, 169, E173-E191.
    • (2007) The American Naturalist , vol.169 , pp. E173-E191
    • Diehl, S.1
  • 76
    • 23044503829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stability of the global ocean circulation: basic bifurcation diagrams
    • Dijkstra, H. A. and Weijer, W. (2005). Stability of the global ocean circulation: basic bifurcation diagrams. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 35, 933-48.
    • (2005) Journal of Physical Oceanography , vol.35 , pp. 933-948
    • Dijkstra, H.A.1    Weijer, W.2
  • 77
    • 77957700169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tipping points: early warning and wishful thinking
    • Ditlevsen, P. D. and Johnsen, S. J. (2010). Tipping points: early warning and wishful thinking. Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L19703.
    • (2010) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.37 , pp. L19703
    • Ditlevsen, P.D.1    Johnsen, S.J.2
  • 78
    • 21744461215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A statistical test to show negligible trend
    • Dixon, P. M. and Pechmann, J. H. K. (2005). A statistical test to show negligible trend. Ecology, 86, 1751-6.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 1751-1756
    • Dixon, P.M.1    Pechmann, J.H.K.2
  • 81
    • 0027028012 scopus 로고
    • Phase-shifts in coral-reef communities and their ecological significance
    • Done, T. J. (1992). Phase-shifts in coral-reef communities and their ecological significance. Hydrobiologia, 247, 121-32.
    • (1992) Hydrobiologia , vol.247 , pp. 121-132
    • Done, T.J.1
  • 82
    • 0025201444 scopus 로고
    • The mechanics of community assembly and succession
    • Drake, J. A. (1990). The mechanics of community assembly and succession. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 147, 213-33.
    • (1990) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.147 , pp. 213-233
    • Drake, J.A.1
  • 83
    • 0026049937 scopus 로고
    • Community-assembly mechanics and the structure of an experimental species ensemble
    • Drake, J. A. (1991). Community-assembly mechanics and the structure of an experimental species ensemble. The American Naturalist, 137, 1-26.
    • (1991) The American Naturalist , vol.137 , pp. 1-26
    • Drake, J.A.1
  • 86
    • 0001632917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microcosms as models for generating and testing community theory
    • Drake, J. A., Huxel, G. R. and Hewitt, C. L. (1996). Microcosms as models for generating and testing community theory. Ecology, 77, 670-7.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 670-677
    • Drake, J.A.1    Huxel, G.R.2    Hewitt, C.L.3
  • 87
    • 77957147507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early warning signals of extinction in deteriorating environments
    • Drake, J. M. and Griffen, B. D. (2010). Early warning signals of extinction in deteriorating environments. Nature, 467, 456-9.
    • (2010) Nature , vol.467 , pp. 456-459
    • Drake, J.M.1    Griffen, B.D.2
  • 89
    • 0025682789 scopus 로고
    • Elephants and fire as causes of multiple stable states in the Serengeti mara woodlands
    • Dublin, H. T., Sinclair, A. R. E. and McGlade, J. (1990). Elephants and fire as causes of multiple stable states in the Serengeti mara woodlands. Journal of Animal Ecology, 59, 1147-64.
    • (1990) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.59 , pp. 1147-1164
    • Dublin, H.T.1    Sinclair, A.R.E.2    McGlade, J.3
  • 90
    • 6544281549 scopus 로고
    • Modeling phytoplankton dynamics using catastrophe theory
    • Duckstein, L., Casti, J. and Kempf, J. (1979). Modeling phytoplankton dynamics using catastrophe theory. Water Resources Research, 15, 1189-94.
    • (1979) Water Resources Research , vol.15 , pp. 1189-1194
    • Duckstein, L.1    Casti, J.2    Kempf, J.3
  • 91
    • 0035059390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scale-dependent recruitment and divergence of intertidal communities
    • Dudgeon, S. and Petraitis, P. S. (2001). Scale-dependent recruitment and divergence of intertidal communities. Ecology, 82, 991-1006.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 991-1006
    • Dudgeon, S.1    Petraitis, P.S.2
  • 92
    • 0002612227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological experiments: scale, phenomenology, mechanism, and the illusion of generality
    • In W. J. Resetarits Jr and J. Bernardo (eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford
    • Dunham, A. E. and Beaupre, S. J. (1998). Ecological experiments: scale, phenomenology, mechanism, and the illusion of generality. In W. J. Resetarits Jr and J. Bernardo (eds) Experimental ecology-issues and perspectives, pp. 27-49. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • (1998) Experimental ecology-issues and perspectives , pp. 27-49
    • Dunham, A.E.1    Beaupre, S.J.2
  • 93
    • 0000098638 scopus 로고
    • Ecological principles in range evaluation
    • Dyksterhuis, E. J. (1949). Ecological principles in range evaluation. Botanical Review, 24, 253-72.
    • (1949) Botanical Review , vol.24 , pp. 253-272
    • Dyksterhuis, E.J.1
  • 95
    • 0000187169 scopus 로고
    • Stability of African pastoral ecosystems-alternate paradigms and implications for development
    • Ellis, J. E. and Swift, D. M. (1988). Stability of African pastoral ecosystems-alternate paradigms and implications for development. Journal of Range Management, 41, 450-9.
    • (1988) Journal of Range Management , vol.41 , pp. 450-459
    • Ellis, J.E.1    Swift, D.M.2
  • 96
    • 0033003518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of data-selection criteria: meta-analyses of stream predation experiments
    • Englund, G., Sarnelle, O. and Cooper, S. D. (1999). The importance of data-selection criteria: meta-analyses of stream predation experiments. Ecology, 80, 1132-41.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 1132-1141
    • Englund, G.1    Sarnelle, O.2    Cooper, S.D.3
  • 97
    • 57349163534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking habitat modification to catastrophic shifts and vegetation patterns in bogs
    • Eppinga, M. B., Rietkerk, M., Wassen, M. and De Ruiter, P. C. (2009). Linking habitat modification to catastrophic shifts and vegetation patterns in bogs. Plant Ecology, 200, 53-68.
    • (2009) Plant Ecology , vol.200 , pp. 53-68
    • Eppinga, M.B.1    Rietkerk, M.2    Wassen, M.3    De Ruiter, P.C.4
  • 98
    • 1842353133 scopus 로고
    • The relation between sensitivity and persistence under small perturbations
    • In S. A. Levin (ed.), Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia
    • Estberg, G. N. and Patten, B. C. (1976). The relation between sensitivity and persistence under small perturbations. In S. A. Levin (ed.) Ecosystem analysis and prediction, pp. 151-4. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia.
    • (1976) Ecosystem analysis and prediction , pp. 151-154
    • Estberg, G.N.1    Patten, B.C.2
  • 99
    • 0021063539 scopus 로고
    • The apparent diet of predators and biases due to different handling times of their prey
    • Fairweather, P. G. and Underwood, A. J. (1983). The apparent diet of predators and biases due to different handling times of their prey. Oecologia, 56, 169-79.
    • (1983) Oecologia , vol.56 , pp. 169-179
    • Fairweather, P.G.1    Underwood, A.J.2
  • 100
    • 33646391962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative attractors in marine ecosystems: a comparative analysis of fishing effects
    • Feng, J. F., Wang, H. L., Huang, D. W. and Li, S. P. (2006). Alternative attractors in marine ecosystems: a comparative analysis of fishing effects. Ecological Modelling, 195, 377-84.
    • (2006) Ecological Modelling , vol.195 , pp. 377-384
    • Feng, J.F.1    Wang, H.L.2    Huang, D.W.3    Li, S.P.4
  • 101
    • 0033385769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing a non-equilibrium model of rangeland vegetation dynamics in Mongolia
    • Fernandez-Gimenez, M. E. and Allen-Diaz, B. (1999). Testing a non-equilibrium model of rangeland vegetation dynamics in Mongolia. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 871-85.
    • (1999) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.36 , pp. 871-885
    • Fernandez-Gimenez, M.E.1    Allen-Diaz, B.2
  • 104
    • 0031881232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale disturbance and the structure of marine system: fishery impacts on Georges Bank
    • Fogarty, M. J. and Murawski, S. A. (1998). Large-scale disturbance and the structure of marine system: fishery impacts on Georges Bank. Ecological Applications, 8, S6-S22.
    • (1998) Ecological Applications , vol.8 , pp. S6-S22
    • Fogarty, M.J.1    Murawski, S.A.2
  • 107
    • 84858432861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Too good to be true: publication bias in two prominent studies from experimental psychology
    • Francis, G. (2012). Too good to be true: publication bias in two prominent studies from experimental psychology. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 19, 151-6.
    • (2012) Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , vol.19 , pp. 151-156
    • Francis, G.1
  • 108
    • 0001269665 scopus 로고
    • Life histories and community stability
    • Frank, P. W. (1968). Life histories and community stability. Ecology, 49, 355-7.
    • (1968) Ecology , vol.49 , pp. 355-357
    • Frank, P.W.1
  • 109
    • 0026312628 scopus 로고
    • Range condition assessment and the concept of thresholds-a viewpoint
    • Friedel, M. H. (1991). Range condition assessment and the concept of thresholds-a viewpoint. Journal of Range Management, 44, 422-6.
    • (1991) Journal of Range Management , vol.44 , pp. 422-426
    • Friedel, M.H.1
  • 110
    • 0035109218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequence effects of disturbance on community structure
    • Fukami, T. (2001). Sequence effects of disturbance on community structure. Oikos, 92, 215-24.
    • (2001) Oikos , vol.92 , pp. 215-224
    • Fukami, T.1
  • 111
    • 80052789826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community assembly: alternative stable states or alternative transient states?
    • Fukami, T. and Nakajima, M. (2011). Community assembly: alternative stable states or alternative transient states? Ecology Letters, 14, 973-84.
    • (2011) Ecology Letters , vol.14 , pp. 973-984
    • Fukami, T.1    Nakajima, M.2
  • 112
    • 79955656934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative stable states and phase shifts in coral reefs under anthropogenic stress
    • Fung, T., Seymour, R. M. and Johnson, C. R. (2011). Alternative stable states and phase shifts in coral reefs under anthropogenic stress. Ecology, 92, 967-82.
    • (2011) Ecology , vol.92 , pp. 967-982
    • Fung, T.1    Seymour, R.M.2    Johnson, C.R.3
  • 113
    • 0005190592 scopus 로고
    • Roots of the niche concept
    • Gaffney, P. M. (1975). Roots of the niche concept. The American Naturalist, 109, 490.
    • (1975) The American Naturalist , vol.109 , pp. 490
    • Gaffney, P.M.1
  • 115
    • 34249684833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long transients near the ghost of a stable state in eutrophic shallow lakes with fluctuating water levels
    • van Geest, G. J., Coops, H., Scheffer, M. and van Nes, E. H. (2007). Long transients near the ghost of a stable state in eutrophic shallow lakes with fluctuating water levels. Ecosystems, 10, 36-46.
    • (2007) Ecosystems , vol.10 , pp. 36-46
    • van Geest, G.J.1    Coops, H.2    Scheffer, M.3    van Nes, E.H.4
  • 116
    • 0027089406 scopus 로고
    • Application of nonequilibrium ecology to management of Mediterranean grasslands
    • George, M. R., Brown, J. R. and Clawson, W. J. (1992). Application of nonequilibrium ecology to management of Mediterranean grasslands. Journal of Range Management, 45, 436-40.
    • (1992) Journal of Range Management , vol.45 , pp. 436-440
    • George, M.R.1    Brown, J.R.2    Clawson, W.J.3
  • 119
    • 0008872905 scopus 로고
    • Dinosaurs in the haystack
    • Gould, S. J. (1992). Dinosaurs in the haystack. Natural History, 101, 2-13.
    • (1992) Natural History , vol.101 , pp. 2-13
    • Gould, S.J.1
  • 120
    • 37049182192 scopus 로고
    • Chaos, strange attractors, and fractal basin boundaries in nonlinear dynamics
    • Grebogi, C., Ott, E. and Yorke, J. A. (1987). Chaos, strange attractors, and fractal basin boundaries in nonlinear dynamics. Science, 238, 632-8.
    • (1987) Science , vol.238 , pp. 632-638
    • Grebogi, C.1    Ott, E.2    Yorke, J.A.3
  • 121
    • 0030617425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Babel, or the ecological stability discussions: an inventory and analysis of terminology and a guide for avoiding confusion
    • Grimm, V. and Wissel, C. (1997). Babel, or the ecological stability discussions: an inventory and analysis of terminology and a guide for avoiding confusion. Oecologia, 109, 323-34.
    • (1997) Oecologia , vol.109 , pp. 323-334
    • Grimm, V.1    Wissel, C.2
  • 122
    • 0027061933 scopus 로고
    • On the application of stability concepts in ecology
    • Grimm, V., Schmidt, E. and Wissel, C. (1992). On the application of stability concepts in ecology. Ecological Modelling, 63, 143-61.
    • (1992) Ecological Modelling , vol.63 , pp. 143-161
    • Grimm, V.1    Schmidt, E.2    Wissel, C.3
  • 124
    • 37049231457 scopus 로고
    • Measure for crackpots
    • F. J. Gruenberger (1964). Measure for crackpots. Science, 145, 1413-15.
    • (1964) Science , vol.145 , pp. 1413-1415
    • Gruenberger, F.J.1
  • 125
    • 0033040602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical issues in ecological meta-analyses
    • Gurevitch, J. and Hedges, L. V. (1999). Statistical issues in ecological meta-analyses. Ecology, 80, 1142-9.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 1142-1149
    • Gurevitch, J.1    Hedges, L.V.2
  • 126
    • 33846696931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of noise on bistable ecological systems
    • Guttal, V. and Jayaprakash, C. (2007). Impact of noise on bistable ecological systems. Ecological Modelling, 201, 420-8.
    • (2007) Ecological Modelling , vol.201 , pp. 420-428
    • Guttal, V.1    Jayaprakash, C.2
  • 127
    • 41849135754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing skewness: an early warning signal of regime shifts in ecosystems
    • Guttal, V. and Jayaprakash, C. (2008). Changing skewness: an early warning signal of regime shifts in ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 11, 450-60.
    • (2008) Ecology Letters , vol.11 , pp. 450-460
    • Guttal, V.1    Jayaprakash, C.2
  • 128
    • 62349131001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial variance and spatial skewness: leading indicators of regime shifts in spatial ecological systems
    • Guttal, V. and Jayaprakash, C. (2009). Spatial variance and spatial skewness: leading indicators of regime shifts in spatial ecological systems. Theoretical Ecology, 2, 3-12.
    • (2009) Theoretical Ecology , vol.2 , pp. 3-12
    • Guttal, V.1    Jayaprakash, C.2
  • 129
    • 4143137508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stoichiometrically explicit competition between grazers: species replacement, coexistence, and priority effects along resource supply gradients
    • Hall, S. R. (2004). Stoichiometrically explicit competition between grazers: species replacement, coexistence, and priority effects along resource supply gradients. The American Naturalist, 164, 157-72.
    • (2004) The American Naturalist , vol.164 , pp. 157-172
    • Hall, S.R.1
  • 130
    • 0002464714 scopus 로고
    • Extinction of the passenger pigeon Ectopistes migratorius and its relevance to contemporary conservation
    • Halliday, T. R. (1980). Extinction of the passenger pigeon Ectopistes migratorius and its relevance to contemporary conservation. Biological Conservation, 17, 157-62.
    • (1980) Biological Conservation , vol.17 , pp. 157-162
    • Halliday, T.R.1
  • 131
    • 0036186475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of vegetation change and the recovery potential of degraded areas in a coastal marsh system of the Hudson Bay lowlands
    • Handa, I. T., Harmsen, R. and Jefferies, R. L. (2002). Patterns of vegetation change and the recovery potential of degraded areas in a coastal marsh system of the Hudson Bay lowlands. Journal of Ecology, 90, 86-99.
    • (2002) Journal of Ecology , vol.90 , pp. 86-99
    • Handa, I.T.1    Harmsen, R.2    Jefferies, R.L.3
  • 132
    • 34248971890 scopus 로고
    • The competitive exclusion principle
    • Hardin, G. (1960). The competitive exclusion principle. Science, 131, 1292-7.
    • (1960) Science , vol.131 , pp. 1292-1297
    • Hardin, G.1
  • 133
    • 0033744926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical evidence for north Pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989
    • Hare, S. R. and Mantua, N. J. (2000). Empirical evidence for north Pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989. Progress in Oceanography, 47, 103-45.
    • (2000) Progress in Oceanography , vol.47 , pp. 103-145
    • Hare, S.R.1    Mantua, N.J.2
  • 135
    • 0347062671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transients: the key to long-term ecological understanding?
    • Hastings, A. (2004). Transients: the key to long-term ecological understanding? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19, 39-45.
    • (2004) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.19 , pp. 39-45
    • Hastings, A.1
  • 136
    • 77951716336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regime shifts in ecological systems can occur with no warning
    • Hastings, A. and Wysham, D. B. (2010). Regime shifts in ecological systems can occur with no warning. Ecology Letters, 13, 464-72.
    • (2010) Ecology Letters , vol.13 , pp. 464-472
    • Hastings, A.1    Wysham, D.B.2
  • 138
  • 140
    • 0032993216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coexistence between people and elephants in African savannas
    • Hoare, R. E. and du Toit, J. T. (1999). Coexistence between people and elephants in African savannas. Conservation Biology, 13, 633-9.
    • (1999) Conservation Biology , vol.13 , pp. 633-639
    • Hoare, R.E.1    du Toit, J.T.2
  • 142
    • 0028163952 scopus 로고
    • Simple rules for interspecific dominance in systems with exploitative and apparent competition
    • Holt, R. D., Grover, J. and Tilman, D. (1994). Simple rules for interspecific dominance in systems with exploitative and apparent competition. The American Naturalist, 144, 741-71.
    • (1994) The American Naturalist , vol.144 , pp. 741-771
    • Holt, R.D.1    Grover, J.2    Tilman, D.3
  • 144
    • 0001538220 scopus 로고
    • Competition among fugitive species in a harlequin environment
    • Horn, H. S. and MacArthur, R. H. (1972). Competition among fugitive species in a harlequin environment. Ecology, 53, 749-52.
    • (1972) Ecology , vol.53 , pp. 749-752
    • Horn, H.S.1    MacArthur, R.H.2
  • 145
    • 77953598946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resilience and alternative equilibria in a mire plant community after experimental disturbance by volcanic ash
    • Hotes, S., Grootjans, A. P., Takahashi, H., Ekschmitt, K. and Poschlod, P. (2010). Resilience and alternative equilibria in a mire plant community after experimental disturbance by volcanic ash. Oikos, 119, 952-63.
    • (2010) Oikos , vol.119 , pp. 952-963
    • Hotes, S.1    Grootjans, A.P.2    Takahashi, H.3    Ekschmitt, K.4    Poschlod, P.5
  • 146
    • 38349129454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extending nonlinear analysis to short ecological time series
    • Hsieh, C. H., Anderson, C. and Sugihara, G. (2008). Extending nonlinear analysis to short ecological time series. The American Naturalist, 171, 71-80.
    • (2008) The American Naturalist , vol.171 , pp. 71-80
    • Hsieh, C.H.1    Anderson, C.2    Sugihara, G.3
  • 148
    • 16844381983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The concept and utility of "ecological thresholds" in biodiversity conservation
    • Huggett, A. J. (2005). The concept and utility of "ecological thresholds" in biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation, 124, 301-10.
    • (2005) Biological Conservation , vol.124 , pp. 301-310
    • Huggett, A.J.1
  • 149
    • 0034767335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological conditions for oscillations and chaos generated by multispecies competition
    • Huisman, J. and Weissing, F. J. (2001a). Biological conditions for oscillations and chaos generated by multispecies competition. Ecology, 82, 2682-95.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 2682-2695
    • Huisman, J.1    Weissing, F.J.2
  • 150
    • 0035017735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fundamental unpredictability in multispecies competition
    • Huisman, J. and Weissing, F. J. (2001b). Fundamental unpredictability in multispecies competition. The American Naturalist, 157, 488-94.
    • (2001) The American Naturalist , vol.157 , pp. 488-494
    • Huisman, J.1    Weissing, F.J.2
  • 151
    • 0000383912 scopus 로고
    • Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments
    • Hurlbert, S. H. (1984). Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecological Monographs, 54, 187-211.
    • (1984) Ecological Monographs , vol.54 , pp. 187-211
    • Hurlbert, S.H.1
  • 152
    • 0028991964 scopus 로고
    • The consequences of recruitment limitation-reconciling chance, history and competitive differences between plants
    • Hurtt, G. C. and Pacala, S. W. (1995). The consequences of recruitment limitation-reconciling chance, history and competitive differences between plants. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 176, 1-12.
    • (1995) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.176 , pp. 1-12
    • Hurtt, G.C.1    Pacala, S.W.2
  • 153
  • 154
    • 0033178314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the relevance of nonequilibrium concepts to arid and semiarid grazing systems
    • Illius, A. W. and O'Connor, T. G. (1999). On the relevance of nonequilibrium concepts to arid and semiarid grazing systems. Ecological Applications, 9, 798-813.
    • (1999) Ecological Applications , vol.9 , pp. 798-813
    • Illius, A.W.1    O'Connor, T.G.2
  • 155
    • 10644272706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing the return of submerged plants to a clear-water, shallow temperate lake
    • Irfanullah, H. M. and Moss, B. (2004). Factors influencing the return of submerged plants to a clear-water, shallow temperate lake. Aquatic Botany, 80, 177-91.
    • (2004) Aquatic Botany , vol.80 , pp. 177-191
    • Irfanullah, H.M.1    Moss, B.2
  • 156
    • 0024889164 scopus 로고
    • The loss of submerged plants with eutrophication .2. Relationships between fish and zooplankton in a set of experimental ponds, and conclusions
    • Irvine, K., Moss, B. and Balls, H. (1989). The loss of submerged plants with eutrophication .2. Relationships between fish and zooplankton in a set of experimental ponds, and conclusions. Freshwater Biology, 22, 89-107.
    • (1989) Freshwater Biology , vol.22 , pp. 89-107
    • Irvine, K.1    Moss, B.2    Balls, H.3
  • 157
    • 0038104985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrophyte-dominated and turbid states of shallow lakes: evidence from Alberta lakes
    • Jackson, L. J. (2003). Macrophyte-dominated and turbid states of shallow lakes: evidence from Alberta lakes. Ecosystems, 6, 213-23.
    • (2003) Ecosystems , vol.6 , pp. 213-223
    • Jackson, L.J.1
  • 159
    • 34249287045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shallow lake restoration by nutrient loading reduction-some recent findings and challenges ahead
    • Jeppesen, E., Sondergaard, M., Meerhoff, M., Lauridsen, T. L. and Jensen, J. P. (2007). Shallow lake restoration by nutrient loading reduction-some recent findings and challenges ahead. Hydrobiologia, 584, 239-52.
    • (2007) Hydrobiologia , vol.584 , pp. 239-252
    • Jeppesen, E.1    Sondergaard, M.2    Meerhoff, M.3    Lauridsen, T.L.4    Jensen, J.P.5
  • 160
    • 84965630336 scopus 로고
    • Catastrophe theory applied to ecological systems
    • Jones, D. D. (1977). Catastrophe theory applied to ecological systems. Simulation, 29, 1-15.
    • (1977) Simulation , vol.29 , pp. 1-15
    • Jones, D.D.1
  • 162
    • 0036188578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of nutrient loading, dissolved inorganic carbon and higher trophic levels on the interaction between submerged plants and periphyton
    • Jones, J. I., Young, J. O., Eaton, J. W. and Moss, B. (2002). The influence of nutrient loading, dissolved inorganic carbon and higher trophic levels on the interaction between submerged plants and periphyton. Journal of Ecology, 90, 12-24.
    • (2002) Journal of Ecology , vol.90 , pp. 12-24
    • Jones, J.I.1    Young, J.O.2    Eaton, J.W.3    Moss, B.4
  • 163
    • 0344585059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the fish-invertebrate-periphyton cascade precipitate plant loss in shallow lakes?
    • Jones, J. I. and Sayer, C. D. (2003). Does the fish-invertebrate-periphyton cascade precipitate plant loss in shallow lakes? Ecology, 84, 2155-67.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 2155-2167
    • Jones, J.I.1    Sayer, C.D.2
  • 164
    • 0346205648 scopus 로고
    • A description of the wild pigeons which visit the southern English colonies in North America, during certain years, in incredible multitudes
    • Kalm, P. and Gronberger, S. M. (1911). A description of the wild pigeons which visit the southern English colonies in North America, during certain years, in incredible multitudes. The Auk, 28, 53-66.
    • (1911) The Auk , vol.28 , pp. 53-66
    • Kalm, P.1    Gronberger, S.M.2
  • 165
    • 35248889916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune inspired somatic contiguous hypermutation for function optimisation
    • In E. Cantú-Paz, J. A. Foster, K. Deb, L. Davis, R. Roy, U.-M. O'Reilly, H.-G. Beyer, R. K. Standish, G. Kendall, S. W. Wilson, M. Harman, J. Wegener, D. Dasgupta, M. A. Potter, A. C. Schultz, K. A. Dowsland, N. Jonoska and J. F. Miller (eds), Chicago, IL, USA, July 12-16, 2003. Proceedings, Part I, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
    • Kelsey, J. and Timmis, J. (2003). Immune inspired somatic contiguous hypermutation for function optimisation. In E. Cantú-Paz, J. A. Foster, K. Deb, L. Davis, R. Roy, U.-M. O'Reilly, H.-G. Beyer, R. K. Standish, G. Kendall, S. W. Wilson, M. Harman, J. Wegener, D. Dasgupta, M. A. Potter, A. C. Schultz, K. A. Dowsland, N. Jonoska and J. F. Miller (eds) Genetic and evolutionary computation-GECCO 2003, Genetic And Evolutionary Computation Conference, Chicago, IL, USA, July 12-16, 2003. Proceedings, Part I, pp. 207-18. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
    • (2003) Genetic and evolutionary computation-GECCO 2003, Genetic And Evolutionary Computation Conference , pp. 207-218
    • Kelsey, J.1    Timmis, J.2
  • 166
    • 0021604697 scopus 로고
    • Relaxation oscillations and other non-Michaelian behavior in a slow-fast phytoplankton growth-model
    • Kempf, J., Duckstein, L. and Casti, J. (1984). Relaxation oscillations and other non-Michaelian behavior in a slow-fast phytoplankton growth-model. Ecological Modelling, 23, 67-90.
    • (1984) Ecological Modelling , vol.23 , pp. 67-90
    • Kempf, J.1    Duckstein, L.2    Casti, J.3
  • 167
    • 0002787906 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of kelp recruitment by turfing algae and consequences for an Australian kelp community
    • Kennelly, S. J. (1987). Inhibition of kelp recruitment by turfing algae and consequences for an Australian kelp community. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 112, 49-60.
    • (1987) Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , vol.112 , pp. 49-60
    • Kennelly, S.J.1
  • 168
    • 84856546486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreases in fire spread probability with forest age promotes alternative community states, reduced resilience to climate variability and large fire regime shifts
    • Kitzberger, T., Araoz, E., Gowda, J. H., Mermoz, M. and Morales, J. M. (2012). Decreases in fire spread probability with forest age promotes alternative community states, reduced resilience to climate variability and large fire regime shifts. Ecosystems, 15, 97-112.
    • (2012) Ecosystems , vol.15 , pp. 97-112
    • Kitzberger, T.1    Araoz, E.2    Gowda, J.H.3    Mermoz, M.4    Morales, J.M.5
  • 169
    • 0027059632 scopus 로고
    • Thresholds and multiple stable states in coral-reef community dynamics
    • Knowlton, N. (1992). Thresholds and multiple stable states in coral-reef community dynamics. American Zoologist, 32, 674-82.
    • (1992) American Zoologist , vol.32 , pp. 674-682
    • Knowlton, N.1
  • 170
    • 2142826718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple "stable" states and the conservation of marine ecosystems
    • Knowlton, N. (2004). Multiple "stable" states and the conservation of marine ecosystems. Progress in Oceanography, 60, 387-96.
    • (2004) Progress in Oceanography , vol.60 , pp. 387-396
    • Knowlton, N.1
  • 171
    • 0041313953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The stability of boundary regions between kelp beds and deforested areas
    • Konar, B. and Estes, J. A. (2003). The stability of boundary regions between kelp beds and deforested areas. Ecology, 84, 174-85.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 174-185
    • Konar, B.1    Estes, J.A.2
  • 172
    • 0035665791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do alternate stable states occur in natural ecosystems? Evidence from a tidal flat
    • van de Koppel, J., Herman, P. M. J., Thoolen, P. and Heip, C. H. R. (2001). Do alternate stable states occur in natural ecosystems? Evidence from a tidal flat. Ecology, 82, 3449-61.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 3449-3461
    • van de Koppel, J.1    Herman, P.M.J.2    Thoolen, P.3    Heip, C.H.R.4
  • 173
    • 0031285083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic vegetation shifts and soil degradation in terrestrial grazing systems
    • van de Koppel, J., Rietkerk, M. and Weissing, F. J. (1997). Catastrophic vegetation shifts and soil degradation in terrestrial grazing systems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 12, 352-6.
    • (1997) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.12 , pp. 352-356
    • van de Koppel, J.1    Rietkerk, M.2    Weissing, F.J.3
  • 175
    • 33847327575 scopus 로고
    • Fluctuation-dissipation theorem
    • Kubo, R. (1966). Fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Reports on Progress in Physics, 29, 255-84.
    • (1966) Reports on Progress in Physics , vol.29 , pp. 255-284
    • Kubo, R.1
  • 177
    • 84953680842 scopus 로고
    • Pathological science
    • Langmuir, I. (1989). Pathological science. Physics Today, 42, 36-48.
    • (1989) Physics Today , vol.42 , pp. 36-48
    • Langmuir, I.1
  • 178
    • 0026278712 scopus 로고
    • Stable states and thresholds of range condition on North American rangelands-a viewpoint
    • Laycock, W. A. (1991). Stable states and thresholds of range condition on North American rangelands-a viewpoint. Journal of Range Management, 44, 427-33.
    • (1991) Journal of Range Management , vol.44 , pp. 427-433
    • Laycock, W.A.1
  • 180
    • 80052248386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early warning of climate tipping points
    • Lenton, T. M. (2011). Early warning of climate tipping points. Nature Climate Change, 1, 201-9.
    • (2011) Nature Climate Change , vol.1 , pp. 201-209
    • Lenton, T.M.1
  • 181
    • 0001783010 scopus 로고
    • Grass, brush, timber, and fire in southern Arizona
    • Leopold, A. (1924). Grass, brush, timber, and fire in southern Arizona. Journal of Forestry, 22, 1-10.
    • (1924) Journal of Forestry , vol.22 , pp. 1-10
    • Leopold, A.1
  • 182
    • 0024187945 scopus 로고
    • Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean: what have we learned?
    • Lessios, H. A. (1988). Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean: what have we learned? Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 19, 371-93.
    • (1988) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.19 , pp. 371-393
    • Lessios, H.A.1
  • 183
    • 0027524391 scopus 로고
    • Allee dynamics and the spread of invading species
    • Lewis, M. A. and Kareiva, P. (1993). Allee dynamics and the spread of invading species. Theoretical Population Biology, 43, 141-58.
    • (1993) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.43 , pp. 141-158
    • Lewis, M.A.1    Kareiva, P.2
  • 184
    • 0002287891 scopus 로고
    • The meaning of stability
    • In G. M. Woodwell and H. H. Smith (eds), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY
    • Lewontin, R. C. (1969). The meaning of stability. In G. M. Woodwell and H. H. Smith (eds) Diversity and stability in ecological systems, pp. 12-24. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY.
    • (1969) Diversity and stability in ecological systems , pp. 12-24
    • Lewontin, R.C.1
  • 185
    • 51049098967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Science and pseudoscience in law enforcement-a user-friendly primer
    • Lilienfeld, S. O. and Landfield, K. (2008). Science and pseudoscience in law enforcement-a user-friendly primer. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 1215-30.
    • (2008) Criminal Justice and Behavior , vol.35 , pp. 1215-1230
    • Lilienfeld, S.O.1    Landfield, K.2
  • 187
    • 85073602730 scopus 로고
    • Rangeland grasshopper (Orthoptera, Acrididae) population-dynamics-insights from catastrophe theory
    • Lockwood, J. A. and Lockwood, D. R. (1991). Rangeland grasshopper (Orthoptera, Acrididae) population-dynamics-insights from catastrophe theory. Environmental Entomology, 20, 970-80.
    • (1991) Environmental Entomology , vol.20 , pp. 970-980
    • Lockwood, J.A.1    Lockwood, D.R.2
  • 188
    • 0027869251 scopus 로고
    • Catastrophe-theory-a unified paradigm for rangeland ecosystem dynamics
    • Lockwood, J. A. and Lockwood, D. R. (1993). Catastrophe-theory-a unified paradigm for rangeland ecosystem dynamics. Journal of Range Management, 46, 282-8.
    • (1993) Journal of Range Management , vol.46 , pp. 282-288
    • Lockwood, J.A.1    Lockwood, D.R.2
  • 189
    • 0022243268 scopus 로고
    • Optimal stocking for semi-desert range-a catastrophe-theory model
    • Loehle, C. (1985). Optimal stocking for semi-desert range-a catastrophe-theory model. Ecological Modelling, 27, 285-97.
    • (1985) Ecological Modelling , vol.27 , pp. 285-297
    • Loehle, C.1
  • 190
    • 0024184321 scopus 로고
    • Forest-level analysis of stability under exploitation-depensation responses and catastrophe theory
    • Loehle, C. (1989a). Forest-level analysis of stability under exploitation-depensation responses and catastrophe theory. Vegetatio, 79, 109-15.
    • (1989) Vegetatio , vol.79 , pp. 109-115
    • Loehle, C.1
  • 191
    • 0024923792 scopus 로고
    • Catastrophe-theory in ecology-a critical review and an example of the butterfly catastrophe
    • Loehle, C. (1989b). Catastrophe-theory in ecology-a critical review and an example of the butterfly catastrophe. Ecological Modelling, 49, 125-52.
    • (1989) Ecological Modelling , vol.49 , pp. 125-152
    • Loehle, C.1
  • 192
    • 0033646273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stoichiometry in producer-grazer systems: linking energy flow with element cycling
    • Loladze, I., Kuang, Y. and Elser, J. J. (2000). Stoichiometry in producer-grazer systems: linking energy flow with element cycling. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 62, 1137-62.
    • (2000) Bulletin of Mathematical Biology , vol.62 , pp. 1137-1162
    • Loladze, I.1    Kuang, Y.2    Elser, J.J.3
  • 193
    • 0345802631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competition and stoichiometry: coexistence of two predators on one prey
    • Loladze, I., Kuang, Y., Elser, J. J. and Fagan, W. F. (2004). Competition and stoichiometry: coexistence of two predators on one prey. Theoretical Population Biology, 65, 1-15.
    • (2004) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.65 , pp. 1-15
    • Loladze, I.1    Kuang, Y.2    Elser, J.J.3    Fagan, W.F.4
  • 195
    • 33847733092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation and priority effects in experimental zooplankton communities
    • Louette, G. and De Meester, L. (2007). Predation and priority effects in experimental zooplankton communities. Oikos, 116, 419-26.
    • (2007) Oikos , vol.116 , pp. 419-426
    • Louette, G.1    De Meester, L.2
  • 197
    • 0020923607 scopus 로고
    • Littorina and Fucus-effects of herbivores, substratum heterogeneity, and plant escapes during succession
    • Lubchenco, J. (1983). Littorina and Fucus-effects of herbivores, substratum heterogeneity, and plant escapes during succession. Ecology, 64, 1116-23.
    • (1983) Ecology , vol.64 , pp. 1116-1123
    • Lubchenco, J.1
  • 198
    • 0001934331 scopus 로고
    • Community development and persistence in a low rocky inter-tidal zone
    • Lubchenco, J. and Menge, B. A. (1978). Community development and persistence in a low rocky inter-tidal zone. Ecological Monographs, 48, 67-94.
    • (1978) Ecological Monographs , vol.48 , pp. 67-94
    • Lubchenco, J.1    Menge, B.A.2
  • 199
    • 0037888162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How should detection probability be incorporated into estimates of relative abundance?
    • MacKenzie, D. I. and Kendall, W. L. (2002). How should detection probability be incorporated into estimates of relative abundance? Ecology, 83, 2387-93.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 2387-2393
    • MacKenzie, D.I.1    Kendall, W.L.2
  • 200
    • 2142774162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods for detecting regime shifts in large marine ecosystems: a review with approaches applied to North Pacific data
    • Mantua, N. (2004). Methods for detecting regime shifts in large marine ecosystems: a review with approaches applied to North Pacific data. Progress in Oceanography, 60, 165-82.
    • (2004) Progress in Oceanography , vol.60 , pp. 165-182
    • Mantua, N.1
  • 201
    • 0028993801 scopus 로고
    • Scalable decision rules for environmental impact studies: effect size, type-I, and type-II errors
    • Mapstone, B. D. (1995). Scalable decision rules for environmental impact studies: effect size, type-I, and type-II errors. Ecological Applications, 5, 401-10.
    • (1995) Ecological Applications , vol.5 , pp. 401-410
    • Mapstone, B.D.1
  • 202
    • 61949138225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short- and long-term vegetation change related to grazing systems, precipitation, and mesquite cover
    • Mashiri, F. E., McClaran, M. P. and Fehmi, J. S. (2008). Short- and long-term vegetation change related to grazing systems, precipitation, and mesquite cover. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 61, 368-79.
    • (2008) Rangeland Ecology and Management , vol.61 , pp. 368-379
    • Mashiri, F.E.1    McClaran, M.P.2    Fehmi, J.S.3
  • 203
    • 33846408625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are alternative stable states more likely in high stress environments? Logic and available evidence do not support Didham et al. 2005
    • Mason, N. W. H., Wilson, J. B. and Steel, J. B. (2007). Are alternative stable states more likely in high stress environments? Logic and available evidence do not support Didham et al. 2005. Oikos, 116, 353-7.
    • (2007) Oikos , vol.116 , pp. 353-357
    • Mason, N.W.H.1    Wilson, J.B.2    Steel, J.B.3
  • 205
    • 0000890960 scopus 로고
    • Thresholds and breakpoints in ecosystems with a multiplicity of stable states
    • May, R. M. (1977). Thresholds and breakpoints in ecosystems with a multiplicity of stable states. Nature, 269, 471-7.
    • (1977) Nature , vol.269 , pp. 471-477
    • May, R.M.1
  • 206
    • 0032715938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macroalgae, nutrients and phase shifts on coral reefs: scientific issues and management consequences for the great barrier reef
    • McCook, L. J. (1999). Macroalgae, nutrients and phase shifts on coral reefs: scientific issues and management consequences for the great barrier reef. Coral Reefs, 18, 357-67.
    • (1999) Coral Reefs , vol.18 , pp. 357-367
    • McCook, L.J.1
  • 207
    • 2142699681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coral-algal phase shifts on coral reefs: ecological and environmental aspects
    • McManus, J. W. and Polsenberg, J. F. (2004). Coral-algal phase shifts on coral reefs: ecological and environmental aspects. Progress in Oceanography, 60, 263-79.
    • (2004) Progress in Oceanography , vol.60 , pp. 263-279
    • McManus, J.W.1    Polsenberg, J.F.2
  • 208
    • 6744245534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomanipulation in shallow lakes in the Netherlands: an evaluation of 18 case studies
    • Meijer, M. L., de Boois, I., Scheffer, M., Portielje, R. and Hosper, H. (1999). Biomanipulation in shallow lakes in the Netherlands: an evaluation of 18 case studies. Hydrobiologia, 408, 13-30.
    • (1999) Hydrobiologia , vol.408 , pp. 13-30
    • Meijer, M.L.1    de Boois, I.2    Scheffer, M.3    Portielje, R.4    Hosper, H.5
  • 209
    • 0000995615 scopus 로고
    • Organization of a New England rocky intertidal community-role of predation, competition, and environmental heterogeneity
    • Menge, B. A. (1976). Organization of a New England rocky intertidal community-role of predation, competition, and environmental heterogeneity. Ecological Monographs, 46, 355-93.
    • (1976) Ecological Monographs , vol.46 , pp. 355-393
    • Menge, B.A.1
  • 210
    • 77953359342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of extreme floods from the River Danube in 2006 on phytoplankton communities in a floodplain lake: shift to a clear state
    • Mihaljevic, M., Spoljaric, D., Stevic, F., Cvijanovic, V. and Kutuzovic, B. H. (2010). The influence of extreme floods from the River Danube in 2006 on phytoplankton communities in a floodplain lake: shift to a clear state. Limnologica, 40, 260-8.
    • (2010) Limnologica , vol.40 , pp. 260-268
    • Mihaljevic, M.1    Spoljaric, D.2    Stevic, F.3    Cvijanovic, V.4    Kutuzovic, B.H.5
  • 211
    • 0024254783 scopus 로고
    • A generalized-model of the effects of grazing by large herbivores on grassland community structure
    • Milchunas, D. G., Sala, O. E. and Lauenroth, W. K. (1988). A generalized-model of the effects of grazing by large herbivores on grassland community structure. The American Naturalist, 132, 87-106.
    • (1988) The American Naturalist , vol.132 , pp. 87-106
    • Milchunas, D.G.1    Sala, O.E.2    Lauenroth, W.K.3
  • 212
    • 65549163145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reorganization of a large marine ecosystem due to atmospheric and anthropogenic pressure: a discontinuous regime shift in the central Baltic Sea
    • Möllmann, C., Diekmann, R., Muller-Karulis, B., Kornilovs, G., Plikshs, M. and Axe, P. (2009). Reorganization of a large marine ecosystem due to atmospheric and anthropogenic pressure: a discontinuous regime shift in the central Baltic Sea. Global Change Biology, 15, 1377-93.
    • (2009) Global Change Biology , vol.15 , pp. 1377-1393
    • Möllmann, C.1    Diekmann, R.2    Muller-Karulis, B.3    Kornilovs, G.4    Plikshs, M.5    Axe, P.6
  • 214
    • 0042850745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative stable states in the aquatic vegetation of shallow urban lakes. II. Catastrophic loss of aquatic plants consequent to nutrient enrichment
    • Morris, K., Bailey, P. C., Boon, P. I. and Hughes, L. (2003a). Alternative stable states in the aquatic vegetation of shallow urban lakes. II. Catastrophic loss of aquatic plants consequent to nutrient enrichment. Marine and Freshwater Research, 54, 201-15.
    • (2003) Marine and Freshwater Research , vol.54 , pp. 201-215
    • Morris, K.1    Bailey, P.C.2    Boon, P.I.3    Hughes, L.4
  • 215
    • 0042259170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative stable states in the aquatic vegetation of shallow urban lakes. I. Effects of plant harvesting and low-level nutrient enrichment
    • Morris, K., Boon, P. I., Bailey, P. C. and Hughes, L. (2003b). Alternative stable states in the aquatic vegetation of shallow urban lakes. I. Effects of plant harvesting and low-level nutrient enrichment. Marine and Freshwater Research, 54, 185-200.
    • (2003) Marine and Freshwater Research , vol.54 , pp. 185-200
    • Morris, K.1    Boon, P.I.2    Bailey, P.C.3    Hughes, L.4
  • 216
    • 12244265764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Domain shifts in the aquatic vegetation of shallow urban lakes: the relative roles of low light and anoxia in the catastrophic loss of the submerged angiosperm Vallisneria americana
    • Morris, K., Harrison, K. A., Bailey, P. C. E. and Boon, P. I. (2004). Domain shifts in the aquatic vegetation of shallow urban lakes: the relative roles of low light and anoxia in the catastrophic loss of the submerged angiosperm Vallisneria americana. Marine and Freshwater Research, 55, 749-58.
    • (2004) Marine and Freshwater Research , vol.55 , pp. 749-758
    • Morris, K.1    Harrison, K.A.2    Bailey, P.C.E.3    Boon, P.I.4
  • 218
    • 70349990231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase shifts and the stability of macroalgal communities on Caribbean coral reefs
    • Mumby, P. J. (2009). Phase shifts and the stability of macroalgal communities on Caribbean coral reefs. Coral Reefs, 28, 761-73.
    • (2009) Coral Reefs , vol.28 , pp. 761-773
    • Mumby, P.J.1
  • 219
    • 35948966384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thresholds and the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs
    • Mumby, P. J., Hastings, A. and Edwards, H. J. (2007). Thresholds and the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs. Nature, 450, 98-101.
    • (2007) Nature , vol.450 , pp. 98-101
    • Mumby, P.J.1    Hastings, A.2    Edwards, H.J.3
  • 220
    • 0034951684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological thresholds: a survey
    • Muradian, R. (2001). Ecological thresholds: a survey. Ecological Economics, 38, 7-24.
    • (2001) Ecological Economics , vol.38 , pp. 7-24
    • Muradian, R.1
  • 221
    • 0001073450 scopus 로고
    • Population regulation and population inertia
    • Murdoch, W. W. (1970). Population regulation and population inertia. Ecology, 51, 497-502.
    • (1970) Ecology , vol.51 , pp. 497-502
    • Murdoch, W.W.1
  • 222
    • 0020476941 scopus 로고
    • Parameter space for Turing instability in reaction diffusion mechanisms: a comparison of models
    • Murray, J. D. (1982). Parameter space for Turing instability in reaction diffusion mechanisms: a comparison of models. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 98, 143-63.
    • (1982) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.98 , pp. 143-163
    • Murray, J.D.1
  • 225
    • 18944396166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field metabolic rate and body size
    • Nagy, K. A. (2005). Field metabolic rate and body size. Journal of Experimental Biology, 208, 1621-5.
    • (2005) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.208 , pp. 1621-1625
    • Nagy, K.A.1
  • 226
    • 0037438983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative attractors may boost uncertainty and sensitivity in ecological models
    • van Nes, E. H. and Scheffer, M. (2003). Alternative attractors may boost uncertainty and sensitivity in ecological models. Ecological Modelling, 159, 117-24.
    • (2003) Ecological Modelling , vol.159 , pp. 117-124
    • van Nes, E.H.1    Scheffer, M.2
  • 227
    • 34248398112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slow recovery from perturbations as a generic indicator of a nearby catastrophic shift
    • van Nes, E. H. and Scheffer, M. (2007). Slow recovery from perturbations as a generic indicator of a nearby catastrophic shift. The American Naturalist, 169, 738-47.
    • (2007) The American Naturalist , vol.169 , pp. 738-747
    • van Nes, E.H.1    Scheffer, M.2
  • 228
    • 0034678139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal patterns in coral assemblages on the great barrier reef from local to large spatial scales
    • Ninio, R., Meekan, M., Done, T. and Sweatman, H. (2000). Temporal patterns in coral assemblages on the great barrier reef from local to large spatial scales. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 194, 65-74.
    • (2000) Marine Ecology-Progress Series , vol.194 , pp. 65-74
    • Ninio, R.1    Meekan, M.2    Done, T.3    Sweatman, H.4
  • 230
    • 0001489341 scopus 로고
    • Stability of grazing systems: an application of predator-prey graphs
    • Noy-Meir, I. (1975). Stability of grazing systems: an application of predator-prey graphs. Journal of Ecology, 63, 459-81.
    • (1975) Journal of Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 459-481
    • Noy-Meir, I.1
  • 231
    • 0000467258 scopus 로고
    • Theoretical dynamics of competitors under predation
    • Noy-Meir, I. (1981). Theoretical dynamics of competitors under predation. Oecologia, 50, 277-84.
    • (1981) Oecologia , vol.50 , pp. 277-284
    • Noy-Meir, I.1
  • 232
    • 72249118045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative community states maintained by fire in the Klamath Mountains, USA
    • Odion, D. C., Moritz, M. A. and DellaSala, D. A. (2010). Alternative community states maintained by fire in the Klamath Mountains, USA. Journal of Ecology, 98, 96-105.
    • (2010) Journal of Ecology , vol.98 , pp. 96-105
    • Odion, D.C.1    Moritz, M.A.2    DellaSala, D.A.3
  • 233
    • 79955160748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water level as the main driver of the alternation between a free-floating plant and a phytoplankton dominated state: a long-term study in a floodplain lake
    • O'Farrell, I., Izaguirre, I., Chaparro, G., Unrein, F., Sinistro, R., Pizarro, H., Rodriguez, P., Pinto, P. D., Lombardo, R. and Tell, G. (2011). Water level as the main driver of the alternation between a free-floating plant and a phytoplankton dominated state: a long-term study in a floodplain lake. Aquatic Sciences, 73, 275-87.
    • (2011) Aquatic Sciences , vol.73 , pp. 275-287
    • O'Farrell, I.1    Izaguirre, I.2    Chaparro, G.3    Unrein, F.4    Sinistro, R.5    Pizarro, H.6    Rodriguez, P.7    Pinto, P.D.8    Lombardo, R.9    Tell, G.10
  • 236
    • 0033003517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolving ecological questions through meta-analysis: goals, metrics, and models
    • Osenberg, C. W., Sarnelle, O., Cooper, S. D. and Holt, R. D. (1999). Resolving ecological questions through meta-analysis: goals, metrics, and models. Ecology, 80, 1105-17.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 1105-1117
    • Osenberg, C.W.1    Sarnelle, O.2    Cooper, S.D.3    Holt, R.D.4
  • 237
    • 77957363951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thresholds and multiple community states in marine fouling communities: integrating natural history with management strategies
    • Osman, R. W., Munguia, P., Whitlatch, R. B., Zajac, R. N. and Hamilton, J. (2010). Thresholds and multiple community states in marine fouling communities: integrating natural history with management strategies. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 413, 277-89.
    • (2010) Marine Ecology-Progress Series , vol.413 , pp. 277-289
    • Osman, R.W.1    Munguia, P.2    Whitlatch, R.B.3    Zajac, R.N.4    Hamilton, J.5
  • 238
    • 0005307817 scopus 로고
    • Practical aspects of modeling ecological phenomena using the cusp catastrophe
    • Ouimet, C. and Legendre, P. (1988). Practical aspects of modeling ecological phenomena using the cusp catastrophe. Ecological Modelling, 42, 265-87.
    • (1988) Ecological Modelling , vol.42 , pp. 265-287
    • Ouimet, C.1    Legendre, P.2
  • 239
    • 0028176445 scopus 로고
    • Limiting similarity in mechanistic and spatial models of plant competition in heterogeneous environments
    • Pacala, S. W. and Tilman, D. (1994). Limiting similarity in mechanistic and spatial models of plant competition in heterogeneous environments. The American Naturalist, 143, 222-57.
    • (1994) The American Naturalist , vol.143 , pp. 222-257
    • Pacala, S.W.1    Tilman, D.2
  • 240
    • 34250426091 scopus 로고
    • Intertidal community structure-experimental studies on the relationship between a dominant competitor and its principal predator
    • Paine, R. T. (1974). Intertidal community structure-experimental studies on the relationship between a dominant competitor and its principal predator. Oecologia, 15, 93-120.
    • (1974) Oecologia , vol.15 , pp. 93-120
    • Paine, R.T.1
  • 241
    • 2542543641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abrupt community change on a rocky shore-biological mechanisms contributing to the potential formation of an alternative state
    • Paine, R. T. and Trimble, A. C. (2004). Abrupt community change on a rocky shore-biological mechanisms contributing to the potential formation of an alternative state. Ecology Letters, 7, 441-5.
    • (2004) Ecology Letters , vol.7 , pp. 441-445
    • Paine, R.T.1    Trimble, A.C.2
  • 242
    • 0022219604 scopus 로고
    • Perturbation and recovery patterns of starfish-dominated intertidal assemblages in Chile, New Zealand, and Washington State
    • Paine, R. T., Castilla, J. C. and Cancino, J. (1985). Perturbation and recovery patterns of starfish-dominated intertidal assemblages in Chile, New Zealand, and Washington State. The American Naturalist, 125, 679-91.
    • (1985) The American Naturalist , vol.125 , pp. 679-691
    • Paine, R.T.1    Castilla, J.C.2    Cancino, J.3
  • 243
    • 0001400613 scopus 로고
    • Experimental studies of interspecies competition. 1. Competition between populations of the flour beetles, Tribolium confusum Duval and Tribolium castaneum Herbst
    • Park, T. (1948). Experimental studies of interspecies competition. 1. Competition between populations of the flour beetles, Tribolium confusum Duval and Tribolium castaneum Herbst. Ecological Monographs, 18, 265-307.
    • (1948) Ecological Monographs , vol.18 , pp. 265-307
    • Park, T.1
  • 244
    • 0001341654 scopus 로고
    • Experimental studies of interspecies competition. 2. Temperature, humidity, and competition in two species of Tribolium
    • Park, T. (1954). Experimental studies of interspecies competition. 2. Temperature, humidity, and competition in two species of Tribolium. Physiological Zoology, 27, 177-238.
    • (1954) Physiological Zoology , vol.27 , pp. 177-238
    • Park, T.1
  • 245
    • 34250899089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Culling prey promotes predator recovery-alternative states in a whole-lake experiment
    • Persson, L., Amundsen, P. A., De Roos, A. M., Klemetsen, A., Knudsen, R. and Primicerio, R. (2007). Culling prey promotes predator recovery-alternative states in a whole-lake experiment. Science, 316, 1743-6.
    • (2007) Science , vol.316 , pp. 1743-1746
    • Persson, L.1    Amundsen, P.A.2    De Roos, A.M.3    Klemetsen, A.4    Knudsen, R.5    Primicerio, R.6
  • 246
    • 0000004584 scopus 로고
    • Does a rigorous criterion for environmental identity preclude the existence of multiple stable points?
    • Peterson, C. H. (1984). Does a rigorous criterion for environmental identity preclude the existence of multiple stable points? The American Naturalist, 124, 127-33.
    • (1984) The American Naturalist , vol.124 , pp. 127-133
    • Peterson, C.H.1
  • 248
    • 0000071726 scopus 로고
    • Immobilization of the predatory gastropod, Nucella lapillus, by its prey, Mytilus edulis
    • Petraitis, P. S. (1987). Immobilization of the predatory gastropod, Nucella lapillus, by its prey, Mytilus edulis. Biological Bulletin, 172, 307-14.
    • (1987) Biological Bulletin , vol.172 , pp. 307-314
    • Petraitis, P.S.1
  • 249
    • 0025660929 scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect effects of predation, herbivory and surface rugosity on mussel recruitment
    • Petraitis, P. S. (1990). Direct and indirect effects of predation, herbivory and surface rugosity on mussel recruitment. Oecologia, 83, 405-13.
    • (1990) Oecologia , vol.83 , pp. 405-413
    • Petraitis, P.S.1
  • 250
    • 0001877498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How can we compare the importance of ecological processes if we never ask, "compared to what?
    • In W. Resetarits and J. Bernardo (eds), Oxford University Press, New York
    • Petraitis, P. S. (1998). How can we compare the importance of ecological processes if we never ask, "compared to what?" In W. Resetarits and J. Bernardo (eds) Experimental ecology, issues and perspectives, pp. 183-201. Oxford University Press, New York.
    • (1998) Experimental ecology, issues and perspectives , pp. 183-201
    • Petraitis, P.S.1
  • 251
    • 0033013761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental evidence for the origin of alternative communities on rocky intertidal shores
    • Petraitis, P. S. and Dudgeon, S. R. (1999). Experimental evidence for the origin of alternative communities on rocky intertidal shores. Oikos, 84, 239-45.
    • (1999) Oikos , vol.84 , pp. 239-245
    • Petraitis, P.S.1    Dudgeon, S.R.2
  • 253
    • 27744481594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Divergent succession and implications for alternative states on rocky intertidal shores
    • Petraitis, P. S. and Dudgeon, S. R. (2005). Divergent succession and implications for alternative states on rocky intertidal shores. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 326, 14-26.
    • (2005) Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , vol.326 , pp. 14-26
    • Petraitis, P.S.1    Dudgeon, S.R.2
  • 254
    • 77957330219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple stable states and relationship between thresholds in processes and states
    • Petraitis, P. S. and Hoffman, C. (2010). Multiple stable states and relationship between thresholds in processes and states. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 413, 189-200.
    • (2010) Marine Ecology-Progress Series , vol.413 , pp. 189-200
    • Petraitis, P.S.1    Hoffman, C.2
  • 255
    • 0032982398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of scale in testing the origins of alternative community states
    • Petraitis, P. S. and Latham, R. E. (1999). The importance of scale in testing the origins of alternative community states. Ecology, 80, 429-42.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 429-442
    • Petraitis, P.S.1    Latham, R.E.2
  • 257
    • 67649342395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental confirmation of multiple community states in a marine ecosystem
    • Petraitis, P. S., Methratta, E. T., Rhile, E. C., Vidargas, N. A. and Dudgeon, S. R. (2009). Experimental confirmation of multiple community states in a marine ecosystem. Oecologia, 161, 139-48.
    • (2009) Oecologia , vol.161 , pp. 139-148
    • Petraitis, P.S.1    Methratta, E.T.2    Rhile, E.C.3    Vidargas, N.A.4    Dudgeon, S.R.5
  • 258
    • 6144253216 scopus 로고
    • Strong inference
    • Platt, J. R. (1964). Strong inference. Science, 146, 347-53.
    • (1964) Science , vol.146 , pp. 347-353
    • Platt, J.R.1
  • 259
    • 0028975602 scopus 로고
    • Primary succession of aquatic macrophytes in experimental ditches in relation to nutrient input
    • Portielje, R. and Roijackers, R. M. M. (1995). Primary succession of aquatic macrophytes in experimental ditches in relation to nutrient input. Aquatic Botany, 50, 127-40.
    • (1995) Aquatic Botany , vol.50 , pp. 127-140
    • Portielje, R.1    Roijackers, R.M.M.2
  • 262
    • 84935186555 scopus 로고
    • Modelos y catastrofes: enlace entre la teoria ecologica y el manejo de los recursos naturales renovables
    • Rabinovich, J. E. (1981). Modelos y catastrofes: enlace entre la teoria ecologica y el manejo de los recursos naturales renovables. Interciencia, 6, 12-21.
    • (1981) Interciencia , vol.6 , pp. 12-21
    • Rabinovich, J.E.1
  • 263
    • 84914555093 scopus 로고
    • Un modèle de simulations du pâturage en Tunisie présaharienne
    • Rambal, S. (1984). Un modèle de simulations du pâturage en Tunisie présaharienne. Acta Oecologica-Oecologia Generalis, 5, 351-64.
    • (1984) Acta Oecologica-Oecologia Generalis , vol.5 , pp. 351-364
    • Rambal, S.1
  • 264
    • 0022195173 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of structural stability of aquatic ecosystems as an aid for ecosystem control
    • Recknagel, F. (1985). Analysis of structural stability of aquatic ecosystems as an aid for ecosystem control. Ecological Modelling, 27, 221-34.
    • (1985) Ecological Modelling , vol.27 , pp. 221-234
    • Recknagel, F.1
  • 265
    • 0028161466 scopus 로고
    • Seedling recruitment in forests-calibrating models to predict patterns of tree seedling dispersion
    • Ribbens, E., Silander, J. A. and Pacala, S. W. (1994). Seedling recruitment in forests-calibrating models to predict patterns of tree seedling dispersion. Ecology, 75, 1794-806.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 1794-1806
    • Ribbens, E.1    Silander, J.A.2    Pacala, S.W.3
  • 266
    • 0023509845 scopus 로고
    • Community diversity-relative roles of local and regional processes
    • Ricklefs, R. E. (1987). Community diversity-relative roles of local and regional processes. Science, 235, 167-71.
    • (1987) Science , vol.235 , pp. 167-171
    • Ricklefs, R.E.1
  • 267
    • 0030618690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternate stable states and threshold effects in semi-arid grazing systems
    • Rietkerk, M. and van de Koppel, J. (1997). Alternate stable states and threshold effects in semi-arid grazing systems. Oikos, 79, 69-76.
    • (1997) Oikos , vol.79 , pp. 69-76
    • Rietkerk, M.1    van de Koppel, J.2
  • 269
    • 22344437953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A regression-based equivalence test for model validation: shifting the burden of proof
    • Robinson, A. P., Duursma, R. A. and Marshall, J. D. (2005). A regression-based equivalence test for model validation: shifting the burden of proof. Tree Physiology, 25, 903-13.
    • (2005) Tree Physiology , vol.25 , pp. 903-913
    • Robinson, A.P.1    Duursma, R.A.2    Marshall, J.D.3
  • 270
    • 0030793452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and causes of vegetation change in state and transition model applications
    • Rodríguez Iglesias, R. M. and Kothmann, M. M. (1997). Structure and causes of vegetation change in state and transition model applications. Journal of Range Management, 50, 399-408.
    • (1997) Journal of Range Management , vol.50 , pp. 399-408
    • Rodríguez Iglesias, R.M.1    Kothmann, M.M.2
  • 271
    • 33846901135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative states in the phytoplankton of Lake Kinneret, Israel (Sea of Galilee)
    • Roelke, D. L., Zohary, T., Hambright, K. D. and Montoya, J. V. (2007). Alternative states in the phytoplankton of Lake Kinneret, Israel (Sea of Galilee). Freshwater Biology, 52, 399-411.
    • (2007) Freshwater Biology , vol.52 , pp. 399-411
    • Roelke, D.L.1    Zohary, T.2    Hambright, K.D.3    Montoya, J.V.4
  • 272
    • 23744499740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal testing of equivalence hypotheses
    • Romano, J. P. (2005). Optimal testing of equivalence hypotheses. Annals of Statistics, 33, 1036-47.
    • (2005) Annals of Statistics , vol.33 , pp. 1036-1047
    • Romano, J.P.1
  • 273
    • 33746341926 scopus 로고
    • The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results
    • Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 638-41.
    • (1979) Psychological Bulletin , vol.86 , pp. 638-641
    • Rosenthal, R.1
  • 274
    • 0001524523 scopus 로고
    • Graphical representation and stability conditions of predator-prey interactions
    • Rosenzweig, M. L. and MacArthur, R. H. (1963). Graphical representation and stability conditions of predator-prey interactions. The American Naturalist, 97, 209-23.
    • (1963) The American Naturalist , vol.97 , pp. 209-223
    • Rosenzweig, M.L.1    MacArthur, R.H.2
  • 275
    • 0000487131 scopus 로고
    • Maintenance of high diversity in coral-reef fish communities
    • Sale, P. F. (1977). Maintenance of high diversity in coral-reef fish communities. The American Naturalist, 111, 337-59.
    • (1977) The American Naturalist , vol.111 , pp. 337-359
    • Sale, P.F.1
  • 276
    • 0001314760 scopus 로고
    • Succession as a factor in range management
    • Sampson, A. W. (1917). Succession as a factor in range management. Journal of Forestry, 15, 593-6.
    • (1917) Journal of Forestry , vol.15 , pp. 593-596
    • Sampson, A.W.1
  • 277
    • 0031413583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Divergent perspectives on community convergence
    • Samuels, C. L. and Drake, J. A. (1997). Divergent perspectives on community convergence. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 12, 427-32.
    • (1997) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.12 , pp. 427-432
    • Samuels, C.L.1    Drake, J.A.2
  • 280
  • 281
    • 0021560765 scopus 로고
    • Biological survey and reserve design by Landsat mapped ecoclines-a catastrophe-theory approach
    • Saxon, E. C. and Dudzinski, M. L. (1984). Biological survey and reserve design by Landsat mapped ecoclines-a catastrophe-theory approach. Australian Journal of Ecology, 9, 117-24.
    • (1984) Australian Journal of Ecology , vol.9 , pp. 117-124
    • Saxon, E.C.1    Dudzinski, M.L.2
  • 283
    • 77950149286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term dynamics of submerged macrophytes and algae in a small and shallow, eutrophic lake: implications for the stability of macrophyte-dominance
    • Sayer, C. D., Burgess, A., Kari, K., Davidson, T. A., Peglar, S., Yang, H. D. and Rose, N. (2010). Long-term dynamics of submerged macrophytes and algae in a small and shallow, eutrophic lake: implications for the stability of macrophyte-dominance. Freshwater Biology, 55, 565-83.
    • (2010) Freshwater Biology , vol.55 , pp. 565-583
    • Sayer, C.D.1    Burgess, A.2    Kari, K.3    Davidson, T.A.4    Peglar, S.5    Yang, H.D.6    Rose, N.7
  • 284
    • 70350140420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regime shifts between clear and turbid water in New Zealand lakes: environmental correlates and implications for management and restoration
    • Schallenberg, M. and Sorrell, B. (2009). Regime shifts between clear and turbid water in New Zealand lakes: environmental correlates and implications for management and restoration. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 43, 701-12.
    • (2009) New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , vol.43 , pp. 701-712
    • Schallenberg, M.1    Sorrell, B.2
  • 285
    • 0025675239 scopus 로고
    • Multiplicity of stable states in fresh-water systems
    • Scheffer, M. (1990). Multiplicity of stable states in fresh-water systems. Hydrobiologia, 200, 475-86.
    • (1990) Hydrobiologia , vol.200 , pp. 475-486
    • Scheffer, M.1
  • 286
    • 0026284381 scopus 로고
    • Fish and nutrients interplay determines algal biomass-a minimal model
    • Scheffer, M. (1991). Fish and nutrients interplay determines algal biomass-a minimal model. Oikos, 62, 271-82.
    • (1991) Oikos , vol.62 , pp. 271-282
    • Scheffer, M.1
  • 287
    • 0242629042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation
    • Scheffer, M. and Carpenter, S. R. (2003). Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 648-56.
    • (2003) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.18 , pp. 648-656
    • Scheffer, M.1    Carpenter, S.R.2
  • 288
    • 34249066128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shallow lakes theory revisited: various alternative regimes driven by climate, nutrients, depth and lake size
    • Scheffer, M. and van Nes, E. H. (2007). Shallow lakes theory revisited: various alternative regimes driven by climate, nutrients, depth and lake size. Hydrobiologia, 584, 455-66.
    • (2007) Hydrobiologia , vol.584 , pp. 455-466
    • Scheffer, M.1    van Nes, E.H.2
  • 291
    • 0037704805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why plankton communities have no equilibrium: solutions to the paradox
    • Scheffer, M., Rinaldi, S., Huisman, J. and Weissing, F. J. (2003). Why plankton communities have no equilibrium: solutions to the paradox. Hydrobiologia, 491, 9-18.
    • (2003) Hydrobiologia , vol.491 , pp. 9-18
    • Scheffer, M.1    Rinaldi, S.2    Huisman, J.3    Weissing, F.J.4
  • 293
    • 2542502958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perturbation and abrupt shift in trophic control of biodiversity and productivity
    • Schmitz, O. J. (2004). Perturbation and abrupt shift in trophic control of biodiversity and productivity. Ecology Letters, 7, 403-9.
    • (2004) Ecology Letters , vol.7 , pp. 403-409
    • Schmitz, O.J.1
  • 294
    • 79952154651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unpublished results hide the decline effect
    • Schooler, J. (2011). Unpublished results hide the decline effect. Nature, 470, 437.
    • (2011) Nature , vol.470 , pp. 437
    • Schooler, J.1
  • 296
    • 20444390680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct experimental evidence for alternative stable states: a review
    • Schröder, A., Persson, L. and De Roos, A. M. (2005). Direct experimental evidence for alternative stable states: a review. Oikos, 110, 3-19.
    • (2005) Oikos , vol.110 , pp. 3-19
    • Schröder, A.1    Persson, L.2    De Roos, A.M.3
  • 297
    • 34250487440 scopus 로고
    • The ecology of Mytilus edulis L. (Lamellibranchiata) on exposed shores. I. Breeding and settlement
    • Seed, R. (1969). The ecology of Mytilus edulis L. (Lamellibranchiata) on exposed shores. I. Breeding and settlement. Oecologia, 3, 277-316.
    • (1969) Oecologia , vol.3 , pp. 277-316
    • Seed, R.1
  • 301
    • 0009636209 scopus 로고
    • Random dispersal in theoretical populations
    • Skellam, J. G. (1951). Random dispersal in theoretical populations. Biometrika, 38, 196-218.
    • (1951) Biometrika , vol.38 , pp. 196-218
    • Skellam, J.G.1
  • 303
    • 0028068263 scopus 로고
    • The emptiness of the black-box
    • Skrabanek, P. (1994). The emptiness of the black-box. Epidemiology, 5, 553-5.
    • (1994) Epidemiology , vol.5 , pp. 553-555
    • Skrabanek, P.1
  • 304
    • 0001070513 scopus 로고
    • Competition and regional coexistence
    • Slatkin, M. (1974). Competition and regional coexistence. Ecology, 55, 128-34.
    • (1974) Ecology , vol.55 , pp. 128-134
    • Slatkin, M.1
  • 306
    • 56349170646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lake restoration by fish removal: short- and long-term effects in 36 Danish lakes
    • Sondergaard, M., Liboriussen, L., Pedersen, A. R. and Jeppesen, E. (2008). Lake restoration by fish removal: short- and long-term effects in 36 Danish lakes. Ecosystems, 11, 1291-305.
    • (2008) Ecosystems , vol.11 , pp. 1291-1305
    • Sondergaard, M.1    Liboriussen, L.2    Pedersen, A.R.3    Jeppesen, E.4
  • 307
    • 0001734952 scopus 로고
    • Further comments on the evidence for multiple stable points in natural communities
    • Sousa, W. P. and Connell, J. H. (1985). Further comments on the evidence for multiple stable points in natural communities. The American Naturalist, 125, 612-15.
    • (1985) The American Naturalist , vol.125 , pp. 612-615
    • Sousa, W.P.1    Connell, J.H.2
  • 308
    • 0024884776 scopus 로고
    • The loss of submerged plants with eutrophication. 3. Potential role of organochlorine pesticides-a paleoecological study
    • Stansfield, J., Moss, B. and Irvine, K. (1989). The loss of submerged plants with eutrophication. 3. Potential role of organochlorine pesticides-a paleoecological study. Freshwater Biology, 22, 109-32.
    • (1989) Freshwater Biology , vol.22 , pp. 109-132
    • Stansfield, J.1    Moss, B.2    Irvine, K.3
  • 309
    • 0031865542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relative importance of top-down and bottom-up control of phytoplankton in a shallow macrophyte-dominated lake
    • Stephen, D., Moss, B. and Phillips, G. (1998). The relative importance of top-down and bottom-up control of phytoplankton in a shallow macrophyte-dominated lake. Freshwater Biology, 39, 699-713.
    • (1998) Freshwater Biology , vol.39 , pp. 699-713
    • Stephen, D.1    Moss, B.2    Phillips, G.3
  • 311
  • 312
    • 64749093619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Threshold models in restoration and conservation: a developing framework
    • Suding, K. N. and Hobbs, R. J. (2009). Threshold models in restoration and conservation: a developing framework. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 24, 271-9.
    • (2009) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.24 , pp. 271-279
    • Suding, K.N.1    Hobbs, R.J.2
  • 313
  • 314
    • 0016353829 scopus 로고
    • Multiple stable points in natural communities
    • Sutherland, J. P. (1974). Multiple stable points in natural communities. The American Naturalist, 108, 859-73.
    • (1974) The American Naturalist , vol.108 , pp. 859-873
    • Sutherland, J.P.1
  • 315
    • 0000742834 scopus 로고
    • The fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina-a study in stability
    • Sutherland, J. P. (1981). The fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina-a study in stability. The American Naturalist, 118, 499-519.
    • (1981) The American Naturalist , vol.118 , pp. 499-519
    • Sutherland, J.P.1
  • 316
    • 0001497277 scopus 로고
    • Perturbations, resistance, and alternative views of the existence of multiple stable points in nature
    • Sutherland, J. P. (1990). Perturbations, resistance, and alternative views of the existence of multiple stable points in nature. The American Naturalist, 136, 270-5.
    • (1990) The American Naturalist , vol.136 , pp. 270-275
    • Sutherland, J.P.1
  • 318
    • 0027950517 scopus 로고
    • The influence of nutrient and organic enrichment on a community dominated by macrophytes and gastropod mollusks in a eutrophic drainage channel-'72elevance to snail control and conservation
    • Thomas, J. D. and Daldorph, P. W. G. (1994). The influence of nutrient and organic enrichment on a community dominated by macrophytes and gastropod mollusks in a eutrophic drainage channel-'72elevance to snail control and conservation. Journal of Applied Ecology, 31, 571-88.
    • (1994) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.31 , pp. 571-588
    • Thomas, J.D.1    Daldorph, P.W.G.2
  • 320
    • 0035955396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity and productivity in a long-term grassland experiment
    • Tilman, D., Riech, P. B., Knops, J., Wedin, D., Mielke, T. and Lehman, C. (2001). Diversity and productivity in a long-term grassland experiment. Science, 294, 843-5.
    • (2001) Science , vol.294 , pp. 843-845
    • Tilman, D.1    Riech, P.B.2    Knops, J.3    Wedin, D.4    Mielke, T.5    Lehman, C.6
  • 322
  • 323
    • 65949089676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A conceptual framework for understanding semi-arid land degradation: ecohydrological interactions across multiplespace and time scales
    • Turnbull, L., Wainwright, J. and Brazier, R. E. (2008). A conceptual framework for understanding semi-arid land degradation: ecohydrological interactions across multiplespace and time scales. Ecohydrology, 1, 23-34.
    • (2008) Ecohydrology , vol.1 , pp. 23-34
    • Turnbull, L.1    Wainwright, J.2    Brazier, R.E.3
  • 324
    • 0025650125 scopus 로고
    • Experiments in ecology and management-their logics, functions and interpretations
    • Underwood, A. J. (1990). Experiments in ecology and management-their logics, functions and interpretations. Australian Journal of Ecology, 15, 365-89.
    • (1990) Australian Journal of Ecology , vol.15 , pp. 365-389
    • Underwood, A.J.1
  • 325
    • 0026350454 scopus 로고
    • The logic of ecological experiments: a case history from studies of the distribution of macroalgae on rocky intertidal shores
    • Underwood, A. J. (1991). The logic of ecological experiments: a case history from studies of the distribution of macroalgae on rocky intertidal shores. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 71, 841-66.
    • (1991) Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , vol.71 , pp. 841-866
    • Underwood, A.J.1
  • 326
    • 0034734085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental ecology of rocky intertidal habitats: what are we learning?
    • Underwood, A. J. (2000). Experimental ecology of rocky intertidal habitats: what are we learning? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 250, 51-76.
    • (2000) Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , vol.250 , pp. 51-76
    • Underwood, A.J.1
  • 327
    • 0036320683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timescale of perennial grass recovery in desertified arid grasslands following livestock removal
    • Valone, T. J., Meyer, M., Brown, J. H. and Chew, R. M. (2002). Timescale of perennial grass recovery in desertified arid grasslands following livestock removal. Conservation Biology, 16, 995-1002.
    • (2002) Conservation Biology , vol.16 , pp. 995-1002
    • Valone, T.J.1    Meyer, M.2    Brown, J.H.3    Chew, R.M.4
  • 328
    • 6544243387 scopus 로고
    • Morphology of summer algae dynamics in nonstratified lakes
    • Van Nguyen, V. and Wood, E. F. (1979). Morphology of summer algae dynamics in nonstratified lakes. Ecological Modelling, 6, 117-31.
    • (1979) Ecological Modelling , vol.6 , pp. 117-131
    • Van Nguyen, V.1    Wood, E.F.2
  • 329
    • 1542379054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple basins of attraction in a tropicl forest: evidence for nonequilibrium community structure
    • Vandermeer, J., de la Cerda, I. G., Perfecto, I., Boucher, D. and Ruiz, J. (2004). Multiple basins of attraction in a tropicl forest: evidence for nonequilibrium community structure. Ecology, 85, 575-9.
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , pp. 575-579
    • Vandermeer, J.1    de la Cerda, I.G.2    Perfecto, I.3    Boucher, D.4    Ruiz, J.5
  • 330
    • 0000689951 scopus 로고
    • Generalized models of two species interactions: a graphical analysis
    • Vandermeer, J. H. (1973). Generalized models of two species interactions: a graphical analysis. Ecology, 54, 809-18.
    • (1973) Ecology , vol.54 , pp. 809-818
    • Vandermeer, J.H.1
  • 333
    • 0020369373 scopus 로고
    • Nutrient cycling and nutrient use efficiency
    • Vitousek, P. (1982). Nutrient cycling and nutrient use efficiency. The American Naturalist, 119, 553-72.
    • (1982) The American Naturalist , vol.119 , pp. 553-572
    • Vitousek, P.1
  • 335
    • 77958512378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction to special feature on catastrophic thresholds, perspectives, definitions, and applications
    • online
    • Washington-Allen, R. A., Briske, D. D., Shugart, H. H. and Salo, L. F. (2010). Introduction to special feature on catastrophic thresholds, perspectives, definitions, and applications. Ecology and Society, 15(3) [online] .
    • (2010) Ecology and Society , vol.15 , Issue.3
    • Washington-Allen, R.A.1    Briske, D.D.2    Shugart, H.H.3    Salo, L.F.4
  • 336
    • 0022923170 scopus 로고
    • Potential role of passenger pigeons and other vertebrates in the rapid Holocene migrations of nut trees
    • Webb, S. L. (1986). Potential role of passenger pigeons and other vertebrates in the rapid Holocene migrations of nut trees. Quaternary Research, 26, 367-75.
    • (1986) Quaternary Research , vol.26 , pp. 367-375
    • Webb, S.L.1
  • 337
    • 0029176791 scopus 로고
    • Assembly rules, null models, and trait dispersion: new questions from old patterns
    • Weiher, E. and Keddy, P. A. (1995). Assembly rules, null models, and trait dispersion: new questions from old patterns. Oikos, 74, 159-64.
    • (1995) Oikos , vol.74 , pp. 159-164
    • Weiher, E.1    Keddy, P.A.2
  • 338
    • 84954866916 scopus 로고
    • Elements of a theory of vegetation dynamics in arid rangelands
    • Westoby, M. (1980). Elements of a theory of vegetation dynamics in arid rangelands. Israel Journal of Botany, 28, 169-94.
    • (1980) Israel Journal of Botany , vol.28 , pp. 169-194
    • Westoby, M.1
  • 339
    • 0024944976 scopus 로고
    • Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium
    • Westoby, M., Walker, B. and Noy-Meir, I. (1989). Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium. Journal of Range Management, 42, 266-74.
    • (1989) Journal of Range Management , vol.42 , pp. 266-274
    • Westoby, M.1    Walker, B.2    Noy-Meir, I.3
  • 340
  • 341
    • 0021565011 scopus 로고
    • A universal law of the characteristic return time near thresholds
    • Wissel, C. (1984). A universal law of the characteristic return time near thresholds. Oecologia, 65, 101-7.
    • (1984) Oecologia , vol.65 , pp. 101-107
    • Wissel, C.1
  • 344
    • 0002731656 scopus 로고
    • Catastrophe theory
    • Zeeman, E. C. (1976). Catastrophe theory. Scientific American, 234, 65-83.
    • (1976) Scientific American , vol.234 , pp. 65-83
    • Zeeman, E.C.1
  • 345
    • 68149165921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thresholds and stability of alternative regimes in shallow prairie-parkland lakes of central North America
    • Zimmer, K. D., Hanson, M. A., Herwig, B. R. and Konsti, M. L. (2009). Thresholds and stability of alternative regimes in shallow prairie-parkland lakes of central North America. Ecosystems, 12, 843-52.
    • (2009) Ecosystems , vol.12 , pp. 843-852
    • Zimmer, K.D.1    Hanson, M.A.2    Herwig, B.R.3    Konsti, M.L.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.