Towards a lawn without grass: The journey of the imperfect lawn and its analogues

Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 157-169

  Smith, Lionel S ^a   Fellowes, Mark D E ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885179671     PISSN: 14601176     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14601176.2013.799314     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. David. Barboza, 'Suburban Genetics: Scientists Searching for a Perfect Lawn', New York Times, 9 June 2000.
2. J. C. Loudon, An Encyclopaedia of Gardening. Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture and Landscape Gardening;
3. Including the Latest Improvements; a General History of Gardening in All Countries and a Statistical View of Its Present State, with Suggestions for Its Future Progress in the British Isles (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green, 1824), p.821.
4. Eamonn. Slater, 'The Front Lawn as a Work of Art and Nature in the Age of Chemical Reproduction', in Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association 2007. (New York, 2007).
5. Anon, 'Institute of Groundsmanship', IOG (2012).
6. Asa Briggs, The Age of Improvement: 1783-1867, 2nd edn (New York: Longman, 2000).
7. C. E. Hubbard, Grasses: A Guide to Their Structure, Identification, Uses and Distribution in the British Isles (London: Penguin, 1954).
8. Ernest Klein, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Vol.2 (Amsterdam, London, New York: Elsevier, 1967).
9. T. Fort, The Grass Is Greener (London: Harper Collins, 2000), p.23.
10. J. Harvey, Medieval Gardens (London: Batsford, 1981).
11. Richard Bisgrove, 'All the Best Hayloft Sweepings'.
12. and, 'For or against the Daisies', Country Life, 179, 1986, pp.1316-1318, 454-456.
13. E. S. Rohde, Lawns.The Nineteenth Century and After (New York, NY: Leonard Scott Pub. Co., 1928).
14. T. McLean, Medieval English Gardens (London: Collins, 1982).
15. F. Crisp, Mediaeval Gardens; 'Flowery Medes' and Other Arrangements of Herbs, Flowers and Shrubs Grown in the Middle Ages with Some Account of Tudor, Elizabethan and Stuart Gardens (New York, NY: Hacker Art Books, 1979).
16. Ari-Pekka Huhta, Restorative Mowing on Semi-Natural Grasslands: Community-Level Changes and Species-Level Responses (PhD Thesis, University of Oulu, Finland, 2001).
17. Sylvia Landsberg, The Medieval Garden (London: British Museum Press, 1998).
18. Anon, 'The Unicorn in Captivity', in Unicorn Tapestries, ed. by Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1495-1505 estimated date of origin).
19. J.Woudstra and J.Hitchmough, 'The EnamelledMead: History and Practice of Exotic Perennials Grown in Grassy Swards', Landscape Research, 25, 2000, 29-47.
20. T. Steinberg, American Green: The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Lawn (New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co, 2007).
21. W. Borchardt, 'Planning Strategies for Perennial Plantations, Part 1', Deutscher Gartenbau, 25, 2006, 28-30.
22. W. Borchardt, 'Planning Strategies for Perennial Plantations, Part 2', Deutscher Gartenbau, 27, 2006, 30-32.
23. W. Messer, U. Kirsher, J. Fenzle, M. Heins and N. Dunnet, 'Optimizing the Visual Quality and Cost Effectiveness of Perennial Plantings by Randomly Mixed Combinations-Application Approaches for Planting Design', in Digital Landscape Architecture (Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 2012).
24. Geoffrey Chaucer, 'The Legend of Good Women' (Between 1386 and 1388).
25. Geoffrey Chaucer, 'Romaunt of the Rose' (1431).
26. Anon, 'Ecological Flora of the British Isles' (available at http://www.ecoflora.co.uk 2010).
27. John Warren and Sally Mackenzie, 'Why Are All Colour Combinations Not Equally Represented as Flower-Colour Polymorphisms?', New Phytologist, 51, 2001, 237-341.
28. John Chardin, Sir John Chardin's Travels in Persia (New York: Cosimo Inc., 2011).
29. J. J. Burdon, 'Biological Flora of the British-Isles.154. Trifolium repens L.', Journal of Ecology, 71, 1983, 307-330.
30. J. James, The Theory and Practice of Gardening (London: Maurice Atkins, 1712).
31. David. Patriquin, 'Establishing White Clover in Lawns', Versicolor (2004 & 2012) Available from http://versicolor.ca/lawns/docs/clover.html [2013].
32. Reginald Milton Carleton, New Way to Kill Weeds in Your Lawn and Garden (Greenwich, CT: Fawcett Publications, 1957).
33. M. Wagner, W. Henle, H. Schneider and W. Claupein, 'Microclover-Einsatz Von Kleinblättrigem Klee Auf Rasenflächen', European Journal of Turfgrass Science, 3, 2010, 3-8.
34. M. D. Hughes, Was There a Medieval Warm Period? (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994).
35. A. M. Amherst, A History of Gardening in England, 3rd edn (London: John Murray, 1910).
36. Rebecca M. Tashiro, Joseph H. Bouton and Wayne A. Parrott, "'Frosty Morning', 'Patchwork Quilt', 'Irish Mist', and 'Pistachio Ice Cream' Ornamental White Clover (Trifolium repens L.)", HortScience, 44, 2009, 1779-1782.
37. Livia Persano, Lucia Oddo, Stefan Piana, Antonio Bogdanov, Panagiota Bentabol, Jacob Gotsiou, Peter Kerkvliet, Monique Martin, Alberto Morlot, Valbuena Ortiz, Kaspar Ruoff, and Katharine von der Ohei, 'Botanical Species Giving Unifloral Honey in Europe', Apidologie, 35, 2004, S82-S93.
38. Anne Ashberry, Alpine Lawns-With Some Account of the Special Use of Carpeting and Crevice Plants (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1966).
39. Nicola Starkey, Can an Alpine Lawn Have a Place in a Contemporary Garden? (RHS Dissertation, Harlow Carr, 2010).
40. F. H. Fisher, 'Trends in the Cultivation of Alpine Plants', Quarterly Bulletin of the Alpine Garden Society, 1967, 227-234.
41. W. Robinson, Alpine Flowers for Gardens: Rock, Wall, Marsh Plants, and Mountain Shrubs (London: John Murray, 1903).
42. Clarence Elliot, 'The Alpine Lawn', in Six Hills Nursery Catalogue, 1926, 8-10.
43. S. H. Thompson, 'Part I. Chapter I. Sub-Alpine Plants-and Where They Grow: A Comparison with the Flora of Britain', in Sub-Alpine Plants or Flowers of the Swiss Woods and Meadows(London: G Routledge & Sons Ltd, 1912).
44. Christian Körner, Alpine Plant Life: Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems (Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer, 1999).
45. E. G. Good and D. Millward, Alpine Plants: Ecology for Gardeners (London: Batsford, 2007).
46. Clarence Elliot, 'The Alpine Lawn', Quarterly Bulletin of the Alpine Garden Society, 1936, 373-384.
47. K. Connelly, 'A Yarrow Lawn', Pacific Horticulture, 52/3, 1991, 28-30.
48. Anon, 'The Yarrow Lawn', San Marcos Growers (2009). Available from http://www.smgrowers.com/gardens/yarrow.asp.
49. Carolyn Singer, Deer in My Garden, Volume 2: Groundcovers & Edgers (Santa Rosa, CA: Garden Wisdom Press, 2008).
50. Anon, 'Lawn Alternatives' (Santa Barbara, CA: City of Santa Barbara Water Conservation Program, 2008).
51. Hugh J. Prichard, 'Self-heal Lawn' (Personal Communication: Prichard, 2010).
52. Margery Fish, Ground Cover Plants (London: B. T. Batsford, 1964).
53. R. D. C. Evans, Bowling Greens. Their History, Construction and Maintenance (Bingley: The Sports Turf Research Institute, 1988).
54. Anon, 'The Caledonian Bowls Club', Sportsground.co.nz (2012). Available from http://www.sportsground.co.nz/files/Site/323/7/Pdf/100602164334HHXNYUAL. pdf.
55. Caledonian Bowling Club, Dunedin, NZ, 'Our Opening Day 1938. Miss A. A. Greenslade Patroness Throwing the First Kitty of the Season', Hocken Collections, Uare Taoka o Hakena, University of Otago, Caledonian Bowling Club, MS-3390/018.
56. David Ormsby, 'Understanding Cotula Maniototo Plants', Pitchcare (2009). Available from http://www.pitchcare.com.au/magazine/understandingcotula- maniototo-plants.html [2013].
57. F. Herbert Borman, Diana Balmori and T. Gordon Geballe, Redesigning the American Lawn. A Search for Environmental Harmony, 2nd edn (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2001).
58. J. Koh, 'An Ecological Aesthetic', Landscape Journal, 7, 1988, 177-191.
59. Loren B. Byrne, 'Of Looks, Laws and Lawns: How Human Aesthetic Preferences Influence Landscape Management, Public Policies and Urban Ecosystems', in Emerging Issues Along Urban-Rural Interfaces: Linking Science and Society, ed. by D. Laband (Auburn, AL: Auburn University, 2005), pp.42-46.
60. Joan Iverson Nassauer, 'Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames', Landscape Journal, 14, 1995, 161-170.
61. Nigel Dunnet and James Hitchmough, The Dynamic Landscape. Design, Ecology and Management of Naturalistic Urban Planting, ed. by Nigel Dunnet and James Hitchmough (London & New York: Taylor & Francis, 2004).
62. V. A. Gibeault and V. B. Youngner, 'Strawberry Clover with Bermudagrass for Low Maintenance Turf' (Sacramento, CA: University of California Division of Agricultural and Natural Resources, 1983-1986);
63. M. H. Meyer and B. Pederson, 'Low Maintenance Alternative Turf Trials', Journal of Turfgrass Management, 3, 1999, 49-57.
64. Thomas W. Cook, 'Low Maintenance Turf', Hardy Plant Society of Oregon, 9/1, 1993, 9-15;
65. Thomas W. Cook, 'Low Maintenance Alternatives to Conventional Grass Lawns: Ecolawns Revisited', (Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, 2005).
66. W. Rumball, 'Breeding Progress Towards Wildflower Lawns', in The 6th International Turfgrass Research Conference, ed. by International Turfgrass Society (Tokyo: Japanese Society of Turfgrass Science, 1989), pp.91-93.
67. Rosemary Castle, Liberating Lawns (Lydney, Gloucestershire: Alternatives, 2001).
68. D. Given and I. Spellerberg, eds, Going Native: Making Use of New Zealand Plants (Christchurch: Canterbury University Press, 2004).
69. Jonah H. Peretti, 'Nativism and Nature: Rethinking Biological Invasions', in Bioinvaders, ed. by Sarah Johnson (Cambridge: White Horse Press, 2010).