The Last Segregated Hour: The Memphis Kneel-Ins and the Campaign for Southern Church Desegregation

The Last Segregated Hour: The Memphis Kneel-Ins and the Campaign for Southern Church Desegregation

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-336

  Haynes, Stephen R ^a  

^a RHODES COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Desegregation; Kneel in; Non violent protest; Reconciliation; Segregated churches

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885121524     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395051.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (559)

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261. Chandler, Mrs. K. William. "Church History: the Year of Our Lord, Nineteen Hundred and Sixty-Four." Presbyterian Heritage Center, Montreat, North Carolina.
262. Chappell, David L. "Diversity within a Racial Group: White People in Little Rock 1957-1959." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 54:4 (winter 1995): 444-456.
263. Chappell, David L. Inside Agitators: White Southerners in the Civil Rights Movement. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.
264. Chappell, David L. A Stone of Hope: Prophetic Religion and the Death of Jim Crow. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
265. Colburn, David R. Racial Change and Community Crisis: St. Augustine, Florida, 1877-1980. Columbia University Press, 1985.
266. Collins, Donald. When the Church Bell Rang Racist: The Methodist Church and the Civil Rights Movement in Alabama. Macon: Mercer University Press, 1998.
267. Cooper, W. Raymond. Southwestern at Memphis 1848-1948. Richmond: John Knox Press, 1948.
268. Cunningham, W. J. Agony at Galloway: One Church's Struggle with Social Change. Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1980.
269. Curry, Albert Bruce. History of the Second Presbyterian Church of Memphis, Tennessee. Memphis: Adams Printing and Stationery, 1936.
270. Dailey, Jane. "Sex, Segregation, and the Sacred after Brown." Journal of American History 91:1 (June, 2004): 119-144.
271. Diehl, Charles E. "Memoranda Concerning Petition Recently Filed By Certain Presbyterian Ministers of Memphis." College Archives, Barret Library, Rhodes College.
272. Diehl, Charles E. "Moving a College (Read at a Meeting of 'The Egyptians,' October 25, 1956). College Archives, Barret Library, Rhodes College.
273. Diehl, Charles E. Sermon upon Retirement as PCUS Moderator (May 1942). College Archives, Barret Library, Rhodes College.
274. Downing, Shirley. "Church's Volunteer Mission Extends Helping Hands to Poor.." Memphis Commercial Appeal (July 7, 1980): 9.
275. Driscoll, John. "Second Presbyterian Buys Big Church Site: Seven and a Half Acre Tract Will Cost $25,000.." Memphis Commercial Appeal (February 12, 1945): 9.
276. Dysart, Margaret. "What Christian Can Deny a Child?" Presbyterian Survey (January 1964): 55.
277. Emerson, Michael O., and Christian Smith. Divided by Faith: Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
278. Fairclough, Adam. To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001.
279. Findlay, Stephen M. "The Role of Bi-Racial Organizations in the Integration of Public Facilities in Memphis, Tennessee, 1954-1964." Unpublished Paper. Memphis and Shelby County Collection, Memphis Public Library and Information Center.
280. Finger, Michael. "Eyesores: The Flyer's Guide to the Ugliest Places in Town." Memphis Flyer (April 2, 2009). http://www.memphisflyer.com/memphis/eyesores/Content?oid=1442896.
281. Fitzgerald, Grace A. "'Chapel is What Students Make It'.." Sou'wester (November 1, 1963): 2.
282. Fleming, Cynthia Griggs. Soon We Will Not Cry: The Liberation of Ruby Doris Smith Robinson. Oxford: Rowan and Littlefield, 2000.
283. Fontenay, Blake. "Arena Work Rattles Old Church Restorers But Experts Say Vibration is Not a Threat." Memphis Commercial Appeal (November 8, 200):B1.
284. Fontenay, Blake. "City to Aid 2 Historic Churches-Council Approves $150,000 Each." Memphis Commercial Appeal (November 19, 2003): B1.
285. Foreman, Kenneth J. "Motives Committee: News Items with Comments.." Presbyterian Outlook (September 30, 1963): 9.
286. Frady, Marshall. "God and Man in the South." The Atlantic Monthly (January 1967): 37-42.
287. Gear, Felix. "Dr Diehl: His Service in the Church." Undated typewritten document. Felix Gear Papers, Presbyterian Heritage Center, Montreat, North Carolina.
288. Gillespie, Charles C. A History of the Second Presbyterian Church of Memphis, Tennessee, 1844-1971. Memphis: Second Presbyterian Church, 1971.
289. Gordon, Robert. "5 Birmingham Churches Open Doors to Kneel-Ins.." Memphis World (April 27, 1963): 7.
290. Gordon, Robert. "Birmingham Churches Split on Kneel-Ins.." Memphis World (April 20, 1963): 1.
291. Green, Laurie B. Battling the Plantation Mentality: Memphis and the Black Freedom Struggle. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
292. Gritter, Elizabeth. "Local Leaders and Community Soldiers: The Memphis Desegregation Movement, 1955-1961." Unpublished Senior Honors Thesis, American University, 2001.
293. Gulliver, Hal. "Sit-In Pastor Freed on $5,000 Bond.." Atlanta Constitution (March 4, 1964): 9.
294. Halberstam, David. The Children. New York: Fawcett, 1998.
295. Hall, Bob. "Non-Violent Group Gains National TV Recognition.." The Sou'wester (May 8, 1964): 3.
296. Hardie, John. "A Family Conversation on the Gospel and Race." November 29, 2006. http://www.indepres.org/templates/cusindpres/details.asp? id=30618&PID=646103, accessed August 2010.
297. Hardie, John. "Undivided Devotion" November 26, 2006. http://media.indepres.org/sermoncatalog/? recordnumber=281&smonth=&syear=&title=&sermonid=&stype=&speaker=&scripture=&
298. Hardie. John. "Why the Gospel Overcomes Racial Barriers" (Ephesians 2:16), December 10, 2006. http://www.indepres.org/templates/cusindpres/details.asp?id=30618&PID=646103, accessed August 2010.
299. Harmon, David Andrew. Beneath the Image of the Civil Rights Movement and Race Relations: Atlanta, Georgia, 1946-1981. Studies in African American History and Culture. London: Taylor and Francis, 1996.
300. Hart, Roger. "Campus Ministers Association Plans Three Social Projects.." The Sou'wester (January 10, 1964): 2.
301. Hart, Roger. "FOCUS: Second Presbyterian Church.." Sou'wester (January 8, 1965): 2.
302. Hart, Roger. "Letter to the Editor: A Call for Courage.." The Sou'wester (September 21, 1962): 2.
303. Hartley, Ben H. "The 104th General Assembly." Presbyterian Survey (June 1964): 10.
304. Harvey, Paul. Freedom's Coming: Religious Culture and the Shaping of the South from the Civil War through the Civil Rights Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.
305. Haygood, Lawrence F. "For an Inclusive Church.." Presbyterian Outlook (April 20, 1964): 5.
306. Haygood, Lawrence F. "The Triumphant Life of the Poor in Spirit." In The Unsilent South: Prophetic Preaching in Racial Crisis, ed. Donald W. Shriver, 152-165. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1965.
307. Haynes, Stephen R. Noah's Curse: The Biblical Justification of American Slavery. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
308. Helms, Jesse. "Mob Rule.." Presbyterian Journal (July 8, 1964): 14.
309. Herbers, John. "Integration Gains in Memphis; Biracial Leadership Takes Hold.." New York Times (April 5, 1964): 45.
310. Holloway, Lin. "Looking On in Norfolk." Norfolk Journal and Guide (August 13, 1960): A15.
311. "Holy Week and the Civil Rights Demonstrations at the Churches, A Sermon"-Address delivered April 11, 1965, by Dr. Robert Strong, Minister, Trinity Presbyterian Church, Montgomery, Alabama. Civil Rights Collection, Box 130, Salmon Library, University of Alabama Huntsville.
312. Honey, Michael K. Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King's Last Campaign. New York: W. W. Norton, 2007.
313. Hoppe, Sherry Lee, and Bruce W. Speck. Maxine Smith's Unwilling Pupils:Lessons Learned in Memphis's Civil Rights Classroom. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2007.
314. Houck, Davis W., and David D. Dixon, eds. Rhetoric, Religion and the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1965. Waco: Baylor University Press, 2006.
315. http://dillihunt.com/bio.htm.
316. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson.
317. http://hopememphis.com/about/history/.
318. http://www.2pc.org/about-us/our-staff/sandy-willson/.
319. http://www.advancememphis.org/index.php?page=history.
320. http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis60.htm#1960savannah.
321. http://www.downtownpres.com/.
322. http://www.heritagetoursmemphis.com/burkle.html.
323. http://www.mcuts.org/. http://www.mcuts.org/about/history-and-mission/.
324. http://www.memphis.edu/releases/mar08/grusin.htm.
325. http://www.mlfonline.org/about.php.
326. http://www.ncclife.org/index2.html.
327. http://www.nexusleaders.org/.
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329. http://www.streetsministries.org/aboutus.
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332. Hunt, Frank. "May Ban Albany, Ga. 'Kneel-in' Protest." Cleveland Call and Post (August 4, 1962): 1A.
333. Hurst, Rodney L. Sr. It Was Never about a Hot Dog and Coke: A Personal Account of the 1960 Sit-In Demonstrations in Jacksonville, FL and Ax Handle Saturday. Livermore, CA: WingSpan Press, 2008.
334. Interview with Bill Weber, November 19, 2009.
335. Interview with Bob Hall, August 8, 2004.
336. Interview with Brooks Ramsey, March 4, 2008.
337. Interview with Cam Murchison, April 27, 2010.
338. Interview with Catherine Freeberg, September 23, 2009.
339. Interview with Coby Smith, July 29, 2003.
340. Interview with Delvin Lane, August 12, 2010.
341. Interview with Don McClure, Sr., December 2, 2009.
342. Interview with Dossett Foster, September 21, 2010.
343. Interview with Doy Daniels, Memphis, February 19, 2010.
344. Interview with Earl Stanback, July 9, 2003.
345. Interview with Ed Knox, August 25, 2004.
346. Interview with Eddie Foster, March 9, 2011.
347. Interview with Elaine Lee Turner, August 14, 2003.
348. Interview with Elinor Kelley Grusin, August 6, 2004.
349. Interview with Ervin Haas Bullock, April 15, 2004.
350. Interview with Evander Ford, June 17, 2010.
351. Interview with Fenton Wright, August 10, 2010.
352. Interview with Frances Thompson, September 9, 2010.
353. Interview with Gayle Rose, May 6, 2011.
354. Interview with George Purdy, Carolyn Purdy McGhee, Delores Purdy McDowell, and Donna Purdy Fitchpatric, November 21, 2010.
355. Interview with Harold Jackson, September 22, 2009.
356. Interview with Harold Taylor, June 26, 2003.
357. Interview with Harry Wellford, October 1, 2009.
358. Interview with Hayden Kaden, November 22, 2004.
359. Interview with Herbert Rhea, August 17, 2004.
360. Interview with Hortense Spillers, August 16, 2004.
361. Interview with Howard Romaine, July 6, 2003.
362. Interview with Hugh Farrior, November 27, 2009.
363. Interview with Jack Connors, July 7, 2003.
364. Interview with Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, August 8, 2004.
365. Interview with Jim Bullock, March 17, 2009.
366. Interview with James M. Lawson, Jr. August 12, 2010.
367. Interview with James M. Lawson, Jr. August 21, 1969. Series VII. Mississippi Valley Connection, University of Memphis.
368. Interview with James M. Lawson, Jr. January 21, 1969. Series IV. Mississippi Valley Collection, University of Memphis.
369. Interview with James M. Lawson, Jr. January 21, 1969. Series V. Mississippi Valley Collection, University of Memphis.
370. Interview with James M. Lawson, Jr. January 21, 1969. Series VI. Mississippi Valley Collection, University of Memphis.
371. Interview with James Williamson, April 3, 2012.
372. Interviews with Jim Bullock, August 21, 2003; April 15, 2004; March 17, 2009.
373. Interviews with John Adamson, July 7, 2003; July 6, 2004; November 19, 2009.
374. Interview with John and Pat Clark, July 10, 2004.
375. Interview with John Wilfong, July 27, 2010.
376. Interview with Johnnie Rogers Turner, June 21, 2010.
377. Interviews with Justin Towner, August 6, 2004; October 7, 2010.
378. Interview with K. C. Ptomey, March 21, 2008.
379. Interview with Ken Bennett, July 14, 2010.
380. Interview with Larry Lloyd, August 2, 2010.
381. Interview with Lewis Donelson, June 29, 2004.
382. Interviews with Lillian Hammond Brown, June 30, 2003; July 8, 2010.
383. Interview with Elizabeth Currie Williams, July 31, 2004.
384. Interview with Mac and Muriel Hart, November 27, 2009.
385. Interview with Martha McKee, August 27, 2010.
386. Interview with Martha Overholser Whitney, May 4, 2010.
387. Interview with Marty Regan, May 6, 2011.
388. Interview with Maxine Smith, June 14, 2010.
389. Interview with Michael Braswell, August 1, 2011.
390. Interview with Millen Darnell, March 7, 2008.
391. Interview with Milton Knowlton, November 23, 2009.
392. Interview with Mitchell Moore, October 7, 2010.
393. Interview with Phil Esty, July 10, 2004.
394. Interview with Richard Pratt, December 20, 2010.
395. Interview with Richard Rieves, May 18, 2011.
396. Interview with Rob Thompson, October 28, 2010.
397. Interview with Robert G. Patterson, July 2, 2004.
398. Interview with Robert Hasselle, October 23, 2009.
399. Interview with Robert Morris, February 24, 2011.
400. Interview with Robert Wells, June 23, 2003.
401. Interview with Rocky Ward, November 27, 2009.
402. Interview with Roger Hart, August 8, 2004.
403. Interview with RoseMary Hoye Wells, September 23, 2010.
404. Interview with Sam Graham, April 15, 2010.
405. Interview with Sandy Willson, August 18, 2010.
406. Interview with Steve Nash, July 1, 2010.
407. Interview with Susan Nash, May 18, 2011.
408. Interview with Timothy Russell, August 9, 2010.
409. Interview with Vasco Smith, June 24, 2004.
410. Interview with Vivian Carter Dillihunt, August 17, 2004.
411. Interview with William Craddock, Jr., June 16, 2010.
412. Interview with William O'Neal, March 8, 2011.
413. Interview with Wilson and Jane Northcross, July 14, 2004.
414. Interview with Winton Smith, November 19, 2010.
415. Interview with Zeno and Elsie Yeates, August 24, 2004.
416. Johnson-Burgess, Sherita. "Story Corps" Interview with Justin Towner, November 17, 2007. In the possession of Justin Towner.
417. Jones, J. Charles. "Rock Hill and the Charlotte Sit-Ins." http://www.crmvet.org/info/rockhill.htm.
418. Jones, Jacintha. "Future Unclear As Now-Empty Historic Church Clayborn-Ball, Physically and Spiritually, Falls On Hard Times." Memphis Commercial Appeal (August 13, 2001): B1.
419. Jones, Jacinthia and Lela Garlington. "Church's Collapse Points up Others in Decline." Memphis Commercial Appeal (July 26, 2002): A1.
420. Jones, Jameson. "The Power of Knowledge." Talk delivered at Phi Beta Kappa induction ceremony, Rhodes College, May 15, 1998. In the possession of Michael Cody.
421. Jones, Paul Tudor. "The College Related Church." Address to the Synod of Tennessee, June 15, 1964. College Archives, Barret Library, Rhodes College.
422. Jordan, Thomas. "Council Approves $300,000 to Restore 2 Churches-'These are Our History.'" Memphis Commercial Appeal (June 13, 2003): B1.
423. KBG. "A Southwestern Student Prays.." The Sou'wester (September 28, 1962): 2.
424. Kelley, Elinor. "Presbyterians Face Busy Session.." Memphis Commercial Appeal (April 11, 1964): 8.
425. Kelley, Elinor. "Second Presbyterian Resists Attempts to Force Change.." Memphis Commercial Appeal (May 4, 1964): 4.
426. King, Martin Luther, Jr. "Letter from a Birmingham Jail, Martin Luther King, Jr., 1963." http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~hst306/documents/letter.html.
427. King, Martin Luther, Jr. "'The Negro and the American Dream.' Excerpt from Address at the Annual Freedom Mass Meeting of the North Carolina State Conference of Branches of the NAACP." In The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., Volume V: Threshold of a New Decade, January 1959-December 1960, ed. Clayborne Carson. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
428. King, Martin Luther, Jr. "Sit In, Stand In, Wade In, Kneel In.." New York Amsterdam News (May 25, 1963): 10.
429. King, Martin Luther, Jr. Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958.
430. King, Martin Luther, Jr. Why We Can't Wait. New York: Penguin, 2000.
431. Kocek, Joseph Kip. Acts of Conscience: Christian Nonviolence and Modern American Democracy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
432. Kosek, Joseph Kip. "Civil Rights and Religious Rights in the 1960s." Paper delivered at Peace History Society Conference, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, South Carolina, October 30, 2009.
433. Lacy, W. S. An Answer to the Charges Made by the President, His Associates and the Board of Southwestern against the Eleven Ministers of Memphis and W. S. Lacy. Memphis: n.p., 1931.
434. Lacy, W. S. Southwestern at the Cross-Roads: Some of the Evidence Supporting the Petition of the Eleven Presbyterian Ministers of Memphis. Memphis: n.p., 1931.
435. Laue, James. "Sociology, Sin and Snails." The Student Voice 1:2 (August 1960): 3-4.
436. Lawson, James M., Jr. "From a Lunch-Counter Stool." In Negro Protest Thought in the Twentieth Century, ed. Francis L. Broderick and August Meier, pp. 274-281. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965.
437. LeFever, Harry G. Undaunted by the Fight: Spelman College and the Civil Rights Movement, 1957-1967. Macon: Mercer University Press, 2005.
438. Leith, John H. "The Bible and Race.." Presbyterian Outlook (July 27, 1964): 6.
439. Letter from A. P. Kelso to Charles E. Diehl, May 11, 1931. College Archives, Barret Library, Rhodes College.
440. Letter from A. P. Moore to Rev. David Park, May 12, 1932. College Archives, Barret Library, Rhodes College.
441. Letter from Charles Blake Elliott to Friends and Fellow Members of Independent Presbyterian Church, May 5, 2007.
442. Letter from Charles C. Gillespie to Felix Gear, December 19, 1964. Felix Gear Papers, Presbyterian Heritage Center, Montreat, North Carolina.
443. Letter from Don M. Wardlaw to Felix Gear, December 3, 1964. Felix Gear Papers, Presbyterian Heritage Center, Montreat, North Carolina.
444. Letter from Felix Gear to John Randolph Taylor, May 14, 1964. Felix Gear Papers, Presbyterian Heritage Center, Montreat, North Carolina. Letter from Granville Sherman to Felix Gear, January 19, 1965. Felix Gear Papers, Presbyterian Heritage Center, Montreat, North Carolina.
445. Letter from H. E. Russell, C. Phil Esty, James Hazelwood, and Edward J. Knox to "Friends in Christ." January 21, 1965. Box 66747, Mississippi Valley Collection, University of Memphis.
446. Letter from Henry Edward Russell to Dr. Peyton N. Rhodes, November 13, 1962. College Archives, Barret Library, Rhodes College.
447. Letter from J. P. Robertson "To the Ministers of the Four Synods." April 6, 1931. College Archives, Barret Library, Rhodes College.
448. Letter from Malcolm P. Calhoun to Hayden J. Kaden, April 30, 1964. In the possession of Hayden Kaden.
449. Letter from Mrs. C. Rodney Sunday to Willis E. Ayers, Jr., May 6, 1964. In the possession of Hayden Kaden.
450. Letter from Mrs. Jane C. Nall to Rev. W. Walter Johnson, June 26, 1964. In the possession of Hayden Kaden.
451. Letter from Peyton N. Rhodes to Dr. Henry E. Russell, November 2, 1962. College Archives, Barret Library, Rhodes College.
452. Letter from Rev. C. Rodney Sunday to Mr. Robert J. Hussey, April 9, 1964. In the possession of Hayden Kaden.
453. Letter from Robert J. Hussey to Dr. C. Rodney, Sunday, April 13, 1964. In the possession of Hayden Kaden.
454. Letter from Robert J. Hussey to Mr. Hayden J. Kaden, Sr., April 7, 1964. In the possession of Hayden Kaden.
455. Letter from Robert J. Hussey to Robert M. Hasselle, June 30, 1964. In the possession of Henry Hasselle.
456. Letter from Robert M. Hasselle, Sr. to Dr. Granville Sherman, June 3, 1964. In the possession of Henry Hasselle.
457. Letter from Westminster Fellowship Council to the General Assembly in care of Stated Clerk James Millard, August 18, 1964. In the possession of Hayden Kaden.
458. Letter from Willis E. Ayers, Jr. to Mrs. C. Rodney Sunday, May 2, 1964. In the possession of Hayden Kaden.
459. Letter of Robert J. Hussey to Robert M. Hasselle, Jr., July 6, 1964. In the possession of Henry Hasselle.
460. Lewis, George. Massive Resistance: The White Response to the Civil Rights Movement. New York: Hodder Education, 2006.
461. Lollar, Michael. "Iconic 'I Am A Man' Poster on Auction." Memphis Commercial Appeal (February 22, 2010). http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2010/feb/22/iconic-poster-on-auction/.
462. Los Angeles Sentinel (October 21, 1965): A1.
463. Lovett, Bobby L. The Civil Rights Movement in Tennessee: A Narrative History Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2005.
464. Maclin, Philip. "Congregation Tries to Dissuade Adams.." Memphis Press-Scimitar (October 2, 1978): 12.
465. Magness, Perre. "Second Presbyterian Celebrates 150 Years." Memphis Commercial Appeal (November 3, 1994): E2.
466. Marsh, Charles. God's Long Summer: Stories of Faith and Civil Rights. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.
467. Martin, Richard B. "The Guide Post: 'White Only' Worship Place: Church or Club." Norfolk Journal and Guide (September 10, 1960): A11A
468. Maxine A. Smith-NAACP Collection. Memphis Room, Memphis Public Library and Information Center.
469. McKinney, Charles W. Jr. Greater Freedom: The Evolution of the Civil Rights Movement in Wilson, North Carolina. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2010.
470. Michel, Gregg L. Struggle for a Better South: The Southern Student Organizing Committee, 1964-69. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
471. Minutes of Congregational Meeting, Second Presbyterian Church, June 29, 1930. Archives of Second Presbyterian Church, Memphis, Tennessee.
472. Minutes of Memphis Presbytery, Stated Meeting, January 26, 1965. Presbyterian Heritage Center, Montreat, North Carolina.
473. Minutes of Memphis Presbytery, Stated Meeting, July 21, 1964. Presbyterian Heritage Center, Montreat, North Carolina.
474. Minutes of the Eighty-Ninth General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States. Atlanta: Office of the General Assembly, 1949.
475. Minutes of the Ninety-Fourth General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States. Atlanta: Office of the General Assembly, 1954.
476. Minutes of the One-Hundred-Fourth General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States. Atlanta: Office of the General Assembly, 1964.
477. Minutes of the One-Hundred-Sixth General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States. Richmond: Office of the General Assembly, 1966.
478. Minutes of the One-Hundred-Tenth General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States. Atlanta: Office of the General Assembly, 1970.
479. Minutes of the One-Hundred-Third General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States. Atlanta: Office of the General Assembly, 1963.
480. Minutes of the Synod of Tennessee of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, One Hundred Forty-Ninth Annual Session, June 15-17, 1964. Presbyterian Heritage Center, Montreat, North Carolina.
481. Moody, Anne. Coming of Age in Mississippi. New York: Dial Press, 1968.
482. Moore, Linda A. "Prospective Buyer Makes Offer for Clayborn Temple." Memphis Commercial Appeal (July 22, 2011). http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2011/jul/22/prospective-buyer-makeschurch-offer/.
483. Moore, Mitchell. "The Jesus Mission: Loving Your Neighbor" (February 13, 2011). http://www.2pc.org/resources/audio-library/the-jesus-mission-lovingyour- neigbor/.
484. Moss, Rev. Zeb V. and Mrs. "Open Letter to First Baptist Church Albany, Ga." (October 17, 1962). In the possession of Brooks Ramsey.
485. Mounger, Dwyn M. "Racial Attitudes in the Presbyterian Church in the United States, 1944-1954." Journal of Presbyterian History 48 (winter 1970): 38-68.
486. Murchison, D. Cameron. "Easter Vigil: Mark 16:1-8." In Feasting on the Word:Preaching the Revised Common Lectionary, Year B, Volume 2, eds. David Bartlett and Barbara Brown Taylor. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox, 2008.
487. Murray, Peter C. Methodists and the Crucible of Race, 1930-1975. Columbia:University of Missouri Press, 2004.
488. Muse, Benjamin. Memphis. Atlanta: Southern Regional Council, 1964.
489. Newman, Mark. Getting Right with God: Southern Baptists and Desegregation, 1945-1995. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001.
490. Newsletter of the Southern Student Organizing Committee (May 1965): 1. http://mdah.state.ms.us/arrec/digital_archives/sovcom/imagelisting.php.
491. Norrell, Robert J. Reaping the Whirlwind: The Civil Rights Movement in Tuskegee. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985.
492. Owen, Angela G. "Kneel-Ins." Spelman Spotlight (December 16, 1960). http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/docs/the_beat_of_civil_rights-18.
493. Pappas, Thomas N. "New Church Organized on 'Compatible' Basis.." Memphis Press-Scimitar (March 15, 1965): 18.
494. Pappas, Thomas N. "Presbytery Stand on Race Expected.." Memphis Press-Scimitar (January 25, 1965): 1.
495. Pappas, Thomas M. "Second Presbyterian Prayer: 'Guide Us in Race Issue.." Memphis Press Scimitar (May 4, 1964): 13.
496. Pappas, Thomas N. "Second Presbyterian Vote Keeps Segregation Policy.." Memphis Press-Scimitar (February 10, 1965): 17.
497. Pappas, Thomas N. "Split Is Talked at 2nd Church.." Memphis Press-Scimitar (March 8, 1965): 1.
498. Paul Boone, "Northern View on 'Barring'." Memphis Commercial Appeal (May 10, 1964): section 5, 3.
499. Perkins, Pamela. "Churches Proceed with Stabilization." Memphis Commercial Appeal (March 4, 2004): B2.
500. Perkins, Pamela. "Clayborn Temple Has to be Braced: $150,000-Renovators Cite 'Immediate Risk of Collapse'." Memphis Commercial Appeal (February 15, 2003): B1.
501. Perkins, Pamela. "Foes Will Press Fight on City's Funds for Church Renovations." Memphis Commercial Appeal (November 20, 2003): B6.
502. Perkins, Ray, Jr., ed. Yours Faithfully, Bertrand Russell: Letters to the Editor 1904-1969. Chicago: Open Court Publishers, 2001.
503. Pike, James A. "Bishop Calls Church Bars a 'Stronghold of Evil'.." Baltimore Afro-American (October 7, 1961): 16.
504. Pittman, Kay. "Surprise March by Students Greets Clements, Walters." Memphis Press-Scimitar (January 18, 1964): 1, 2.
505. Pritchett, Carl. "A Pastoral Letter, Sunday, May 3, 1964." In the possession of Bethesda Presbyterian Church.
506. Pritchett, Carl. "To the Ushers and Other Representatives of the Second Presbyterian Church of Memphis, Tenn." (May 3, 1964). In the possession of Charles Murphy.
507. Pritchett, Carl R. "No Moment of Greatness" (April 29, 1964). In the possession of Bethesda Presbyterian Church.
508. Pritchett, Carl R. "The March on Washington." '49n The Unsilent South:Prophetic Preaching in Racial Crisis, ed. Donald W. Shriver, 99-108. Atlanta:John Knox Press, 1965.
509. Pritchett, Carl R. "What Happened at Memphis, May 10, 1964." In the possession of Bethesda Presbyterian Church.
510. Reimers, David M. White Protestantism and the Negro. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.
511. Ringold, Bert, and Horace Hull. "Socialistic Fate?." The Sou'wester (October 12, 1962): 2.
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514. Rose, Ben Lacy. Racial Segregation in the Church. Richmond: Outlook Publishers, 1957.
515. Rose, Ben Lacy. "When Negroes Are Barred from Worship, What Can Be Done about It?" Presbyterian Survey (July 1964): 18.
516. Rose, Ben Lacy. "Should Deacons Vote to Seat Worshippers?" Presbyterian Survey (January 1964): 28.
517. Rosenbush, Mervin. "Downtown's Second Presbyterian Church Is Proud of Its Social Service Program.." Memphis Press-Scimitar (April 5, 1941): 3.
518. Rushing, Wanda. Memphis and the Paradox of Place: Globalization and the American South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
519. Savage, Barbara Dianne. Your Spirits Walk Beside Us: The Politics of Black Religion. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008.
520. Scheffler, Melissa. "Clayborn Temple in Desperate Shape." MyFox Memphis (July 27, 2009). http://www.myfoxmemphis.com/dpp/news/tennessee/072909_Civil_Rights_History_Forgotten_at_Clayborn_Temple, accessed August, 2010.
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