Effects of Crude Oil Exposure on Bioaccumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Survival of Adult and Larval Stages of Gelatinous Zooplankton

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 10, 2013, Pages

  Almeda, Rodrigo ^a   Wambaugh, Zoe ^a,b   Chai, Chao ^a,c   Wang, Zucheng ^a,d   Liu, Zhanfei ^a   Buskey, Edward J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^b HUMBOLDT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c QINGDAO AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^d EAST CHINA NORMAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACENAPHTHENE; ACENAPHTHYLENE; ANTHRACENE; BENZ[A]ANTHRACENE; BENZO[A]PYRENE; BENZO[B]FLUORANTHENE; BENZO[GHI]PERYLENE; BENZO[K]FLUORANTHENE; CHRYSENE; DIBENZ[A,H]ANTHRACENE; FLUORANTHENE; FLUORENE; INDENO[1,2,3 CD]PYRENE; NAPHTHALENE; PETROLEUM; PHENANTHRENE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; PYRENE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACUTE TOXICITY; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; AURELIA AURITA; BIOACCUMULATION; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE; EXPOSURE; LC 50; LETHALITY; MNEMIOPSIS LEIDYI; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PELAGIA NOCTILUCA; SURVIVAL; ZOOPLANKTON;

ANIMALS; PETROLEUM; PETROLEUM POLLUTION; POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL; WATER POLLUTION, CHEMICAL; ZOOPLANKTON;

EID: 84885034902     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074476     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. National Research Council (NRC) (2003) Oil in the sea iii: inputs, fates, and effects. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
2. Dalsøren SB, Endresen Ø, Isaksen ISA, Gravir G, Sørgård E, (2007) Environmental impacts of the expected increase in sea transportation, with a particular focus on oil and gas scenarios for Norway and northwest Russia,. J Geophys Res 112: D02310.
3. Kvenvolden KA, Cooper CK, (2003) Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment. Geo-Mar Letters 23: 140-146.
4. Allan SE, Smith BW, Anderson KA, (2012) Impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Gulf of Mexico coastal waters. Environ Sci Technol 46: 2033-2039.
5. White HKP, Hsing Y, Cho W, Shank TM, Cordes EE, et al. (2012) Impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on a deep-water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 10.1073/pnas. 1118029109.
6. Walsh GE (1978) Toxic effects of pollutants on Plankton. In: Butler GC, editor. Principles of Ecotoxicology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. pp. 257-274.
7. Graham WM, Condon RH, Carmichael RH, D'Ambra I, Patterson HK, et al. (2010) Oil carbon entered the coastal planktonic food web during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Environ Res Lett pp. 5045301.
8. Almeda R, Wambaugh Z, Zucheng W, Hyatt C, Liu Z, et al. (2013) Interactions between zooplankton and crude oil: toxic effects and bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. PLoS ONE (in press).
9. Delvigne GAL, Sweeney CE, (1988) Natural dispersion of oil. Oil Chem Pollut 4: 281-310.
10. Mukherjee B, Wrenn BA, (2009) Influence of dynamic mixing energy on dispersant performance: role of mixing systems. Environ Eng Sci 26: 1725-1737.
11. Lichtenthaler RG, Daling PS (1985) Aerial application of dispersants-comparison of slick behavior of chemically treated versus non-treated slicks. In: Proceedings 1985 Oil Spill Conference: American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. pp. 471-478.
12. Conover RJ, (1971) Some relations between zooplankton and bunker C oil in Chedabucto Bay following the wreck of the tanker Arrow. J Fish Res Board Can 28: 1327-1330.
13. Andrews AR, Floodgatge GD, (1974) Some observations on the interaction of marine protozoa and crude oil residues. Mar Biol 25: 7-12.
14. Mackie PR, Hardy R, Butler EI, Holligan PM, Spooner MF, (1978) Early examples of oil in water and some analyses of zooplankton. Mar Pollut Bull 11: 296-297.
15. Linden O, Elmgren R, Boehm P, (1979) The Thesis oil spill: its impact on the coastal ecosystems of the Baltic Sea. Ambio 8: 244-253.
16. Hebert R, Poulet SA, (1980) Effect of modification of particle size of emulsions of Venezuelan crude oil on feeding, survival and growth of marine zooplankton. Mar Environ Res 4: 121-134.
17. Gyllenburg G, (1981) Ingestion and turnover of oil and petroleum hydrocarbons by 2 plankton copepods in the Gulf of Finland. Annls Zool Fennici 18: 225-228.
18. Lee RF, Köster M, Paffenhöfer GA, (2012) Ingestion and defecation of dispersed oil droplets by pelagic tunicates. J Plankton Res 34: 1058-1063.
19. Muschenheim DK, Lee K, (2002) Removal of oil from the sea surface through particulate interactions: review and prospectus. Spill Sci Technol B 8: 9-18.
20. Gray JS, (2002) Biomagnification in marine systems: The perspective of an ecologist. Mar Pollut Bull 45: 46-52.
21. Berrojalbiz N, Lacorte S, Calbet A, Saiz E, Barata C, et al. (2009) Accumulation and cycling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in zooplankton. Environ Sci Technol 43: 2295-2301.
22. Banse K, (1995) Zooplankton: Pivotal role in the control of ocean production. ICES J Mar Sci 52: 265-277.
23. Castonguay M, Plourde S, Robert D, Runge JA, Fortier L, (2008) Copepod production drives recruitment in a marine fish. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 65: 1528-1531.
24. Alcaraz M, Almeda R, Calbet A, Saiz E, Duarte C, et al. (2010) The role of Arctic zooplankton in biogeochemical cycles: respiration and excretion of ammonia and phosphate during summer. Polar Biol 33: 1719-1731.
25. Saiz E, Movilla J, Yebra L, Barata C, Calbet A, (2009) Lethal and sublethal effects of naphthalene and 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene on naupliar and adult stages of the marine cyclopoid copepod Oithona davisae. Environ Poll 157: 1219-1226.
26. Straughan D (1972) Biological effects of oil pollution in the Santa Barbara Channel. In: Ruivo M, editor. Marine Pollution and Sea Life: Fishing News Books Ltd., London. pp. 355-359.
27. Berdugo V, Harris RP, O'Hara SCM, (1977) The effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on reproduction of an estuarine planktonic copepod in laboratory cultures. Mar Pollut Bull 8: 138-143.
28. Jiang Z, Huang Y, Xu X, Liao Y, Shou L, et al. (2010) Advance in the toxic effects of petroleum water accommodated fraction on marine plankton. Acta Ecol Sin 30: 8-15.
29. Jiang Z, Huang Y, Chen Q, Zeng J, Xu X, (2012) Acute toxicity of crude oil water accommodated fraction on marine copepods: the relative importance of acclimatization temperature and body size. Mar Environ Res 81: 12-7.
30. Barata C, Calbet A, Saiz E, Ortiz L, Bayona JM, (2005) Predicting single and mixture toxicity of petrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the copepod Oithona davisae. Environ Toxicol Chem 24: 2992-2999.
31. Bejarano AC, Chandler GT, He L, Coull BC, (2006) Individual to population level effects of South Louisiana crude oil water accommodated fraction (WAF) on a marine meiobenthic copepod. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 332: 49-59.
32. Suderman BL, Marcus NH, (2002) The effects of Orimulsion and Fuel Oil #6 on the hatching success of copepod resting eggs in the seabed of Tampa Bay, Florida. Environ Pollut 120: 787-795.
33. Calbet A, Saiz E, Barata C, (2007) Lethal and sublethal effects of naphthalene and 1,2 dimethylnaphthalene on the marine copepod Paracartia grani. Mar Biol 151: 195-204.
34. Seuront L, (2011) Hydrocarbon contamination decreases mating success in a marine planktonic copepod. PLoS ONE 6 (10) () 10.1371/journal.pone.0026283.
35. Harris RP, Berdugo V, Corner EDS, Killington CC, O'Hara SCM (1977) Factors affecting the retention of a petroleum hydrocarbon by marine planktonic copepods. In: Wolfe DA, editor. Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Organisms and Ecosystems: Pergamon. pp. 286-304.
36. Lotufo GR, (1998) Bioaccumulation of sediment-associated fluoranthene in benthic copepods: uptake, elimination and biotransformation. Aquat Toxicol 44: 1-15.
37. Curl M, (1962) Standing crops of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus and transfer between trophic levels, in continental shelf waters south of New York. Rapp Pv Reun Cons int Explor Mer 153: 183-189.
38. Larson RJ, (1986) Water content, organic content, and carbon and nitrogen composition of medusae from the northeast Pacific. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 99: 107-120.
39. Ruppert EE, Barnes RD (1994) Invertebrate Zoology, Sixth Edition. Saunders College Publishing, Harcourt Brace and Company, Orlando, Florida. Hardcover. 1100 pp.
40. Mills CE, (2001) Jellyfish blooms: are populations increasing globally in response to changing ocean conditions? Hydrobiologia 451: 55-68.
41. Purcell JE, Graham WM, Dumont HJ (2001) Jellyfish blooms: ecological and societal importance. Developments in hydrobiology, No. 155. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht.
42. Pugh PR, (1989) Gelatinous zooplankton-the forgotten fauna. Prog Underwater Sci 14: 67-78.
43. Raskoff KA, Sommer FA, Hamner WM, Cross K, (2003) Collection and culture techniques for gelatinous zooplankton. Biol Bull 204: 68-80.
44. Valiela I (1991) Ecology of water columns. In: Barnes BSK, Mann KH, eds. Fundamentals of aquatic ecology, Black Scien Public, Oxford. pp 29-56.
45. Mianzan HW, Mari N, Prenski B, Sanchez F, (1996) Fish predation on neritic ctenophores from the Argentine continental shelf: a neglected food resource? Fish Res 27: 69-79.
46. Condon RH, Graham WM, Duarte CM, Pitt KA, Lucas CH, et al. (2012) Questioning the rise of gelatinous zooplankton in the world's oceans. Bioscience 62: 160-169.
47. Purcell JE, Uye S, Lo W, (2007) Anthropogenic causes of jellyfish blooms and their direct consequences for humans: a review. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 350: 153-174.
48. Purcell JE, (1997) Pelagic cnidarians and ctenophores as predators: selective predation, feeding rates and effects on prey populations. Ann Inst Oceanogr Paris 73: 125-137.
49. Ruzicka JJ, Brodeur RD, Wainwright TC, (2007) Seasonal food web models for the Oregon inner-shelf ecosystem: investigating the role of large jellyfish. CalCOFI Report 48: 106-128.
50. Roohi A, Yasin Z, Kideys AE, Hwai ATS, Khanari AG, et al. (2008) Impact of a new invasive ctenophore (Mnemiopsis leidyi) on the zooplankton community of the Southern Caspian Sea. Mar Ecol 29: 421-434.
51. Riisgård HU, Madsen CV, Barth-Jensen C, Purcell JE, (2011) Population dynamics and zooplankton-predation impact of the indigenous scyphozoan Aurelia aurita and the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in Limfjorden (Denmark). Aquat Inv 7: 147-162.
52. Arai MN, (2005) Predation on pelagic coelenterates: a review. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 85: 523-536.
53. Pauly D, Graham WM, Libralato S, Morissette L, Palomares MLD, (2009) Jellyfish in ecosystems, online databases, and ecosystem models. Hydrobiologia 616: 67-85.
54. Cardona L, Álvarez de Quevedo I, Borrell A, Aguilar A, (2012) Massive consumption of gelatinous plankton by Mediterranean apex predators. PLoS ONE 7 (3) (): e31329.
55. Pitt KA, Koop K, Rissik D, (2005) Contrasting contributions to inorganic nutrient recycling by the co-occurring jellyfishes, Catostylus mosaicus and Phyllorhiza punctate (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 315: 71-86.
56. Titelman J, Riemann L, Sørnes TA, Nilsen T, Griekspoor P, et al. (2006) Turnover of dead jellyfish: stimulation and retardation of microbial activity. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 325: 43-58.
57. Malej A, Turk V, Lučić D, Benović A, (2007) Direct and indirect trophic interactions of Aurelia sp. (Scyphozoa) in a stratified marine environment (Mljet Lakes, Adriatic Sea). Mar Biol 151: 827-841.
58. Turk V, Lučić D, Flander-Putrle V, Malej A, (2008) Feeding of Aurelia sp. (Scyphozoa) and links to the microbial food web. Mar Ecol 29: 495-505.
59. Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004) Invertebrate Zoology. A functional evolutionary approach. Thomson & Cole, 963 pp.
60. Appeltans W, Bouchet P, Boxshall GA, De Broyer C, de Voogd NJ, et al. (eds) (2012). World Register of Marine Species. Available: http://www.marinespecies.org on 2013-05-11.
61. GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHOI/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution) (1997) Opportunistic settlers and the problem of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi invasion in the Black Sea. GESAMP reports and studies No. 58. International Maritime Organization, London.
62. Faasse MA, Bayha KM, (2006) The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz 1865 in coastal waters of the Netherlands: an unrecognized invasion? Aquatic Invasions 1: 270-277.
63. Fuentes VL, Angel DL, Bayha K, Atienza D, Edelistet D, et al. (2010) Blooms of the invasive ctenophore, Mnemiopsis leidyi, span the Mediterranean Sea in 2009. Hydrobiologia 645: 23-37.
64. Deason EE, (1982) Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora) in Narragansett Bay, 1975-1979: abundance, size composition and estimation of grazing. Est Coast Shelf Sci 15: 121-134.
65. Shiganova TA, Mirzoyan XA, Studenikina EA Volovik SP, Siokou-Frangou I, et al. (2001) Population development of the invader ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi,in the Black Sea and in other seas of the Mediterranean basin. Mar Biol 139: 431-445.
66. Spangenberg DB, (1965) Cultivation of the life stages of Aurelia aurita under controlled conditions. J Exp Zool 159: 303-318.
67. Sullivan LJ, Gifford DJ, (2004) Diet of the larval ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz (Ctenophora, Lobata) J Plankton Res 26: 417-431.
68. Liu Z, Liu J, Zhu Q, Wu W, (2012) The weathering of oil after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: insights from the chemical composition of the oil from the sea surface, salt marshes and sediments. Environ Res Lett 7: 035302.
69. Fernandez GA, Daniel A, Nicket P (1977) Oil spills in the marine environment at Madras and its impact on neuston and plankton during 1975-1976, in Proceedings of the Symposium on the warm water zooplankton, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, pp. 432-439.
70. Arai MN (1997) A Functional Biology of Scyphozoa. Chapman and Hall, London, 316 pp.
71. Arai MN, (2001) Pelagic coelenterates and eutrophication: a review. Hydrobiology 451: 69-87.
72. Lucas CH, (2001) Reproduction and life history strategies of the common jellyfish, Aurelia aurita, in relation to its ambient environment. Hydrobiologia 451 (Dev. Hydrobiol 155): 229-246.
73. Templeman MA, Kingsford MJ, (2010) Trace element accumulation in Cassiopea sp. (Scyphozoa) from urban marine environments in Australia. Mar Environ Res 69: 63-72.
74. Purcell JE, (2012) Jellyfish and ctenophore blooms coincide with human proliferations and environmental perturbations. Ann Rev Mar Sci 4: 209-235.
75. Berdugo V, Harris RP, O'Hara SCM, (1977) The effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on reproduction of an estuarine planktonic copepod in laboratory cultures. Mar Pollut Bull 8: 138-143.
76. Lee WY, Nicol JAC, (1977) The effects of the water-soluble fractions of No. 2 fuel oil on the survival and behaviour of coastal and oceanic zooplankton. Environmental Pollution 12: 279-292.
77. Avila TR, Bersano JGF, Fillmann G, (2010) Lethal and sub-lethal effects of the water soluble fraction of a light crude oil on the planktonic copepod Acartia tonsa. J Braz Soc Ecotoxicol 5: 19-25.
78. Jiang Z, Huang Y, Chen Q, Zeng J, Xu X, (2012) Acute toxicity of crude oil water accommodated fraction on marine copepods: the relative importance of acclimatization temperature and body size. Mar Environ Res 81: 12-7.
79. Lindén O, (1975) Acute effects of oil and oil/dispersant mixture on larvae of Baltic herring. Ambio 4: 130-13.
80. Couillard CM, Lee K, Légaré B, King TL, (2005) Effect of dispersant on the composition of the water-accommodated fraction of crude oil and its toxicity to larval marine fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 24: 1496-1504.
81. Anderson JW, Neff JM, Cox BA, Tatem HE, Hightower GM, (1974) Characteristics of dispersions and water-soluble extracts of crude and refined oils and their toxicity to estuarine crustaceans and fish. Mar Biol 27: 75-88.
82. Neff JM, Anderson JW (1981) Response of marine animals to petroleum and specific petroleum hydrocarbons. Applied Science Publishers Ltd, London. pp. 177.
83. Stark JS, Riddle MJ, (2003) The effects of petroleum hydrocarbon and heavy metal contamination of marine sediments on recruitment of Antarctic soft-sediment assemblages: a field experimental investigation. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 283: 21-50.
84. Barazandeh M, Abtahi B, Javanshir A, Esmaeili Sari A, Khodabandeh S, (2004) Comparison of sensitivity to oil pollution in two Caspian Sea zooplankton; Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora) and Acartia clausi (Crustacea). Proceedings of The 4th International Iran & Russia Conference pp. 1407-1413.
85. McAuliffe CD, Steelman BL, Leek WR, Fitzgerald DE, Ray JP, et al. (1981) The 1979 southern California dispersant treated research oil Spills. In: Proceedings of the 1981 Oil Spill Conference. Am. Petroleum Inst., Washington, DC. pp. 269-282.
86. Whitehead A, Dubansky B, Bodinier C, Garcia TI, Miles S, et al. (2011) Science applications in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill special feature: Genomic and physiological footprint of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on resident marsh fishes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1109545108v1-201109545.
87. Kerr RA, (2010) A lot of oil on the loose, not so much to be found. Science 329: 734-735.
88. Lindén O, (1976) Effects of oil on the amphipod Gammarus oceanicus. Envir Pollut 10: 239-250.
89. Brodersen CC, Rice SD, Short JW, Mecklenburg TA, Karinen JF, (1977) Sensitivity of larval and adult Alaskan shrimp and crabs to acute exposures of the water-soluble fraction of Cook Inlet crude oil. International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1: 575-578.
90. Laughlin RB Jr, Young LGL, Neff JM, (1978) A long-term study of the effects of water-soluble fractions of No. 2 fuel oil on the survival, development rate, and growth of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii. Mar Biol 47: 87-95.
91. Spangenberg DB, (1984) Use of the Aurelia metamorphosis test system to detect subtle effects of selected hydrocarbons and petroleum oil. Mar Environ Res 14: 281-303.
92. Van Brummelen TC, Van Hattum B, Crommentuijn T, Kalf D (1998) Bioavailability and ecotoxicity of PAHs. In: Neilson A, Hutzinger O, editors. PAHs and Related Compounds. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 3, Part J. pp. 203-263.
93. De Flora S, Bagnasco M, Zanacchi P, (1991) Genotoxic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic hazards in the marine environment, with special reference to the Mediterranean Sea. Mutation Res 258: 285-320.
94. De Flora S, Zanacchi P, Bagnasco M, Brunetti R, Majone F, et al. (1991) Metabolic and genetic effect of marine pollution on aquatic organisms. In: Gledhill B, Mauro F, editors. Trends in Biological Dosimetry: Wiley-Liss, New York. pp. 69-78.
95. Yu H, (2002) Environmental carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: photochemistry and phototoxicity. J Environ Sci Health C, Environ Carcinogen Ecotoxic Rev 20: 149-183.
96. Hylland K, (2006) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) ecotoxicology in marine ecosystems. J Toxicol Environ Health 69: 109-123.
97. Straughan O, (1972) Factors causing environmental changes after an oil spill. J Petrol Technol 24: 250-254.
98. Barron MG, Carls MG, Short JW, Rice SD, (2003) Photo-enhanced toxicity of aqueous phase and chemically dispersed weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil to Pacific herring eggs and larvae. Environ Toxicol Chem 22: 650-0660.
99. Jung SW, Kwon OY, Joo CK, Kang JH, Kim M, et al. (2012) Stronger impact of dispersant plus crude oil on natural plankton assemblages in short-term marine mesocosms. J Hazard Mater 217-218: 338-349.
100. Goodbody-Gringley G, Wetzel DL, Gillon D, Pulster E, Miller A, et al. (2013) Toxicity of deepwater horizon source oil and the chemical dispersant, Corexit® 9500, to coral larvae. PLoS ONE 8 (1) (): e45574.
101. Lee WY, Winters K, Nicol JAC, (1978) The biological effects of the water-soluble fractions of a No. 2 fuel oil on the planktonic shrimp, Lucifer faxoni. Environ Pollut 15: 167-183.
102. Douben PET (2003) PAHs: An Ecotoxicological Perspective. Douben PET, editor. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons; 2003. pp. 392.
103. Neff JM (1985) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology. Rand GM Petrocelli SR, Editors. Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. pp. 416-454.
104. Ramachandran D, Sweezey MJ, Hodson PV, Boudreau M, Courtenay SC, et al. (2006) Influence of salinity and fish species on PAH uptake from dispersed crude oil. Mar Pollut Bull 52: 1182-1189.
105. Boese BL, Lamberson JO, Swartz RC, Ozretich RJ, (1997) Photoinduced toxicity of fluoranthene to seven benthic crustaceans. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 32: 389-393.
106. Pelletier E, Sargian P, Payet J, Demers S, (2006) Ecotoxicological effects of combined uvb and organic contaminants in coastal waters: A review. Photochem Photobiol 82: 981-993.
107. French McCay DP, (2002) Development and application of an oil toxicity and exposure model, OilToxEx. Environ Toxicol Chem 21: 2080-2094.
108. Pelletier MC, Burgess RM, Ho KT, Kuhn A, McKinney RA, et al. (1997) Phototoxicity of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and petroleum to marine invertebrate larvae and juveniles. Environ Toxicol Chem 16: 2190-2199.
109. Barron MG, Carls MG, Short JW, Rice SD, (2003) Photo-enhanced toxicity of aqueous phase and chemically dispersed weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil to Pacific herring eggs and larvae. Environ Toxicol Chem 22: 650-0660.
110. Duesterloh S, Short J, Barron MG, (2003) Photoenhanced toxicity of weathered Alaska north slope crude oil to the calanoid copepods Calanus marshallae and Metridia okhotensis. Environ Sci Technol 36: 3953-3959.
111. Duesterloh S (2002) The role of copepods in the distribution of hydrocarbons: An experimental approach. Doctoral dissertation, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska.
112. Lee RF (1975) Fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in marine zooplankton. In: Proceedings 1975 International Oil Spill Conference. American Petroleum Institute, Washington. pp. 549-553.
113. Ramachandran SD, Hodson PV, Khan CW, Lee K, (2004) Oil dispersant increases PAH uptake by fish exposed to crude oil. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 59: 300-308.
114. Jensen LK, Honkanen JO, Jæger I, Carroll J, (2012) Bioaccumulation of phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene in Calanus finmarchicus. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 78: 225-31.
115. Sánchez-Bayo F, (2006) Comparative acute toxicity of organic pollutants and reference values for crustaceans. I. Branchiopoda, Copepoda and Ostracoda. Environ Pollut 139: 385-420.
116. Corner EDS, Harris RP, Kilvington CC, O'Hara SCM, (1976) Petroleum compounds in the marine food web: short-term experiments on the fate of naphthalene in Calanus. J Mar Biol Ass UK 56: 121-133.
117. Jensen LK, Honkanen JO, Jæger I, Carroll J, (2012) Bioaccumulation of phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene in Calanus finmarchicus. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 78: 225-31.
118. Andrew C, Holmes LJ, Gore DJ, (1992) Proximate and elemental composition of gelatinous zooplankton from the Southern Ocean. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 155: 55-68.
119. Bailey TG, Youngbluth MJ, Owen GP, (1995) Chemical composition and metabolic rates of gelatinous zooplankton from midwater and benthic boundary layer environments off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 122: 121-134.
120. Ohman MD, (1997) On the determination of zooplankton lipid content and the occurrence of gelatinous copepods. J Plankton Res 19: 1235-1250.
121. Ventura M, (2006) Linking biochemical and elemental composition of freshwater and marine crustacean zooplankton. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 327: 233-246.
122. Cass CJ, Wakeham SG, Daly KL, (2011) Lipid composition of tropical and subtropical copepod species of the genus Rhincalanus (Copepods: Eucalanidae): a novel fatty acid and alcohol signature. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 439: 127-138.
123. Meador JP, Stein JE, Reichert WL, Varanasi U, (1995) Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by marine organisms. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 143: 79-165.
124. Newman MC, Unger MA (2003) Fundamentals of ecotoxicology. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers. pp. 458.
125. Mironov OG, (1980) Aspects of petroleum hydrocarbon metabolism in marine animals. Helgol Meeresunters 33: 292-296.
126. Corner EDS, (1978) Pollution studies with marine plankton. Part I. Petroleum hydrocarbons and related compounds. Adv Mar Biol 15: 289-380.
127. Tuvikene A, (1995) Responses of fish to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Ann Zool Fennici 32: 295-309.
128. Peters LD, Morse HR, Waters R, Livingstone DR, (1997) Responses of hepatic cytochrome P4501A and formation of DNA adducts in juveniles of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) exposed to water-borne benzo[a]pyrene. Aquat Toxicol 38: 67-82.
129. Myers MS, Landahl JT, Krahn MM, McCain BB, (1991) Relationships between hepatic neoplasms and related lesions and exposure to toxic chemicals in marine fish from the U.S.West coast. Environ Health Perspect 90: 7-15.
130. Ericson G, Lindesjöö E, Balk L, (1998) DNA adducts and histopathological lesions in perch (Perca fluviatilis) and northern pike (Esox lucius) along a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon gradient on the Swedish coastline of the Baltic Sea. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55: 815-824.