Tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: Profile of an enigmatic condition

Current Science

Volumn 105, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 657-665

  Narendran, G ^a   Swaminathan, S ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN TUBERCULOSIS   (India)

Author keywords

Antiretroviral therapy; Immune reconstitu tion inflammatory syndrome; Paradoxical reaction; Tuber culosis

Indexed keywords

EID: 84884965821     PISSN: 00113891     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. World Health Organization (WHO), Rapid advice: antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents. November 2009; http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/HIV-AIDS_Rapid_Advice_AdultARTGuidelines (web).pdf (accessed on 30 January 2013).
2. Cheng, V. C. et al., Risk factors for development of paradoxical response during antituberculosis therapy in HIV-negative patients. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2003, 22, 597-602.
3. Meintjes, G. et al., Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: case definitions for use in resource-limited settings. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2008, 8, 516-523.
4. Bollinger, R. C. et al., A randomized trial to evaluate the effec-tiveness of antiretroviral therapy plus HIV primary care versus HIV primary care alone to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV-1 in Serodiscordant Couples HPTN052; accessed on 7 March 2013 from http://www.hptn.org/Web%20Documents/HPTN_Protocols/HPTN052/HPTN052v1.pdf
5. Colebunders, R. et al., Tuberculosis immune reconstitution in-flammatory syndrome in countries with limited resources. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis., 2006, 10, 946-953.
6. Burman, W. J. and Jones, B. E., Treatment of HIV-related tuber-culosis in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2001, 164, 7-12.
7. Revised NACO guidelines for ART initiation in adults. Office memorandum T-11020/36/2005 dated 4 November 2011.
8. Swaminathan, S. and Narendran, G., HIV and tuberculosis in India. J. Biosci., 2008, 33, 527-537.
9. Swaminathan, S. et al., Efficacy of a 6 vs a 9-month intermittent treatment regimen in HIV-infected TB patients: a randomized clinical trial. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2010, 181, 743-751.
10. Swaminathan, S. et al., Efficacy and safety of once-daily nevirap-ine- or efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy in HIV associated tuberculosis: a randomized clinical trial. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2011, 53, 716-724.
11. Tripathy, S. et al., Preliminary observations on lymphocyte subpopulation in HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative tuber-culosis patients in Pune, India. Indian J. Med. Res., 2000, 111, 195-198.
12. Narita, M. et al., Paradoxical worsening of tuberculosis following antiretroviral therapy in patients with AIDS. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1998, 158, 157-161.
13. Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre. A concurrent comparison of home and sanatorium treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in south India. Bull. WHO, 1959, 21
14. Narendran, G. et al., Comparing daily vs intermittent regimen of ATT in HIV with pulmonary tuberculosis, 2013; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00933790?term=Daily+Vs+inter-mittent+ATT+in+HIV&rank=1 (accessed on 25 January 2013).
15. Breen, R. A. et al., Paradoxical reactions during tuberculosis treatment in patients with and without HIV co-infection. Thorax, 2004, 59, 704-707.
16. Kumarasamy, N. et al., Incidence of immune reconstitution syn-drome in HIV/tuberculosis co-infected patients after initiation of generic antiretroviral therapy in India. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 2004, 37, 1574-1576.
17. Lawn, S. D. et al., Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution disease: incidence, risk factors and impact in an antiretroviral treatment service in South Africa. AIDS, 2007, 21, 335-341.
18. Manabe, Y. C. et al., Immune reconstitution inflammatory syn-drome: risk factors and treatment implications. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 2007, 46, 456-462.
19. Narendran, G. et al., Paradoxical tuberculosis immune reconstitu-tion inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) in HIV patients with cul-ture confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in India and the potential role of IL-6 in prediction. PLoS One, 2013, 8, e63541.
20. Lawn, S. D., Bekker, L. G. and Miller, R. F., Immune reconstitu-tion disease associated with mycobacterial infections in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretrovirals. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2005, 5, 361-373.
21. Bourgarit, A. et al., Explosion of tuberculin-specific Th1-responses induces immune restoration syndrome in tuberculosis and HIV co-infected patients. AIDS, 2006, 20, F1-7.
22. Antonelli, L. R. V. et al., Elevated frequencies of highly activated CD4 T cells in HIV patients developing immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Blood, 2010, 116, 3818-3827.
23. Tadokera, R. et al., Hypercytokinaemia accompanies HIV-tuber-culosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Eur. Res-pir. J., 2011, 37, 1248-1259.
24. Sereti, I. et al., Biomarkers in immune reconstitution inflamma-tory syndrome: signals from pathogenesis. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 2010, 5, 504-510.
25. Oliver, B. G. et al., Mediators of innate and adaptive immune re-sponses differentially affect immune restoration disease associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV patients beginning anti-retroviral therapy. J. Infect. Dis., 2010, 202, 1728-1737.
26. Zaidi, I. et al., Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and the influence of T regulatory cells: a cohort study in the Gambia. PLoS One, 2012, 7, e39213.
27. Lawn, S. D. and Macallan, D. C., Hypercalcemia: a manifestation of immune reconstitution complicating tuberculosis in an HIV-infected person. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2004, 38, 154-155.
28. Price, P. et al., Polymorphisms in cytokine genes define subpopu-lations of HIV-1 patients who experienced immunrestoration dis-eases. AIDS, 2002, 16, 2043-2047.
29. Breton, G. et al., Determinants of immune reconstitution inflam-matory syndrome in HIV type 1-infected patients with tuberculo-sis after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2004, 39, 1709-1712.
30. Lawn, S. D. et al., Urine lipoarabinomannan assay for tuberculosis screening before antiretroviral therapy diagnostic yield and asso-ciation with immune reconstitution disease. AIDS, 2009, 23, 1875-1880.
31. Manosuthi, W. et al., Clinical case definition of paradoxical tuber-culosis associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. AIDS, 2009, 23, 2467-2471.
32. Wilson, I. E. et al., Evaluation of paradoxical TB-associated IRIS with the use of standardized case definitions for resource limited settings. J. Int. Assoc. Phys. AIDS Care (Chic), 2010, 9, 104-108.
33. Buckingham, S. J. et al., Immune reconstitution inflammatory syn-drome in HIV-infected patients with mycobacterial infections starting highly active anti-retroviral therapy. Clin. Radiol., 2004, 59, 505-513.
34. Meintjes, G. et al., Novel relationship between tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and antitubercular drug resistance. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2009, 48, 667-676.
35. Swaminathan, S. et al., Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance tubercu-losis in South India. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis., 2005, 9, 896-900.
36. Gurumurthy, P. et al., Decreased bioavailability of rifampicin and other antituberculosis drugs in patients with advanced human im-munodeficiency virus disease. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2004, 48, 4473-4475.
37. Perlman, D. C. et al., The clinical pharmacokinetics rifampin and ethambutol in HIV-infected persons with tuberculosis. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2005, 41, 1638-1647.
38. Weiner, M. et al., Association between acquired Rifampicin resis-tance and the pharmacokinetics of Rifabutin and isoniazid among patients with HIV and tuberculosis Clin. Infect. Dis., 2005, 40, 1481-1491.
39. Toman, K., What is the 'fall and rise phenomenon'. Tuberculosis case finding and chemotherapy, questions and answers, Geneva, WHO, 1979.
40. Swaminathan, S. et al., Immune reconstitution syndrome follow-ing initiation of antiretroviral therapy in a patient with HIV infec-tion and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Indian J. Chest Dis. Allied Sci., 2005, 47, 299-304.
41. PMDT guidelines, Central TB division, India, 2012; http://tbcindia.nic.in/pdfs/Guidelines%20for%20PMDT%20in%-20India%20-%20May%202012.pdf (accessed on March 2013).
42. Knysz, B. et al., Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as a rare manifestation of immune reconstitution disease in HIV-1 positive patients. Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw. (Online), 2006, 60, 547-551.
43. Kenali, M. S. et al., Concurrent mycobacterial infection and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at the same site in an AIDS patient. Med. J. Malaysia, 2004, 59, 108-111.
44. World Health Organistaion, Consolidated ARV guidelines 2013; http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/arv2013/art/statartadolescents/en/index.html (accessed on 30 June 2013).
45. Haddow, L. J. et al., Incidence, clinical spectrum, risk factors and impact of HIV-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in South Africa. PLoS One, 2012, 7, e40623.
46. Rie, A. V. et al., Xpert MTB/RIF for point-of care diagnosis of TB in high-HIV burden, resource-limited countries: hype or hope? Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn., 2010, 10, 937-946.
47. Karim, A. et al., Timing of initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy. N. Engl. J. Med., 2010, 362, 697-706.
48. Karim, A. et al., Integration of antiretroviral therapy with tubercu-losis treatment. N. Engl. J. Med., 2011, 365, 1492-1501.
49. Havlir, D. V. et al., Timing of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection and tuberculosis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2011, 365, 1482-1491.
50. Blanc, F. X. et al., Earlier versus later start of antiretroviral ther-apy in HIV-infected adults with tuberculosis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2011, 365, 1471-1481.
51. Torok, M. E. et al., Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated tuberculous meningitis. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2011, 52, 1374-1383.
52. Meintjes, G. et al., Randomized placebo-controlled trial of predni-sone for paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitu-tion inflammatory syndrome. AIDS, 2010, 24, 2381-2390.
53. Nayak, S. and Acharya, B., Deflazacort versus other glucocorti-coids: a comparison. Indian J. Dermatol., 2008, 53, 167-170.
54. Brunela, A. S. et al., Thalidomide for steroid-dependent immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromes during AIDS. AIDS, 2012, 26, 2110-2112.
55. Arendt, G. and Nolting, T., Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-positive patients: a relatively new and not fully understood phenomenon. HIV Therapy, 2010, 4, 577-587.
56. Lipman et al., Successful drug treatment of immune reconstitution disease with the leukotriene receptor antagonist, montelukast: a clue to pathogenesis? AIDS, 2007, 21, 383-384.
57. Manosuthi, W. et al., Immune reconstitution inflammatory syn-drome of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients receiving antituberculosis and antiretroviral therapy. J. Infect., 2006, 53, 357-363.
58. Worodria, W. et al., Clinical spectrum, risk factors and outcome of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients with tuberculosis-HIV coinfection. Antivir. Ther., 2012, 17, 841-848.