Procedure-related reduction of the risk of infection

Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: Musculoskeletal Infection

Volumn , Issue , 2018, Pages 43-54

  Cierny, George ^a   Rao, Nalini ^b  

^a REOrthopaedics Inc   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84884896897     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (94)

1. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR, Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee: Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Am J Infect Control 1999;27: 97-134.
2. Institute of Medicine: Rewarding Provider Performance: Aligning Incentives in Medicare. Washington, DC, National Academies Press, 2006.
3. Berard F, Gandon J: Postoperative wound infections: The influence of ultraviolet irradiation of the operating room and of various other factors. Ann Surg 1964;160: 1-192.
4. Cruse PJ, Ford R: The epidemiology of wound infection: A 10-year prospective study of 62,939 wounds. Surg Clin North Am 1980;60: 27-40.
5. Culver DH, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, et al: Surgical wound infection rates by wound class, operative procedure, and patient risk index: The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Am J Med 1991;91: 152S-157S.
6. Haley RW, Culver DH, Morgan WM, White JW, Emori TG, Hooton TM: Identifying patients at high risk of surgical wound infection: A simple multivariate index of patient susceptibility and wound contamination. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121: 206-215.
7. Gherini S, Vaughn BK, Lombardi AV, Mallory TH: Delayed wound healing and nutritional deficiencies after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1993;293: 188-195.
8. Garibaldi RA, Cushing D, Lerer T: Risk factors for postoperative infection. Am J Med 1991;91: 158S-163S.
9. Peersman G, Laskin R, Davis J, Peterson M: Infection in total knee replacement: A retrospective review of 6489 total knee replacements. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001;392: 15-23.
10. Ridgeway S, Wilson J, Charlet A, Kafatos G, Pearson A, Coello R: Infection of the surgical site after arthroplasty of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005;187: 844-850.
11. Gaynes RP, Culver DH, Horan TC, Edwards JR, Richards C, Tolson JS: Surgical site infection (SSI) rates in the United States, 1992-1998: The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System basic SSI risk index. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33(suppl 2): S69-S77.
12. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System: National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report: Data summary from January 1992 through June 2004 issued October 2004. Am J Infect Control 2004;32: 470-485.
13. Ferraz EM, Bacelar TS, Aguiar JL, Ferraz AA, Pagnossin G, Batista JE: Wound infection rates in clean surgery: A potentially misleading risk classification. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13: 457-462.
14. Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Martone WJ, Jarvis WR, Emori TG: CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections, 1992: A modification of CDC definitions of surgical wound infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13: 606-608.
15. Malangoni M: Critical Issues in Operating Room Management. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott-Raven, 1997.
16. Hoborn J: Wet strike-through and transfer of bacteria through operating barrier materials. Hyg & Med 1990;15: 15-20.
17. Werner HP, Hoborn J, Schön K, Petri E: Influence of drape permeability on wound contamination during mastectomy. Eur J Surg 1991;157: 379-383.
18. Whyte W, Hambraeus A, Laurell G, Hoborn J: The relative importance of the routes and sources of wound contamination during general surgery: I. Non-airborne. J Hosp Infect 1991;18: 93-107.
19. Whyte W, Hambraeus A, Laurell G, Hoborn J: The relative importance of the routes and sources of wound contamination during general surgery: II. Airborne. J Hosp Infect 1992;22: 41-54.
20. Edwards LD: The epidemiology of 2056 remote site infections and 1966 surgical wound infections occurring in 1865 patients: A four year study of 40,923 operations at Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago. Ann Surg 1976;184: 758-766.
21. Valentine RJ, Weigelt JA, Dryer D, Rodgers C: Effect of remote infections on clean wound infection rates. Am J Infect Control 1986;14: 64-67.
22. Pallasch TJ, Slots J: Antibiotic prophylaxis and the medically compromised patient. Periodontol 2000 1996;10: 107-138.
23. Wenzel RP, Perl TM: The significance of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and the incidence of postoperative wound infections. J Hosp Infect 1995;31: 13-24.
24. Kalmeijer MD, van Nieuwland-Bollen E, Bogaers-Hofman D, de Baere GA: Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is a major risk factor for surgical site infections in orthopaedic surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000;21: 319-323.
25. Perl TM: Prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infections among surgical patients: Beyond traditional perioperative prophylaxis. Surgery 2003;134: S10-S17.
26. Hacek DM, Robb WJ, Paule SM, Kudrna JC, Stamos VP, Peterson LR: Staphylococcus aureus nasal decolonization in joint replacement surgery reduces infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008;466: 1349-1355.
27. Rao N, Cannella B, Schnebel JA, Crossett LS, Yates AJ Jr, McGough R III: A preoperative decolonization protocol for Staphylococcus aureus prevents orthopaedic infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008;466: 1343-1348.
28. Larson EL, Cronquist AB, Whittier S, Lai L, Lyle CT, Della Latta P: Differences in skin flora between inpatients and chronically ill outpatients. Heart Lung 2000;29: 298-305.
29. Altemeier WA, Culbertson WR, Hummel RP: Surgical considerations of endogenous infections: Sources, types and methods of control. Surg Clin North Am 1968;48: 227-240.
30. Kowli SS, Nayak MH, Mehta AP, Bhalerao RA: Hospital infections. Indian J Surg 1985;48: 475-486.
31. Manian FA, Meyer PL, Setzer J, Senkel D: Surgical site infections associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Do postoperative factors play a role? Clin Infect Dis 2003;36: 863-868.
32. Bratzler DW, Hunt DR: The surgical infection prevention and surgical care improvement projects: National initiatives to improve outcomes for patients having surgery. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43: 322-330.
33. Gould CV, McDonald LC: Bench to bedside review: Clostridium difficile colitis. Crit Care 2008;12: 203.
34. Tanner J, Woodings D, Moncaster K: Preoperative hair removal to reduce surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;2: CD004122.
35. Hayek LJ, Emerson JM, Gardner AM: A placebo-controlled trial of the effect of two preoperative baths or showers with chlorhexidine detergent on postoperative wound infection rates. J Hosp Infect 1987;10: 165-172.
36. Garibaldi RA: Prevention of intraoperative wound contamination with chlorhexidine shower and scrub. J Hosp Infect 1988;11: 5-9.
37. Aly R, Maibach HI: Comparative antibacterial efficacy of a 2-minute surgical scrub with chlorhexidine gluconate, povidone-iodine, and chloroxylenol sponge-brushes. Am J Infect Control 1988;16: 173-177.
38. Ostrander RV, Botte MJ, Brage ME: Efficacy of surgical preparation solutions in foot and ankle surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87: 980-985.
39. Culligan PJ, Kubik K, Murphy M, Blackwell L, Snyder J: A randomized trial that compared povidone iodine and chlorhexidine as antiseptics for vaginal hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192: 422-425.
40. Pereira LJ, Lee GM, Wade KJ: An evaluation of five protocols for surgical hand washing in relation to skin condition and microbial counts. J Hosp Infect 1997;36: 49-65.
41. Johnston DH, Fairclough JA, Brown EM, Morris R: Rate of bacterial recolonization of the skin after preparation: Four methods compared. Br J Surg 1987;74: 64.
42. Sanders R, Fortin P, Ross E, Helfet D: Outer gloves in orthopaedic procedures: Cloth compared to latex. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990;72: 914-917.
43. Owers KL, James E, Bannister GC: Source of bacterial shedding in laminar flow theatres. J Hosp Infect 2004;58: 230-232.
44. Laufman H: Surgical hazard control: Effective architecture and engineering. Arch Surg 1973;107: 552-559.
45. Knobben BA, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ: Evaluation of measures to decrease intra-operative bacterial contamination in orthopaedic implant surgery. J Hosp Infect 2006;62: 174-180.
46. Ritter MA, Olberding EM, Malinzak RA: Ultraviolet lighting during orthopaedic surgery and the rate of infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007;89: 1935-1940.
47. Haley RW, Culver DH, Morgan WM, White JW, Emori TG, Hooton TM: Identifying patients at high risk of surgical wound infection: A simple multivariate index of patient susceptibility and wound contamination. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121: 206-215.
48. Schoonhoven L, Defloor T, Grypdonck MHF: Incidence of pressure ulcers due to surgery. J Clin Nurs 2002;11: 479-487.
49. Wimmer C, Gluch H, Franzreb M, Ogon M: Predisposing factors for infection in spine surgery: A survey of 850 spinal procedures. J Spinal Disord 1998;11: 124-128.
50. Lee J, Singletary R, Schmader K, Anderson DJ, Bolognesi M, Kaye KS: Surgical site infection in the elderly following orthopaedic surgery: Risk factors and outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006;88: 1705-1712.
51. Dobbins JJ, Seligson D, Raff MJ: Bacterial colonization of orthopedic devices in the absence of clinical infection. J Infect Dis 1988;158: 203-205.
52. Nelson CL, McLaren AC, McLaren SG, Johnson JW, Smeltzer MS: Is aseptic loosening truly aseptic? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005;437: 25-30.
53. Elek SD, Conen PE: The virulence of Staphylococcus pyogenes for man: A study of the problems of wound infection. Br J Exp Pathol 1957;38: 573-586.
54. Chu CC, Williams DF: Effects of physical configuration and chemical structure of suture materials on bacterial adhesion: A possible link to wound infection. Am J Surg 1984;147: 197-204.
55. Marco F, Vallez R, Gonzalez P, Ortega L, de la Lama J, Lopez-Duran L: Study of the efficacy of coated Vicryl plus antibacterial suture in an animal model of orthopedic surgery. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2007;8: 359-366.
56. Hutchinson JJ, McGuckin M: Occlusive dressings: A microbiologic and clinical review. Am J Infect Control 1990;18: 257-268.
57. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: Antibiotic prophylaxis for bactermia in patients with joint replacements. Rosemont, IL, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2009. http://www.aaos.org/about/papers/advistmt/1033.asp. Accessed May 20, 2009.
58. Cierny G III, DiPasquale D: Periprosthetic total joint infections: Staging, treatment and outcomes. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002;403: 23-28.
59. Burgess EM, Matsen FA III, Wyss CR, Simmons CW: Segmental trans-cutaneous measurements of PO2 in patients requiring below-knee amputations for peripheral vascular insufficiency. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1982;64: 378-382.
60. Bunt TJ, Holloway GA: TcPO2 as an accurate predictor of therapy in limb salvage. Ann Vasc Surg 1996;10: 224-227.
61. Mahoney CB, Odom J: Maintaining intraoperative normothermia: A meta-analysis of outcomes with costs. AANA J 1999;67: 155-163.
62. Melling AC, Ali B, Scott EM, Leaper DJ: Effects of preoperative warming on the incidence of wound infection after clean surgery: A randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2001;358: 876-880.
63. Hopf HW, Hunt TK, West JM, Blomquist P, Goodson WH III, Jensen JA: Wound tissue oxygen tension predicts the risk of wound infection in surgical patients. Arch Surg 1997;132: 997-1005.
64. Akca O, Melischek M, Scheck T, et al: Postoperative pain and subcutaneous oxygen tension. Lancet 1999;354: 41-42.
65. Wu L, Pierce GF, Ladin DA, Zhao LL, Rogers D, Mustoe TA: Effects of oxygen on wound responses to growth factors: Kaposi’s FGF, but not basic FGF stimulates repair in ischemic wounds. Growth Factors 1995;12: 29-35.
66. Gleadle JM, Ratcliffe PJ: Hypoxia and the regulation of gene expression. Mol Med Today 1998;4: 122-129.
67. Marx RE, Johnson RP, Kline SN: Prevention of osteoradionecrosis: A randomized prospective clinical trial of hyperbaric oxygen versus penicillin. J Am Dent Assoc 1985;111: 49-54.
68. Myers RA, Marx RE: Use of hyperbaric oxygen in postradiation head and neck surgery. NCI Monogr 1990;9: 151-157.
69. Nelson CL: Prevention of sepsis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1987;222: 66-72.
70. Cheung EV, Sperling JW, Cofield RH: Infection associated with hematoma formation after shoulder arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008;466: 1363-1367.
71. Jaberi FM, Parvizi J, Haytmanek BS, et al: Procrastination of wound drainage and malnutrition affects the final outcome of total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008;466: 1368-1371.
72. Nelson CL, Bergfeld JA, Schwartz J, Kolczun M: Antibiotics in human hematoma and wound fluid. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1975;108: 138-144.
73. Surin VV, Sundholm K, Bäckman L: Infection after total hip replacement with special reference to a discharge from the wound. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1983;65: 412-418.
74. Weiss AP, Krackow KA: Persistent wound drainage after primary total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 1993;8: 285-289.
75. Jensen LS, Anderson AJ, Christiansen PM, et al: Postoperative infection and natural killer cell function following blood transfusion in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 1992;79: 513-516.
76. McPherson EJ, Tontz WT, Patzakis M, et al: Outcome of infected total knees utilizing a staging system for prosthetic joint infection. Am J Orthop 1999;28: 161-165.
77. Lai K, Bohm ER, Burnell C, Hedden DR: Presence of medical co-morbidities in patients with infected primary hip or knee arthroplasties. J Arthroplasty 2007;22: 651-656.
78. Bongartz T, Sutton AJ, Sweeting MJ, Buchan I, Matteson EL, Montori V: Anti-TNP antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: Systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2006;295: 2275-2285.
79. Cierny G III, DiPasquale D: Treatment of chronic infection. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2006;14: S105-S110.
80. Jiranek WA, Hanssen AD, Greenwald AS: Antibiotic-loaded bone cement for infection prophylaxis in total joint replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006;88: 2487-2500.
81. Lilienfeld DE, Vlahov D, Tenney JH, McLaughlin JS: Obesity and diabetes as risk factors for postoperative wound infections after cardiac surgery. Am J Infect Control 1988;16: 3-6.
82. Furnary AP, Zerr KJ, Grunkemeier GL, Starr A: Continuous intravenous insulin infusion reduces the incidence of deep sternal wound infection in diabetic patients after cardiac surgical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67: 352-360.
83. Zerr KJ, Furnary AP, Grunkemeier GL, Bookin S, Kanhere V, Starr A: Glucose control lowers the risk of wound infection in diabetics after open heart operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63: 356-361.
84. Ridderstolpe L, Gill H, Granfeldt H, Ahlfeldt H, Rutberg H: Superficial and deep sternal wound complications: Incidence, risk factors and mortality. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001;20: 1168-1175.
85. Møller AM, Villebro N, Pedersen T, Tønnesen H: Effect of preoperative smoking intervention on postoperative complications: A randomised clinical trial. Lancet 2002;359: 114-117.
86. Green KA, Wilde AH, Stulberg BN: Preoperative nutritional status of total joint patients: Relationship to postoperative wound complications. J Arthroplasty 1991;6: 321-325.
87. Gherini S, Vaughn BK, Lombardi AV Jr, Mallory TH: Delayed wound healing and nutritional deficiencies after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1993;293: 188-195.
88. Klein JD, Garfin SR: Nutritional status in the patient with spine infection. Orthop Clin North Am 1996;27: 33-36.
89. Marin LA, Salido JA, Lopez A, Silva A: Preoperative nutritional evaluation as a prognostic tool for wound healing. Acta Orthop Scand 2002;73: 2-5.
90. Sizer T: Standards and Guidelines for the Nutritional Support of Patients in Hospitals. Maidenhead, Berks, England, British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 1996.
91. Torosian MH: Perioperative nutrition support for patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery: Critical analysis and recommendations. World J Surg 1999;23: 565-569.
92. Heys SD, Ogston KN: Peri-operative nutritional support: Controversies and debates. Int J Surg Investig 2000;2: 107-115.
93. Bradley JR, Evans DB, Calne RY: Long-term survival in haemodialysis patients. Lancet 1987;1: 295-296.
94. Sunday JM, Guille JT, Torg JS: Complications of joint arthroplasty in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002;397: 350-355.