Ecosystem services and water planning in the Murray-Darling Basin

Australasian Journal of Natural Resources Law and Policy

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 17-41

  Chong, Joanne ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84884763309     PISSN: 13205323     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. Murray-Darling Basin Authority, Guide to the Proposed Basin Plan: Overview (Murray-Darling Basin Authority, 2010) xv.
2. Murray-Darling Basin Authority, Proposed Basin Plan: Water Act 2007 (Murray-Darling Basin Authority, 2011) 131 [45].
3. See, eg, National Irrigators' Council, 'An Historic Draft Basin Plan or the Start of the Great Basin Scam' (Media Release, 28 November 2011).
4. Jamie Pittock, 'Murray Darling Basin Plan Draft Released: Expert Reactions', The Conversation (online), 28 November 2011 .
5. Lin Crase, 'The Fallout to the Guide to the Proposed Basin Plan' (2011) Australian Journal of Public Administration 84.
6. Murray-Darling Basin Authority, Plain English Summary of the Proposed Basin Plan (Murray-Darling Basin Authority, 2011) vii.
7. Jamie Pittock and Daniel Connell, 'Australia Demonstrates the Planet's Future: Water and Climate in the Murray-Darling Basin' (2010) 26 International Journal of Water Resources Development 561.
8. Stuart White, Kate Noble and Joanne Chong, 'Risk and Reality: Challenges and Opportunities for Australian Urban Water Management' (2008) 41 Australian Economic Review 428.
9. Jennifer McKay, 'Evidentiary Issues with the Implementation of the Sustainability Duty of Care in the Basin Plan', in Daniel Connell and R Quentin Grafton (eds), Basin Futures: Water Reform in the Murray-Darling Basin (ANU E Press, 2010) 233.
10. Paul Kildea, 'The Water Act and the Murray-Darling Basin Plan' (2011) 22(1) Public Law Review 9.
11. Nicola Rivers, 'Achieving Sustainability in the Murray-Darling Basin' (2011) Australian Environment Review 70.
12. Water Act ss 171-2.
13. Murray-Darling Basin Agreement sch F . This is the Schedule agreed upon by the Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council at Meeting 29-25 August 2000.
14. Water Act s 21(4)(b).
15. Paul Kildea, 'The Water Act and the Murray-Darling Basin Plan' (2011) 22(1) Public Law Review 9.
16. Paul Kildea, 'The Water Act and the Murray-Darling Basin Plan' (2011) 22(1) Public Law Review 9.
17. Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs References Committee, Parliament of Australia, A Balancing Act: Provisions of the Water Act 2007 (2011).
18. Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs References Committee, Parliament of Australia, A Balancing Act: Provisions of the Water Act 2007 (2011).
19. Lin Crase, 'The Fallout to the Guide to the Proposed Basin Plan' (2011) Australian Journal of Public Administration 84.
20. Lin Crase, 'The Fallout to the Guide to the Proposed Basin Plan' (2011) Australian Journal of Public Administration 84.
21. Water Act s 3(d)(ii).
22. Janice Gray, 'The Legal Framework for Water Trading in the Murray-Darling Basin: An Overwhelming Success?' (2012) 29 Environmental and Planning Law Journal 328.
23. Erik Gómez-Baggethun et al, 'The History of Ecosystem Services in Economic Theory and Practice: From Early Notions to Markets and Payment Schemes' (2010) 69 Ecological Economics 1209.
24. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Wetlands and Water Synthesis (World Resources Institute, 2005).
25. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Wetlands and Water Synthesis (World Resources Institute, 2005).
26. Murray-Darling Basin Authority, Guide to Proposed Basin Plan: Overview.
27. Daniel Connell, 'Decision-making in the Murray-Darling Basin' in R Quentin Grafton and Karen Hussey (eds), Water Resources Planning and Management (Cambridge University Press, 2011) 673.
28. Daniel Connell, 'Decision-making in the Murray-Darling Basin' in R Quentin Grafton and Karen Hussey (eds), Water Resources Planning and Management (Cambridge University Press, 2011) 673.
29. Daniel Connell, 'Decision-making in the Murray-Darling Basin' in R Quentin Grafton and Karen Hussey (eds), Water Resources Planning and Management (Cambridge University Press, 2011) 673.
30. See, eg, Joanne Chong and Anthony R Ladson, 'Analysis and Management of Unseasonal Flooding in the Barmah-Millewa Forest, Australia' (2003) 19 River Research and Applications 161.
31. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Salinity and Drainage Strategy: Ten Years On, 1999 (Murray-Darling Basin Commission, 1999).
32. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Murray-Darling Basin Cap on Diversions Water Year 1997/98: Striking the Balance (Murray-Darling Basin Commission, 1998).
33. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, The Living Murray: Towards a Healthy, Working River (24 July 2007) .
34. This website allows access to the Intergovernmental Agreement of 25 June 2004, the Living Murray Business Plan, as well as key communiqués issued in the lead up to the 'Living Murray' initiative. Archived materials can also be accessed.
35. Daniel Connell, 'Decision-making in the Murray-Darling Basin' in R Quentin Grafton and Karen Hussey (eds), Water Resources Planning and Management (Cambridge University Press, 2011) 673.
36. Daniel Connell, Interview with Peter Cullen (Oral History Collection, Australian National Library, 2004).
37. Daniel Connell, 'Decision-making in the Murray-Darling Basin' in R Quentin Grafton and Karen Hussey (eds), Water Resources Planning and Management (Cambridge University Press, 2011) 673.
38. Alex Gardner, Richard Bartlett and Janice Gray, Water Resources Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2009).
39. Daniel Connell and R Quentin Grafton, 'Water Reform in the Murray-Darling Basin' (2011) 47 Water Resources Research 4.
40. Council of Australian Governments, 'Attachment A-Water Resources Policy' (Council of Australian Governments' Communiqué, 25 February 1994).
41. Penny Carruthers and Sharon Mascher, 'The Story of Water Management in Australia: Balancing Public and Private Property Rights to Achieve a Sustainable Future' (2011) 1 Property Law Review 97.
42. Alex Gardner, Richard Bartlett and Janice Gray, Water Resources Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2009).
43. Richard B Norgaard, 'Ecosystem Services: From Eye-opening Metaphor to Complexity Blinder' (2010) 69 Ecological Economics 1219.
44. Erik Gómez-Baggethun et al, 'The History of Ecosystem Services in Economic Theory and Practice: From Early Notions to Markets and Payment Schemes' (2010) 69 Ecological Economics 1209.
45. Shuang Liu et al, 'Valuing Ecosystem Services: Theory, Practice, and the Need for a Transdisciplinary Synthesis' (2010) 1185 Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 59.
46. Shuang Liu et al, 'Valuing Ecosystem Services: Theory, Practice, and the Need for a Transdisciplinary Synthesis' (2010) 1185 Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 59.
47. see generally David Pearce, Anil Markandya, and Edward Barbier, Blueprint for a Green Economy (Earthscan, 1989). Part of the impetus for the developments stemmed from requirements in the United States' Superfund regulation and cost-benefit analysis requirements in the 1980s.
48. See, eg, Robert Costanza et al, 'The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital' (1997) 387 Nature 253.
49. See also Gretchen C Daily, 'Management Objectives for the Protection of Ecosystem Services' (2000) 3 Environmental Science and Policy 333. This is a famous application of the ecosystem services approach, being an analysis of the value and costs of restoring the ecological integrity of the New York Catskills Mountains Watershed, which was found to be less costly than a new water filtration plant.
50. Shuang Liu et al, 'Valuing Ecosystem Services: Theory, Practice, and the Need for a Transdisciplinary Synthesis' (2010) 1185 Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 59.
51. Matthew M Sommerville, Julia P G Jones and E J Milner-Gulland, 'A Revised Conceptual Framework for Payments for Environmental Services' (2009) 14(2) Ecology and Society 34.
52. Thomas Greiber (ed), Payments for Ecosystem Services: Legal and Institutional Frameworks (Environmental Policy and Law Paper No 78, IUCN, 2009).
53. See especially CSIRO, Ecosystem Services Project .
54. See, eg, EcoTender, an auction scheme aimed at preserving ecosystem services on private land in Victoria. Department of Sustainability and Environment, EcoTender (23 January 2012) .
55. Australian Government, National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development (December 1992) .
56. Steven Cork, Gary Stoneham, and Kim Lowe, Ecosystem Services and Australian Natural Resource Management (NRM) Futures (Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, 2007).
57. Kristine Dewar, SEQ Ecosystem Services Framework: Relationships with the Planning and Policy Framework of South-east Queensland (SEQ Catchments Ltd, 2010).
58. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Overview of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) .
59. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 'MEA 2003 Framework Summary' (2003) 3.
60. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 'MEA 2003 Framework Summary' (2003) 3.
61. See, eg, The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (2011) .
62. United Nations, Intergovernmental Science Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (2010) .
63. Shuang Liu et al, 'Valuing Ecosystem Services: Theory, Practice, and the Need for a Transdisciplinary Synthesis' (2010) 1185 Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 59.
64. David Pearce, Giles Atkinson, and Susana Mourato, Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Environment: Recent Developments (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006).
65. J D Connor et al, Socioeconomic Implications of the Guide to the Proposed Basin Plan-Methods and Results Overview (Goyder Institute for Water Research Technical Report Series No 11/3, CSIRO, 2010).
66. Richard Norris, 'Environmental Water: The Benefits of Ecological Goods and Services', in Daniel Connell and R Quentin Grafton (eds), Basin Futures: Water Reform in the Murray-Darling Basin (ANU E Press, 2011) 59.
67. See, eg, Sue Jackson, Brad Moggridge, and Cathy Robinson, Effects of Changes in Water Availability on Indigenous People of the Murray-Darling Basin: A Scoping Study (Report to the Murray-Darling Basin Authority, CSIRO, 2010).
68. Mark Hamstead, Improving Environmental Sustainability in Water Planning (National Water Commission, 2009).
69. IUCN, Value: Counting Ecosystems as Water Infrastructure (IUCN The World Conservation Union, 2005). Economists often use a 'Total Economic Value' taxonomy to describe and quantify the value of ecosystem services. These include 'direct use' values from provisioning services such as water for irrigation and 'indirect use' values from regulating and cultural services such as water quality, recreational and tourism. The TEV framework also makes explicit the value of the future, both for current and future generations.
70. J D Connor et al, Socioeconomic Implications of the Guide to the Proposed Basin Plan-Methods and Results Overview (Goyder Institute for Water Research Technical Report Series No 11/3, CSIRO, 2010).
71. Clive L Spash, 'Ecosystem Services Valuation: Socio-Economics and the Environment in Discussion' (CSIRO Working Paper Series 2008-03, CSIRO, 2008).
72. Nicolás Kosoy and Esteve Corbera, 'Payments for Ecosystem Services as Commodity Fetishism' (2010) 69 Ecological Economics 1228.
73. David Pearce, Giles Atkinson, and Susana Mourato, Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Environment: Recent Developments (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006).
74. David Pearce, Giles Atkinson, and Susana Mourato, Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Environment: Recent Developments (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006).
75. Nicolás Kosoy and Esteve Corbera, 'Payments for Ecosystem Services as Commodity Fetishism' (2010) 69 Ecological Economics 1228.
76. See, eg, Rosemary Lyster, 'REDD, Transparency, Participation and Resource Rights: The Role of Law' (2011) 14 Environmental Science & Policy 118 for an outline of how REDD initiatives (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) affects the rights of indigenous people and local communities.
77. Richard M Cowling et al, 'An Operational Model for Mainstreaming Ecosystem Services for Implementation' (2008) 105 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 9483.
78. Clive L Spash, 'Ecosystem Services Valuation: Socio-Economics and the Environment in Discussion' (CSIRO Working Paper Series 2008-03, CSIRO, 2008).
79. William L Andreen, 'Water Law and the Search for Sustainability: A Comparative Analysis' in R Quentin Grafton and Karen Hussey (eds), Water Resources Planning and Management (Cambridge University Press, 2011) 155.
80. NWI [5].
81. NWI [5].
82. See National Water Commission, 'Sustainable Levels of Extraction: National Water Commission Position' (2010). In its paper, the NWC states that maintenance of ecosystem services at an appropriate level of risk is integral to achieving environmental sustainability.
83. NWI [37].
84. NWI [37].
85. Mark Hamstead, Improving Environmental Sustainability in Water Planning (National Water Commission, 2009).
86. Mark Hamstead, Claudia Baldwin, and Vanessa O'Keefe, 'Water Allocation Planning in Australia-Current Practices and Lessons Learned' (Waterlines Occasional Paper No 6, National Water Commission, 2008).
87. Neil Byron, 'What Can the Murray-Darling Basin Plan Achieve? Will It Be Enough?' in Daniel Connell and R Quentin Grafton (eds), Basin Futures: Water Reform in the Murray-Darling Basin (ANU E Press, 2011) 385.
88. Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs References Committee, Parliament of Australia, A Balancing Act: Provisions of the Water Act 2007 (2011).
89. NWI [36].
90. William L Andreen, 'Water Law and the Search for Sustainability: A Comparative Analysis' in R Quentin Grafton and Karen Hussey (eds), Water Resources Planning and Management (Cambridge University Press, 2011) 155.
91. Jamie Pittock, 'Murray Darling Basin Plan Draft Released: Expert Reactions', The Conversation (online), 28 November 2011 .
92. Alex Gardner, Richard Bartlett and Janice Gray, Water Resources Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2009).
93. NWI [35].
94. Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs References Committee, Parliament of Australia, A Balancing Act: Provisions of the Water Act 2007 (2011).
95. Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs References Committee, Parliament of Australia, A Balancing Act: Provisions of the Water Act 2007 (2011).
96. Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs References Committee, Parliament of Australia, A Balancing Act: Provisions of the Water Act 2007 (2011).
97. Lin Crase, 'The Fallout to the Guide to the Proposed Basin Plan' (2011) Australian Journal of Public Administration 84.
98. Jennifer McKay, 'Evidentiary Issues with the Implementation of the Sustainability Duty of Care in the Basin Plan', in Daniel Connell and R Quentin Grafton (eds), Basin Futures: Water Reform in the Murray-Darling Basin (ANU E Press, 2010) 233.
99. Paul Kildea, 'The Water Act and the Murray-Darling Basin Plan' (2011) 22(1) Public Law Review 9.
100. Productivity Commission, 'Market Mechanisms for Recovering Water in the Murray-Darling Basin' (Final Report, Australian Government, 2010).
101. Paul Kildea and George Williams, 'The Constitution and the Management of Water in Australia's Rivers' (2010) 32 Sydney Law Review 595.
102. Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs References Committee, Parliament of Australia, A Balancing Act: Provisions of the Water Act 2007 (2011).
103. Paul Kildea, 'The Water Act and the Murray-Darling Basin Plan' (2011) 22(1) Public Law Review 9.
104. Douglas Fisher, 'A Sustainable Murray-Darling Basin: The Legal Challenges' in Daniel Connell and R Quentin Grafton (eds), Basin Futures: Water Reform in the Murray-Darling Basin (ANU E Press, 2011) 217.
105. Donald R Rothwell, 'International Law and the Murray-Darling Basin Plan' (2012) 29 Environmental and Planning Law Journal 268.
106. Paul Kildea, 'The Water Act and the Murray-Darling Basin Plan' (2011) 22(1) Public Law Review 9.
107. Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs References Committee, Parliament of Australia, A Balancing Act: Provisions of the Water Act 2007 (2011).
108. See especially, Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, opened for signature 2 February 1971, 996 UNTS 245 (entered into force 17 February 1976) ('Ramsar Convention') . Parties to the Ramsar Convention commit to the 'wise use' of wetlands, which is defined as 'the maintenance of their ecological character, achieved through the implementation of ecosystem approaches, within the context of sustainable development... 'wise use' therefore has its (sic) heart the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands and their resources, for the benefit of humankind' (emphasis added).
109. Jamie Pittock et al, 'Changing Character: The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and Climate Change in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia' (2010) 9 Environmental and Planning Law 88.
110. Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs References Committee, Parliament of Australia, A Balancing Act: Provisions of the Water Act 2007 (2011).
111. Water Act s 4 (definition of 'environmentally sustainable level of take', 'environmental assets') (emphasis added).
112. Neil Byron, 'What Can the Murray-Darling Basin Plan Achieve? Will It Be Enough?' in Daniel Connell and R Quentin Grafton (eds), Basin Futures: Water Reform in the Murray-Darling Basin (ANU E Press, 2011) 385.
113. See, eg, National Farmers' Federation et al, 'No Balance in Basin Plan, Say Peak Agricultural Groups' (Media Release, 28 November 2011).
114. See, eg, Richard Kingsford, 'Will the Murray-Darling Plan Do Enough for the Environment? The Truth is, We Don't Know', The Conversation (online), 28 November 2011 .
115. Environment Defenders Office (Victoria), Legal Analysis of the Proposed Murray-Darling Basin Plan (Environmental Defenders Office (Victoria), 2012), 4.
116. Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs References Committee, Parliament of Australia, A Balancing Act: Provisions of the Water Act 2007 (2011).
117. Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs References Committee, Parliament of Australia, A Balancing Act: Provisions of the Water Act 2007 (2011).
118. Water Act s 20(c).
119. Water Act s 20(c).
120. Murray-Darling Basin Authority, Guide to the Proposed Basin Plan: Technical Background (Murray-Darling Basin Authority, 2010).
121. Murray-Darling Basin Authority, Guide to the Proposed Basin Plan: Technical Background (Murray-Darling Basin Authority, 2010).
122. Murray-Darling Basin Authority, Proposed Basin Plan: Water Act 2007 (Murray-Darling Basin Authority, 2011) 131 [45].
123. Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs References Committee, Parliament of Australia, A Balancing Act: Provisions of the Water Act 2007 (2011).
124. Daniel Montoya, 'The Basin Plan: Legal Debates and Developments' (NSW Parliamentary Library Research Service, 2012). At April 2012, three parties have indicated potential High Court challenges to the proposed Basin Plan. Firstly, the South Australian Premier, Jay Weatherill, indicated on 29 November 2011 that the South Australian Government was considering a challenge to the Basin Plan. Secondly, on 2 April 2012, a coalition of ten major environment and community groups commissioned a legal analysis of the proposed Basin Plan by the Environmental Defenders Office (Victoria) in preparation for a potential challenge. Thirdly, in April 2012, a potential class action representing 1200 water uses from South Australia and western Victoria was announced.
125. Mike Young, 'Sustainable Diversion Limits: A Plan for the Murray-Darling Basin' (Droplet No 19, University of Adelaide, 2011). Section 23(2) of the Water Act gives the MDBA three choices to set SDLs. They can set a number (as proposed in the Guide to the Basin Plan), use a formula, or specify 'in any other way that the Authority determines to be appropriate'.
126. William L Andreen, 'Water Law and the Search for Sustainability: A Comparative Analysis' in R Quentin Grafton and Karen Hussey (eds), Water Resources Planning and Management (Cambridge University Press, 2011) 155.
127. Lin Crase, 'The Fallout to the Guide to the Proposed Basin Plan' (2011) Australian Journal of Public Administration 84.
128. Daniel Connell, 'The Role of the Commonwealth Environmental Water Holder' in Daniel Connell and R Quentin Grafton (eds), Basin Futures: Water Reform in the Murray-Darling Basin (ANU E Press, 2011) 327.
129. Daniel Connell, 'The Role of the Commonwealth Environmental Water Holder' in Daniel Connell and R Quentin Grafton (eds), Basin Futures: Water Reform in the Murray-Darling Basin (ANU E Press, 2011) 327.
130. Water Act s 54.
131. Alex Gardner, Richard Bartlett and Janice Gray, Water Resources Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2009).
132. Alex Gardner, Richard Bartlett and Janice Gray, Water Resources Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2009).
133. Australian Government, National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development (December 1992) .
134. See Water Act 1989 (Vic) s 1(d).
135. Water Management Act 2000 (NSW) s 3(a).
136. Natural Resources Management Act 2004 (SA) s 7(2).
137. Alex Gardner, Richard Bartlett and Janice Gray, Water Resources Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2009).
138. Alex Gardner, Richard Bartlett and Janice Gray, Water Resources Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2009).
139. Chief Justice Brian J Preston, 'Water and Ecologically Sustainable Development in the Courts' (Paper presented at Australian Sustainable Laws and Water Management: The Future Symposium, University of South Australia, 17 October 2008) 12.
140. 'In Nature Conservation Council of New South Wales Inc v Minister Administering the Water Management Act 2000, the Gwydir River Water Sharing Plan was unsuccessfully challenged on grounds that the plan failed to conform with the Water Management Act 2000 (NSW) by not containing performance indicators and an environmental water rule for environmental health water to benefit the Gwydir Wetlands'.
141. Anita Foerster, 'Victoria's New Environmental Water Reserve: What's in a Name?' (2007) 11 Australasian Journal of Natural Resources Law and Policy 145.
142. Anita Foerster, 'Victoria's New Environmental Water Reserve: What's in a Name?' (2007) 11 Australasian Journal of Natural Resources Law and Policy 145.
143. Mark Hamstead, Claudia Baldwin, and Vanessa O'Keefe, 'Water Allocation Planning in Australia-Current Practices and Lessons Learned' (Waterlines Occasional Paper No 6, National Water Commission, 2008).
144. See, eg, Natural Resources Management Act (2004) SA s 76(4)(b)(i) which provides that water allocation plans achieve 'an equitable balance is achieved between environmental, social and economic needs for the water.'
145. Mark Hamstead, Claudia Baldwin, and Vanessa O'Keefe, 'Water Allocation Planning in Australia-Current Practices and Lessons Learned' (Waterlines Occasional Paper No 6, National Water Commission, 2008).
146. Alex Gardner, Richard Bartlett and Janice Gray, Water Resources Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2009).
147. Mark Hamstead, Claudia Baldwin, and Vanessa O'Keefe, 'Water Allocation Planning in Australia-Current Practices and Lessons Learned' (Waterlines Occasional Paper No 6, National Water Commission, 2008).
148. Claudia Baldwin, Vanessa O'Keefe, and Mark Hamstead, 'Reclaiming the Balance: Social and Economic Assessment-lessons Learned after Ten Years of Water Reforms in Australia' (2009) 16(2) Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 70.
149. Claudia Baldwin, Vanessa O'Keefe, and Mark Hamstead, 'Reclaiming the Balance: Social and Economic Assessment-lessons Learned after Ten Years of Water Reforms in Australia' (2009) 16(2) Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 70.
150. Carla Mooney, 'Collaborative Water Planning Processes, South Australian River Murray Water Allocation Plan' (Griffith University, 2009).
151. Poh-Ling Tan et al, 'Tools for Water Planning: Lessons, Gaps and Adoption-Waterlines Report Series No 37' (National Water Commission, 2010). In response to this identified gap, socio-economic assessment tools and methods have been evaluated, developed and trialled in South Australian and Queensland in assessing the potential impacts of alternative water allocation scenarios.
152. Water Act s 21(4)(vi).
153. See, eg, Natural Resource Management Act 2004 (SA) s 76.
154. Mark Hamstead, Improving Environmental Sustainability in Water Planning (National Water Commission, 2009).
155. Neil Byron, 'What Can the Murray-Darling Basin Plan Achieve? Will It Be Enough?' in Daniel Connell and R Quentin Grafton (eds), Basin Futures: Water Reform in the Murray-Darling Basin (ANU E Press, 2011) 385.
156. Mark Hamstead, Improving Environmental Sustainability in Water Planning (National Water Commission, 2009).
157. Richard Norris, 'Environmental Water: The Benefits of Ecological Goods and Services', in Daniel Connell and R Quentin Grafton (eds), Basin Futures: Water Reform in the Murray-Darling Basin (ANU E Press, 2011) 59.
158. Neil Byron, 'What Can the Murray-Darling Basin Plan Achieve? Will It Be Enough?' in Daniel Connell and R Quentin Grafton (eds), Basin Futures: Water Reform in the Murray-Darling Basin (ANU E Press, 2011) 385.